Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.7234/composres.2021.34.4.199

Design and Manufacturing of Mechanical Metamaterials: A Review  

Kim, Min-Kyeom (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University)
Kim, Seunghyun (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University)
Yun, Jae-Won (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University)
Jeong, Hyo Gyun (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University)
Kwak, Min-Jun (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University)
Ahn, Yea-Lin (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University)
Park, Chan-Wook (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University)
Kim, Youn-Chul (School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University)
Suhr, Jonghwan (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University)
Publication Information
Composites Research / v.34, no.4, 2021 , pp. 199-211 More about this Journal
Abstract
As an additive manufacturing achieves technological advances, it enables to manufacture complex structures with saving a cost and time. Therefore, metamaterials, which has geometric complexity, have gradually gathered attention due to the unprecedented properties: the unprecedented mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic, and optical properties. The metamaterials could exhibit a high potential in engineering applications, and thus it has been steadily investigated to design or/and develop novel metamaterials. Here, mechanical metamaterials, which had been reported, were reviewed to suggest the way to design and fabricate the metamaterials for industrial applications.
Keywords
Metamaterials; Mechanical properties; Lightweight; Energy absorption; Additive manufacturing;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 R. Lakes and K. Elms, "Indentability of Conventional and Negative Poisson's Ratio Foams," Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 27, No. 12, 1993, pp. 1193-1202.   DOI
2 F. Scarpa and P. Tomlin, "On the Transverse Shear Modulus of Negative Poisson's Ratio Honeycomb Structures," Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures, Vol. 23, No. 8, 2000, pp. 717-720.   DOI
3 K. Zied and M. AL-Grafi, "Design of Auxetic Sandwich Panel Faceplates Comprising Cellular Networks with High Stiffness and Negative Poisson's Ratio," Advanced Composite Materials, Vol. 24(sup1), 2015, pp. 175-196.   DOI
4 S. Babaee, P. Wang, and K. Bertoldi, "Three-dimensional Adaptive Soft Phononic Crystals," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 117, No. 24, 2015, 244903.   DOI
5 K. Bertoldi and M.C. Boyce, "Wave Propagation and Instabilities in Monolithic and Periodically Structured Elastomeric Materials Undergoing Large Deformations," Physical Review B, Vol. 78, No. 18, 2008, 184107.   DOI
6 C.A. Steeves and A.G. Evans, "Optimization of Thermal Protection Systems Utilizing Sandwich Structures with Low Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Lattice Hot Faces," Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 94, No. S1, 2011, pp. s55-s61.   DOI
7 J. Berger, H. Wadley, and R. McMeeking, "Mechanical Meta-materials at the Theoretical Limit of Isotropic Elastic Stiffness," Nature, Vol. 543, No. 7646, 2017, pp. 533-537.   DOI
8 A. Riccio, A. Raimondo, A. Sellitto, V. Acanfora, and M. Zarrelli, "Multifunctional Polypropylene Core for Aerospace Sandwich Composite Panels," Procedia Engineering 167, 2016, pp. 64-70.   DOI
9 S. Duan, W. Wen, and D. Fang, "Additively-manufactured Anisotropic and Isotropic 3D Plate-lattice Materials for Enhanced Mechanical Performance: Simulations & Experiments", Acta Materialia, Vol. 199, 2020, pp. 397-412.   DOI
10 S.C. Han and K. Kang, "Another Stretching-dominated Micro-architectured Material, Shellular," Materials Today, Vol. 31, 2019, pp. 31-38.   DOI
11 S.M. Sajadi, P.S. Owuor, S. Schara, C.F. Woellner, V. Rodrigues, R. Vajtai, J. Lou, D.S. Galvao, C.S. Tiwary, and P.M. Ajayan, "Multiscale Geometric Design Principles Applied to 3D Printed Schwarzites," Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2018, 1704820.   DOI
