Simulation Study on the Effect of the Emitter Orientation and Photonic Crystals on the Outcoupling Efficiency of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes |
Lee, Ju Seob
(Department of Physics, Hallym University)
Ko, Jae-Hyeon (Department of Physics, Hallym University) Park, Jaehoon (Department of Electronic Engineering, Hallym University) Lee, Jong Wan (Department of Physics, Hallym University) |
1 | J. Frischeisen, B. Scholz, B. Arndt, T. Schmidt, R. Gehlhaar, C. Adachi, and W. Brutting, "Strategies for enhanced light extraction from surface plasmons in organic light-emitting diodes," J. Photonic. Energy 1, 011004 (2011). DOI |
2 | K. Hong and J.-L. Lee, "Recent developments in light ex traction technologies of organic light emitting diodes," Electron. Mater. Lett. 7, 77-91 (2011). DOI ScienceOn |
3 | W. Brutting, J. Frischeisen, T. D. Schmidt, B. J. Scholz, and C. Mayr, "Device efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes: Progress by improved light outcoupling," Phys. Status Solidi A 210, 44-65 (2012). |
4 | G. Gu, D. Z. Garbuzov, P. E. Burrows, S. Venkatesh, and S. R. Forrest, "High-external-quantum-efficiency organic light-emitting devices," Opt. Lett. 22, 396-398 (1997). DOI ScienceOn |
5 | C. F. Madigan, M.-H. Lu, and J. C. Sturm, "Improvement of output coupling efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes by backside substrate modification," Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 1650-1652 (2000). DOI ScienceOn |
6 | S. Moller and S. R. Forrest, "Improved light out-coupling in organic light emitting diodes employing ordered microlens arrays," J. Appl. Phys. 91, 3324-3327 (2002). DOI ScienceOn |
7 | M.-L. Chen, A.-C. Wei, and H.-P. Shieh, "Increased organic light-emitting diode panel light efficiency by optimizing structure and improving alignment of pyramidal array light-enhancing layers," Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46, 1521-1525 (2007). DOI |
8 | C.-J. Yang, S.-H. Liu, H.-H. Hsieh, C.-C. Liu, T.-Y. Cho, and C.-C. Wu, "Microcavity top-emitting organic light-emitting devices integrated with microlens arrays: Simultaneous enhancement of quantum efficiency, cd/A efficiency, color performances, and image resolution," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 253508 (2007). DOI ScienceOn |
9 | A. Chutinan, K. Ishihara, T. Asano, M. Fujita, and S. Noda, "Theoretical analysis on light-extraction efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes using FDTD and mode-expansion methods," Org. Electron. 6, 3-9 (2005). DOI ScienceOn |
10 | P. Liehm, C. Murawski, M. Furno, B. Lüssem, K. Leo, and M. C. Gather, "Comparing the emissive dipole orientation of two similar phosphorescent green emitter molecules in highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 253304 (2012). DOI ScienceOn |
11 | S.-Y. Kim, W.-I. Jeong, C. Mayr, Y.-S. Park, K.-H. Kim, J.-H. Lee, C.-K. Moon, W. Brütting, and J.-J. Kim, "Organic light-emitting diodes with 30% external quantum efficiency based on a horizontally oriented emitter," Adv. Funct. Mater. 23, 3896-3900 (2013). DOI ScienceOn |
12 | K.-H. Kim, C.-K. Moon, J.-H. Lee, S.-Y. Kim, and J.-J. Kim, "Highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes with phosphorescent emitters having high quantum yield and horizontal orientation of transition dipole moments," Adv. Mater. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305733 (2014). DOI ScienceOn |
13 | S. S. Jeong and J.-K. Ko, "Far-field luminous intensity distribution depending on the outcoupling structure of organic light-emitting diodes," J. Inf. Disp. 14, 67-72 (2013). DOI |
14 | Y.-J. Lee, S.-H. Kim, G.-H. Kim, and Y.-H. Lee, "Far-field radiation of photonic crystal organic light-emitting diode," Opt. Express 13, 5864-5870 (2013). |
15 | S. S. Jeong and J.-K. Ko, "Optical simulation study on the effect of diffusing substrate and pillow lenses on the outcoupling efficiency of organic light emitting diodes," J. Opt. Soc. Korea 17, 269-274 (2013). 과학기술학회마을 DOI ScienceOn |
16 | S. S. Jeong, H.-W. Choi, and J.-H. Ko, "Simulation study on the outcoupling efficiency and intensity distribution of photonic crystal-based organic light-emitting diodes," New Physics: Sae Mulli 63, 892-899 (2013). DOI ScienceOn |
