Smoking habits and nicotine dependence of North Korean male defectors |
Kim, Sei Won
(Division of Pulmonology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea)
Lee, Jong Min (Division of Pulmonology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea) Ban, Woo Ho (Division of Pulmonology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea) Park, Chan Kwon (Division of Pulmonology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea) Yoon, Hyoung Kyu (Division of Pulmonology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea) Lee, Sang Haak (Division of Pulmonology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea) |
1 | Lim G, Park I, Park S, Song S, Kim H, Kim S. Effectiveness of smoking cessation using motivational interviewing in patients consulting a pulmonologist. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2014;76:276-283. DOI |
2 | Becona E, Garcia MP. Relation between the tolerance questionnaire (nicotine dependence) and assessment of carbon monoxide in smokers who participated in treatment for smoking. Psychol Rep 1995;77(3 Pt 2):1299-1304. DOI |
3 | Lee SK, Kweon HJ, Lim DJ, et al. The usefulness of heavy smoking index as a test for nicotine dependence. J Korean Acad Fam Med 2008;29:405-411. |
4 | Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). OECD Health Data 2014 [Internet]. Paris: OECD, c2015 [cited 2015 Dec 16]. Available from: http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH_STAT. |
5 | Godtfredsen NS, Holst C, Prescott E, Vestbo J, Osler M. Smoking reduction, smoking cessation, and mortality: a 16-year follow-up of 19,732 men and women from The Copenhagen Centre for Prospective Population Studies. Am J Epidemiol 2002;156:994-1001. DOI |
6 | Cowling DW, Yang J. Smoking-attributable cancer mortality in California, 1979-2005. Tob Control 2010;19 Suppl 1:i62-i67. DOI |
7 | IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 2004;83:1-1438. |
8 | Forey B, Hamling J, Lee P, Wald N. International Smoking Statistics: A Collection of Historical Data from 30 Economically Developed Countries. London: Oxford University Press, 2002. |
9 | Thun MJ, Carter BD, Feskanich D, et al. 50-year trends in smoking-related mortality in the United States. N Engl J Med 2013;368:351-364. DOI |
10 | Kim IS, Jee SH, Ohrr H, Yi SW. Effects of smoking on the mortality of lung cancer in Korean men. Yonsei Med J 2001;42:155-160. DOI |
11 |
Zheng W, McLerran DF, Rolland BA, et al. Burden of total and cause-specific mortality related to tobacco smoking among adults aged |
12 | World Health Organization (WHO). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2008: the MPOWER package [Internet]. Geneva: WHO, c2008 [cited 2015 Dec 16]. Available from: http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf. |
13 | Fidler JA, Shahab L, West R. Strength of urges to smoke as a measure of severity of cigarette dependence: comparison with the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence and its components. Addiction 2011;106:631-638. DOI |
14 | Bondy SJ, Victor JC, Diemert LM. Origin and use of the 100 cigarette criterion in tobacco surveys. Tob Control 2009;18:317-323. DOI |
15 | Lee YI, Lee SG, Kang DM, et al. Work-relatedness of lung cancer by smoking and histologic type in Korea. Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:43. DOI |
16 | Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerstrom KO. The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire. Br J Addict 1991;86:1119-1127. DOI |
17 | Pomerleau CS, Carton SM, Lutzke ML, Flessland KA, Pomerleau OF. Reliability of the Fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire and the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence. Addict Behav 1994;19:33-39. DOI |
18 | Etter JF, Duc TV, Perneger TV. Validity of the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence and of the heaviness of smoking index among relatively light smokers. Addiction 1999;94:269-281. DOI |
19 | Park SM, Son KY, Lee YJ, et al. A preliminary investigation of early smoking initiation and nicotine dependence in Korean adults. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004;74:197-203. DOI |
20 | Yoshii C, Kano M, Isomura T, et al. Innovative questionnaire examining psychological nicotine dependence, "The Kano test for social nicotine dependence (KTSND)". J UOEH 2006;28:45-55. DOI |
21 | Kaleta D, Makowiec-Dabrowska T, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E, Fronczak A. Predictors of smoking initiation: results from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) in Poland 2009-2010. Ann Agric Environ Med 2013;20:756-766. |
22 | Otani T, Yoshii C, Kano M, et al. Validity and reliability of Kano test for social nicotine dependence. Ann Epidemiol 2009;19:815-822. DOI |
23 | Kurioka N, Inagaki K, Yoshii C, Kano M. Investigation of the perception of female students towards tobacco smoking with the Kano test for social nicotine dependence (KTSND) in 2006. Jpn J Tob Control 2007;2:62-67. |
24 | Hoshino K, Yoshii C, Nakakuki K, et al. The evaluation of the anti-smoking education in 5th and 6th grades elementary school students and junior high school students by KTSND. Jpn J Tob Control 2007;2:96-101. |
25 | Jeong JH, Choi SB, Jung WY, et al. Evaluation of Social Nicotine Dependence Using the Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence (KTSND-K) Questionnaire in Korea. Tuberc Respir Dis 2007;62:365-373. DOI |
26 | Statistics Korea. Age at initiation of smoking in adolescent [Internet]. Daejeon (KR): Statistics Korea, 2015 [cited 2015 Dec 16]. Available from: http://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=117&tblId=DT_117_12_Y009&vw_cd=MT_ZTITLE&list_id=117_11758_008&seqNo=&lang_mode=ko&language=kor&obj_var_id=&itm_id=&conn_path=E1. |
27 | Kim YJ. Predictors for successful smoking cessation in Korean adults. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci) 2014;8:1-7. |
28 | Rosen L, Rozhavski V, Levine H, et al. Smoking initiation among Israeli adolescents: a 24-year time-to-event analysis. Prev Med 2014;65:141-147. DOI |
29 | Wang MP, Ho SY, Lo WS, Lam TH. Smoking family, secondhand smoke exposure at home, and nicotine addiction among adolescent smokers. Addict Behav 2012;37:743-746. DOI |
30 | World Health Organization (WHO). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2011 [Internet]. Geneva: WHO, c2008 [cited 2015 Dec 16]. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789240687813_eng.pdf. |
31 | Lee ES, Seo HG. The factors associated with successful smoking cessation in Korea. J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28:39-44. |
32 | Fagerstrom KO, Kunze M, Schoberberger R, et al. Nicotine dependence versus smoking prevalence: comparisons among countries and categories of smokers. Tob Control 1996;5:52-56. DOI |
![]() |