12 M. Sanami, "Auxetic Materials for Biomedical Applications," University of Bolton, 2015.
13 A.B. Spierings, N. Herres, and G. Levy, "Influence of the Particle Size Distribution on Surface Quality and Mechanical Properties in AM Steel Parts," Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 17 No. 3, 2011, pp. 195-202.   DOI
14 J. Zhang, G. Lu, Z. Wang, D. Ruan, A. Alomarah, and Y. Durandet, "Large Deformation of an Auxetic Structure in Tension: Experiments and Finite Element Analysis," Composite Structures, Vol. 184, 2018, pp. 92-101.   DOI
15 M. Bianchi, F.L. Scarpa, and C.W. Smith, "Stiffness and Energy Dissipation in Polyurethane Auxetic Foams," Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 43, No. 17, 2008, pp. 5851-5860.   DOI
16 C. Crook, J. Bauer, A.G. Izard, C.S. de Oliveira, J.M.d.S.e Silva, J. B. Berger, and L. Valdevit, "Plate-nanolattices at the Theoretical Limit of Stiffness and Strength," Nature Communications, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1-11.   DOI
17 L. Zhang, D. Klemm, J. Eckert, Y. Hao, and T. Sercombe, "Manufacture by Selective Laser Melting and Mechanical Behavior of a Biomedical Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Alloy," Scripta Materialia, Vol. 65, No. 1, 2011, pp. 21-24.   DOI
18 T. Vilaro, C. Colin, J.-D. Bartout, L. Naze, and M. Sennour, "Microstructural and Mechanical Approaches of the Selective Laser Melting Process Applied to a Nickel-base Superalloy," Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 534, 2012, pp. 446-451.   DOI
19 T. Frenzel, M. Kadic, and M. Wegener, "Three-dimensional Mechanical Metamaterials with a Twist," Science, Vol. 358, No. 6366, 2017, 1072-1074.   DOI
20 T.A. Schaedler, A.J. Jacobsen, A. Torrents, A.E. Sorensen, J. Lian, J.R. Greer, L. Valdevit, and W.B. Carter, "Ultralight metallic Microlattices," Science, Vol. 334, No. 6058, 2011, pp. 962-965.   DOI
21 L. Dong, "Mechanical Responses of Ti-6Al-4V Cuboctahedral Truss Lattice Structures," Composite Structures, Vol. 235, 2020, 111815.   DOI
22 R. Lakes, "Foam Structures with a Negative Poisson's Ratio," Science, Vol. 235, No. 4792, 1987, pp. 1038-1041.   DOI
23 V.S. Deshpande, N.A. Fleck, and M.F. Ashby, "Effective Properties of the Octet-truss Lattice Material," Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 49, No. 8, 2001, pp. 1747-1769.   DOI
24 L. Yang, O. Harrysson, H. West, and D. Cormier, "Mechanical Properties of 3D Re-entrant Honeycomb Auxetic Structures Realized via Additive Manufacturing," International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 69, 2015, pp. 475-490.   DOI
25 E. Barchiesi, M. Spagnuolo, and L. Placidi, "Mechanical Meta-materials: a State of the Art," Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2019, 212-234.   DOI
