Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.6115/fer.2018.034

The Effect of Parenting Styles on Private Educational Expenditure and Academic Performance of Children: Focusing on Mediation Effect of Private Educational Expenditure  

Lee, Seonglim (Department of Consumer & Family Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University)
Publication Information
Human Ecology Research / v.56, no.5, 2018 , pp. 461-472 More about this Journal
Abstract
Using a sample of third grade middle school students from the forth wave of Children and Youth Panel Survey in 2012, the mediation effects of private educational expenditure between parenting styles and children's academic performance were investigated by applying factor, cluster, tobit, and two stage regression analysis. The major results were as follows. First, four types of parenting style were identified. The most frequent parenting style was ambivalent parenting (tiger parenting) which was followed by authoritative parenting. Second, compared to permissive parenting style, ambivalent, authoritative, and authoritarian parenting styles were significantly associated with more private educational expenditures. Third, more private educational expenditures were significantly associated with higher academic performance of children. I found both a full mediation effect of private educational expenditure for ambivalent and authoritarian parenting styles, and a partial mediation effect for authoritative parents. Authoritative parenting style has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between household income and private educational expenditure, along with a positive direct effect on the academic performance of children. The results suggested that an authoritative parenting style was related with higher academic performance of children with less private educational expenditures compared to other parenting styles. The results also implied that the public policies to enhance authoritative parenting style among parents would be effective to reduce household's private educational expenditures.
Keywords
parenting style; tiger parenting; private educational expenditure; academic performance; mediation effect;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Lee, E. W. (2006). The impact of household income and private education on academic performance of middle school students. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 13(6), 247-274.
2 Huh, M. Y. (2004). A study for the development and validation of an inventory for parenting behavior perceived by adolescents. The Korea Journal of Youth Counseling, 12(2), 179-189.
3 Lim, S. A. (2014). The effects of democratic and non-democratic parenting style on child's self-regulated learning ability, school adjustability, and academic achievement of elementary school children (using SEM). The Journal of Elementary Education, 27(2), 73-93.
4 Kim, E. J. (2007). A study on the social economic status of the family, extra tutoring fee, parent-child relationship and children's educational achievement. Korean Journal of Sociology, 41(5), 134-162.
5 Lee, J. R. (2010). The influence of family resources on adolescents' academic achievement: Focusing on the difference in mediating effects size between parenting and private education. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 31(1), 137-146.
6 Lee, K. H., & Kwon, Y. J. (2011). The effect of private tutoring expenses and hours on academic achievement: Quantile regression approach. The Journal of Economics and Finance of Education, 20(3), 99-133.
7 Lee, S. L., & Han, Y. S. (2016). Private educational expenditure and academic performance of child: Focusing on middle school students. Journal of Consumer Studies, 27(2), 85-100.
8 Lee, S. J., & Im, H. J. (2009). An analysis of the effect of private tutoring expenditure on middle school students' achievement. The Journal of Economics and Finance of Education, 18(1), 141-166.
9 Leung, K., Lau, S., & Lam, W. (1998). Parenting styles and academic achievement: A cross-cultural study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 44(2), 157-172.
10 Huang, G. H. C., & Gove, M. (2015). Asian parenting styles and academic achievement: Views from eastern and western perspectives. Education, 135(3), 389-397.
11 Chan, T. W., & Koo, A. (2011). Parenting style and youth outcomes in the UK. European Sociological Review, 27(3), 385-399. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcq013   DOI
12 Radziszewska, B., Richardson, J. L., Dent, C. W., & Flay, B. R. (1996). Parenting style and adolescent depressive symptoms, smoking, and academic achievement: Ethnic, gender, and SES differences. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 19(3), 289-305.   DOI
13 Ro, H. K. (2006). Analyzing the structural relationships among parent factors, student factors, and private tutoring expense. The Journal of Educational Administration, 24(1), 97-118.