17 | T. Tsutsui, M. Yahiro, H. Yokogawa, K. Kawano, and M. Yokoyama, "Doubling coupling-out efficiency in organic light-emitting devices using a thin silica aerogel layer," Adv. Mater. 13, 1149-1152 (2001). DOI ScienceOn |
18 | S. Reineke, F. Lindner, G. Schwartz, N. Seidler, K. Walzer, B. Lussem, and K. Leo, "White organic light-emitting diodes with fluorescent tube efficiency," Nature (London) 459, 234-239 (2009). DOI ScienceOn |
19 | H. J. Peng, Y. L. Ho, X. J. Yu, and H. S. Kwok, "Enhanced coupling of light from organic light emitting diodes using nanoporous films," J. Appl. Phys. 96, 1649-1654 (2004). DOI ScienceOn |
20 | K. Hong, H. K. Yu, I. Lee, K. Kim, S. Kim, and J.-L. Lee, "Enhanced light out-coupling of organic light-emitting diodes: Spontaneously formed nanofacet-structured MgO as a refractive index modulation layer," Adv. Mater. 22, 4890-4894 (2010). DOI ScienceOn |
21 | J.-H. Jang, K.-J. Kim, J.-H. Kim, and M.-C. Oh, "Outcoupling enhancement of OLED using microlens array and diffractive grating," Korean J. Opt. Photon. (Hankook Kwanghak Hoeji) 18, 441-446 (2007). 과학기술학회마을 DOI ScienceOn |
22 | J.-B. Kim, J.-H. Lee, C.-K. Moon, S.-Y. Kim, and J.-H. Kim, "Highly enhanced light extraction from surface plasmonic loss minimized organic light-emitting diodes," Adv. Mater. 25, 3571-3577 (2013). DOI ScienceOn |
23 | J.-S. Kim, P. K. H. Ho, N. C. Greenham, and R. H. Friend, "Electroluminescence emission pattern of organic light-emitting diodes: Implications for device efficiency calculations," J. Appl. Phys. 88, 1073-1081 (2000). DOI ScienceOn |
24 | M. Flammich, M. C. Gather, N. Danz, D. Michaelis, A. H. Brauer, K. Meerholz, and A. Tunnermann, "Orientation of emissive dipoles in OLEDs: Quantitative in situ analysis," Org. Electron. 11, 1039-1046 (2010). DOI ScienceOn |
25 | M. Flammich, J. Frischeisen, D. S. Setz, D. Michaelis, B. C. Krummacher, T. D. Schmidt, W. Brütting, and N. Danz, "Oriented phosphorescent emitters boost OLED efficiency," Org. Electron. 12, 1663-1668 (2011). DOI ScienceOn |
26 | Y.-H. Cheng, J.-L. Wu, C.-H. Cheng, K.-C. Syao, and M.-C. M. Lee, "Enhanced light outcoupling in a thin film by texturing meshed surfaces," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 091102 (2007). DOI ScienceOn |
27 | S. Okutani, N. Kamiura, H. Sano, T. Sawatani, D. Fujita, T. Takehara, K. Sunohara, and M. Kobayashi, "A 20.8-inch WXGA full color AMOLED display by integrating scattering reflector with micro-bumps," SID'07 Tech. Digest, 173-176 (2007). |
28 | S. S. Jeong and J.-H. Ko, "Simulation study on the optical structures for improving outcoupling efficiency of organic light emitting diodes," J. Inf. Disp. 13, 139-143 (2012). DOI ScienceOn |
29 | C.-C. Liu, S.-H. Liu, K.-C. Tien, M.-H. Hsu, H.-W. Chang, C.-K. Chang, C.-J. Yang, and C.-C. Wu, "Microcavity top-emitting organic light-emitting devices integrated with diffusers for simultaneous enhancement of efficiencies and viewing characteristics," Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 103302 (2009). DOI ScienceOn |
30 | N. Nakamura, N. Fukumoto, F. Sinapi, N. Wada, Y. Aoki, and K. Maeda, "Glass substrates for OLED lighting with high out-coupling efficiency," SID'09 Tech. Digest, 603-606 (2009). |
31 | Y. Sun and S. R. Forrest, "Enhanced light out-coupling of organic light-emitting devices using embedded low-index grids," Nature Photonics 2, 483-487 (2008). DOI ScienceOn |
32 | T.-W. Koh, J.-M. Choi, S. Lee, and S. Yoo, "Optical outcoupling enhancement in organic light-emitting diodes: Highly conductive polymer as a low-index layer on microstructured ITO electrodes," Adv. Mater. 22, 1849-1853 (2010). DOI ScienceOn |
33 | W. H. Koo, S. M. Jeong, F. Araoka, K. Ishikawa, S. Nishimura, T. Toyooka, and H. Takezoe, "Light extraction from organic light-emitting diodes enhanced by spontaneously formed buckles," Nature Photonics 4, 222-226 (2010). DOI ScienceOn |
34 | Y.-J. Lee, S.-H. Kim, J. Huh, G.-H. Kim, Y.-H. Lee, S.-H. Cho, Y.-C. Kim, and Y. R. Do, "A high-extraction-efficiency nanopatterned organic light-emitting diode," Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3779-3781 (2003). DOI ScienceOn |