26 T.-C. Lim, "Auxetic Materials and Structures," Springer, 2015.
27 G.N. Greaves, A. Greer, R.S. Lakes, and T. Rouxel, "Poisson's Ratio and Modern Materials," Nature Materials, Vol. 10, No. 11, 2011, pp. 823-837.   DOI
28 R. Lakes, "Design Considerations for Materials with Negative Poisson's Ratios," Journal of Mechanical Design, Vol. 115, No. 4, 1993, pp. 696-700.   DOI
29 S.C. Han, J.W. Lee, and K. Kang, "A New Type Of Low Density Material: Shellular," Advanced Materials, Vol. 27, No. 37, 2015, pp. 5506-5511.   DOI
30 D.W. Abueidda, M. Bakir, R.K. A. Al-Rub, J.S. Bergstrom, N.A. Sobh, and I. Jasiuk, "Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Polymeric Cellular Materials with Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Architectures," Materials & Design, Vol. 122, 2017, pp. 255-267.   DOI
31 A. Demharter, "Polyurethane Rigid Foam, a Proven Thermal Insulating Material for Applications Between +130℃ and -196℃," Cryogenics, Vol. 38, No. 1, 1998, pp. 113-117.   DOI
32 C. Zhou, P. Zhu, X. Liu, X. Dong, and D. Wang, "The Toughening Mechanism of Core-shell Particles by the Interface Interaction and Crystalline Transition in Polyamide 1012," Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 206, 2021, 108539.   DOI
33 J. Lefebvre, B. Bastin, M. Le Bras, S. Duquesne, R. Paleja, and R. Delobel, "Thermal Stability and fire Properties of Conventional Flexible Polyurethane Foam Formulations," Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 88, No. 1, 2005, pp. 28-34.   DOI
34 X. Zheng, H. Lee, T.H. Weisgraber, M. Shusteff, J. DeOtte, E.B. Duoss, J.D. Kuntz, M.M. Biener, Q. Ge, J.A. Jackson, S.O. Kucheyev, N.X. Fang, and C.M. Spadaccini, "Ultralight, Ultrastiff Mechanical Metamaterials," Science, Vol. 344, No. 6190, 2014, Pp. 1373-1377.   DOI
35 H. Mao, R. Rumpler, M. Gaborit, P. Goransson, J. Kennedy, D. O'Connor, D. Trimble, and H. Rice, "Twist, Tilt and Stretch: From Isometric Kelvin Cells to Anisotropic Cellular Materials," Materials & Design, Vol. 193, 2020, 108855.   DOI
36 R. Underhill, "Defense Applications of Auxetic Materials," Advanced Materials, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2014, pp. 7-12.   DOI
37 Z. Wang, A. Zulifqar, and H. Hu, "Auxetic Composites in Aerospace Engineering," Advanced Composite Materials for Aerospace Engineering, Elsevier, 2016, pp. 213-240.
38 J. Choi and R. Lakes, "Design of a Fastener Based on Negative Poisson's Ratio Foam," Cellular Polymers, Vol. 10, No. 3, 1991, pp. 205-212.
39 C.H. Sung, K.S. Lee, K.S. Lee, S.M. Oh, J.H. Kim, M.S. Kim, and H.M. Jeong," Sound Damping of a Polyurethane Foam Nanocomposite," Macromolecular Research, Vol. 15, No. 5, 2007, pp. 443-448.   DOI
40 A.A. Zadpoor, "Mechanical Meta-materials," Materials Horizons, Vol. 3, No. 5, 2016, pp. 371-381.   DOI
41 T. Tancogne-Dejean, M. Diamantopoulou, M.B. Gorji, C. Bonatti, and D. Mohr, "3D Plate-Lattices: An Emerging Class of Low-Density Metamaterial Exhibiting Optimal Isotropic Stiffness," Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, No. 45, 2018, 1803334.   DOI
42 D. Mousanezhad, S. Babaee, R. Ghosh, E. Mahdi, K. Bertoldi, and A. Vaziri, "Honeycomb Phononic Crystals with Self-similar Hierarchy," Physical Review B, Vol. 92, No. 10, 2015, 104304.   DOI
43 G. Lin, J. Li, P. Chen, W. Sun, S.A. Chizhik, A.A. Makhaniok, G.B. Melnikova, and T.A. Kuznetsova, "Buckling of Lattice Columns Made from Three-dimensional Chiral Mechanical Metamaterials," International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, Vol. 194, 2021, 106208.   DOI
44 I. Gibson, D. Rosen, B. Stucker, and M. Khorasani, "Additive Manufacturing Technologies," Springer2014.
45 K.V. Wong and A. Hernandez, "A Review of Additive Manufacturing," SRN Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 2012, 2012, pp. 1-10.