14 Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the Context of the Family: Parent-Child Interaction. In P. H. Mussen, & E. M. Hetherington (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology : Vol. 4. Socialization, Personality, and Social Development (pp. 1-101). New York: Wiley.
15 Park, H., Sang, K., & Kang, J. (2008). Effect of private tutoring on middle school students' achievement. Journal of Educational Evaluation, 21(4), 107-127.
16 Park, J. (2012). The longitudinal analysis of the relationship between private tutoring and academic achievement. Korean Education Inquiry, 30(3), 105-124.
17 Korean Educational Development Institute. (2015). Report on 2014 private education expenditures and perception survey. Chungbuk: Korean Educational Development Institute.
18 Statistics Korea. (2018). Press releases: Private education expenditure survey in 2017. Retrieved August 7, 2018, from http://kosis.kr/index/index.do
19 SAS Institute Inc. (1989). AS/STAT User's guide version 6, fourth edition , Volume 2, GLM-VARCOMP. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
20 Shin, C., Lee, H., Kim, C., & Heo, J. (2018). Effect of perceived parenting attitudes and learning motivation on academic achievement. Journal of Social Science, 29(2), 155-171.   DOI
21 Steinberg, L., Lamborn, S. D., Darling, N., Mounts, N. S., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1994). Over-time changes in adjustment and competence among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 65(3), 754-770. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00781.x   DOI
22 Steinberg, L., Lamborn, S. D., Dornbusch, S. M., & Darling, N. (1992). Impact of parenting practices on adolescent achievement: Authoritative parenting, school involvement, and encouragement to succeed. Child Development, 63(5), 1266-1281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01694.x   DOI
23 Kim, S. Y., Wang, Y., Orozco-Lapray, D., Shen, Y., & Murtuza, M. (2013). Does "tiger parenting" exist? parenting profiles of Chinese Americans and adolescent developmental outcomes. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 4(1), 7-18. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030612   DOI
24 National Youth Policy Institute. (2015). User's guide for Korean children and youth panel survey. Retrieved August 7, 2018, from http://www.nypi.re.kr/archive
25 Korea Consumer Agency. (2015). Report on private education expenditures and consumer perception survey. Chungbuk: Korea Consumer Agency.
26 Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173   DOI
27 Kim, S. Y. (2013). Defining tiger parenting in Chinese Americans. Human Development, 56(4), 217-222. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353711   DOI
28 Park, K., Chung, S., & Shin, A. (2013). Exploratory profile analysis regarding parenting styles: With a special focus on students' school adjustment and academic achievement. Studies on Korean Youth, 24(2), 91-118.
29 Preacher, K., & Leonardelli, G. L. (2010). Calculation for the Sobel test: An interactive calculation tool for mediation test. Retrieved August 7, 2018, from http://quantpsy.org/sobel/sobel.htm
30 Kim, H. J. (2004). Analyzing the structure of variables affecting on private tutoring expense. The Journal of Educational Administration, 22(1), 27-45.
31 Coleman, J. S. (1988), Social capital in the creation of human capital. The American Journal of Sociology, 94(Supplement), S95-S120.   DOI
32 Chua, A. (2011). Battle hymm of the tiger mother. New York: Penguin.
33 Doan, S. N., Tardif, T., Miller, A., Olson, S., Kessler, D., Felt, B., et al. (2017). Consequences of 'tiger' parenting: a cross-cultural study of maternal psychological control and children's cortisol stress response. Developmental Science, 20(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12404
34 Dornbusch, S. M., Ritter, P. L., Leiderman, P. H., Roberts, D. F., & Fraleigh, M. J. (1987). The relation of parenting style to adolescent school performance. Child Development, 58(5), 1244-1257. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130618   DOI
35 Baumrind, D. (1978). Parental disciplinary patterns and social competence in children. Youth & Society. 9(3), 239-276.   DOI
36 Grolnick, W. S., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (1991). Inner resources for school achievement: Motivational mediators of children's perceptions of their parents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(4), 508-517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.83.4.508   DOI