46 T. Tancogne-Dejean and D. Mohr, E"lastically-isotropic Truss Lattice Materials of Reduced Plastic Anisotropy," International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 138, 2018, pp. 24-39.   DOI
47 R. Xue, X. Cui, P. Zhang, K. Liu, Y. Li, W. Wu, and H. Liao, "Mechanical Design and Energy Absorption Performances of Novel Dual Scale Hybrid Plate-lattice Mechanical Metamaterials," Extreme Mechanics Letters, Vol. 40, 2020, 100918.   DOI
48 R.J. Nedoushan and W.-R. Yu, "A New Auxetic Structure with Enhanced Stiffness via Stiffened Elliptical Perforations," Functional Composites and Structures, Vol. 2, No. 4, 2020, 045006.   DOI
49 [online] Available at: https://carima.com/IMD
50 [online] Available at: https://3dprinting.com/technology/dlp/
51 [online] Available at: https://www.xyzprinting.com/ko-KR/product/nobel-superfine
52 [online] Available at: https://www.epmi-impression-3d.com/
53 S. Rana, R. Magalhaes, and R. Fangueiro, "Advanced Auxetic Fibrous Structures and Composites for Industrial Applications," (2017).
54 M. Avellaneda and P.J. Swart, "Calculating the Performance of 1-3 Piezoelectric Composites for Hydrophone Applications: an Effective Medium Approach," The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 103, No. 3, 1998, pp. 1449-1467.   DOI
55 A. Alderson, J. Rasburn, S. Ameer-Beg, P.G. Mullarkey, W. Perrie, and K.E. Evans, "An Auxetic Filter: A Tuneable Filter Displaying Enhanced Size Selectivity or Defouling Properties," Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2000, pp. 654-665.   DOI
56 Z. Wang and H. Hu, "Auxetic Materials and Their Potential Applications in Textiles," Textile Research Journal, Vol. 84, No. 15, 2014, pp. 1600-1611.   DOI
57 [online] Available at: https://ko.3dsystems.com/3d-printers/figure-4-standalone
58 [online] Available at: https://ko.3dsystems.com/material-finder?technologies%5B0%5D=Selective%20Laser%20Sintering%28SLS%29
59 [online] Available at: https://www.materialise.com/en/manufacturing/materials
60 [online] Available at: https://formlabs.com/blog/what-is-selective-laser-sintering/
61 [online] Available at: https://ko.3dsystems.com/
62 [online] Available at: https://www.slm-solutions.com
63 J. Donoghue, K. Alderson, and K. Evans, "The Fracture Toughness of Composite Laminates with a Negative Poisson's Ratio," Physica Status Solidi (b), Vol. 246, No. 9, 2009, pp. 2011-2017.   DOI
64 [online] Available at: https://www.axisproto.com/materials/sla/
65 [online] Available at: https://uk.3dsystems.com/on-demand-manufacturing/stereolithography-sla/materials
66 [online] Available at: https://www.3d-alchemy.co.uk/3d-printing-in-rubber-strong-durable.html
67 [online] Available at: https://support.formlabs.com/s/article/Using-Flexible-Resin?language=en_US
68 [online] Available at: http://www.uniontech3d.com/product/detail/1703
69 M. Dhanasekar, D. Thambiratnam, T. Chan, S. Noor-E-Khuda, and T. Zahra, "Modelling of Masonry Walls Rendered with Auxetic Foam Layers Against Vehicular Impacts," The Proceedings of the16th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference, Padova, Italy, 2016, pp. 977-984.
70 O. Duncan, T. Shepherd, C. Moroney, L. Foster, P.D. Venkatraman, K. Winwood, T. Allen, and A. Alderson, "Review of Auxetic Materials for Sports Applications: Expanding Options in Comfort and Protection," Applied Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 6, 2018, 941.   DOI
71 K.E. Evans and K. Alderson, "Auxetic Materials: the Positive Side of Being Negative," Engineering Science & Education Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4, 2000, pp. 148-154.   DOI
72 Y. Liu, "Mechanical Properties of a New Type of Plate-lattice Structures," International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, Vol. 192 (2021) 106141.   DOI
73 D.W. Abueidda, M. Elhebeary, C.-S.A. Shiang, S. Pang, R.K.A. Al-Rub, and I.M. Jasiuk, "Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Polymeric Gyroid Cellular Structures: Experimental and Finite Element Study," Materials & Design, Vol. 165, 2019, 107597.   DOI
74 Y. Jiang, Z. Liu, N. Matsuhisa, D. Qi, W.R. Leow, H. Yang, J. Yu, G. Chen, Y. Liu C. Wan, Z. Liu, and X. Chen, "Auxetic Mechanical Metamaterials to Enhance Sensitivity of Stretchable Strain Sensors," Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, No. 12, 2018, 1706589.   DOI
75 R.S. Kshetrimayum, "A Brief Intro to Metamaterials," IEEE Potentials, Vol. 23, No. 5, 2004, pp. 44-46.   DOI
76 E. Oh, J. Lee, and J. Suhr, "3D Printable Composite Materials: A Review and Prospective," Composites Research, Vol. 31, No. 5, 2018, pp. 192-201.
77 A. Alderson and K. Alderson, "Auxetic Materials," Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Vol. 221, No. 4, 2007, pp. 565-575.   DOI
78 A.V. Bulanov and O.A. Bludova, "Using Auxetics for Designing the Coronary Vessels Stents," Politech. Student J., 2017.
79 M. Ali, M. Zeeshan, S. Ahmed, B. Qadir, Y. Nawab, A.S. Anjum, and R. Riaz, "Development and Comfort Characterization of 2d-woven Auxetic Fabric for Wearable and Medical Textile Applications," Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, Vol. 36, No. 3, 2018, pp. 199-214.   DOI
80 H.W. Kim, T.Y. Kim, H.K. Park, I. You, J. Kwak, J.C. Kim, H. Hwang, H.S. Kim, and U. Jeong, "Hygroscopic Auxetic On-skin Sensors for Easy-to-handle Repeated Daily Use," ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 10, No. 46, 2018, pp. 40141-40148.   DOI
81 D.J.N. Amorim, T. Nachtigall, and M.B. Alonso, "Exploring Mechanical Meta-material Structures Through Personalised Shoe Sole Design," Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Computational Fabrication, 2019, pp. 1-8.
82 G. Imbalzano, P. Tran, T.D. Ngo, and P.V. Lee, "Three-dimensional Modelling of Auxetic Sandwich Panels for Localised Impact Resistance," Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2017, pp. 291-316.   DOI
83 B. Song, S. Dong, S. Deng, H. Liao, and C. Coddet," Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Iron Parts Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting," Optics & Laser Technology, Vol. 56, 2014, pp. 451-460.   DOI
84 J. Dulieu-Barton and M. Fulton, "Mechanical Properties of a Typical Stereolithography Resin," Strain, Vol. 36, No. 2, 2000, 81-87.   DOI
85 S.K. Tiwari, S. Pande, S. Agrawal, and S.M. Bobade, "Selection of Selective Laser Sintering Materials for Different Applications," Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 21, No. 6, 2015, pp. 630-648.   DOI
86 C.Y. Yap, C.K. Chua, Z.L. Dong, Z.H. Liu, D.Q. Zhang, L.E. Loh, and S.L. Sing, "Review of Selective Laser Melting: Materials and Applications," Applied Physics Reviews, Vol. 2, No. 4, 2015, 041101.   DOI
87 Y. Wang, J. Bergstrom, and C. Burman, "Thermal Fatigue Behavior of an Iron-based Laser Sintered Material," Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 513, 2009, pp. 64-71.   DOI
88 J.B. Pendry, A.J. Holden, D.J. Robbins, and W. Stewart, "Magnetism from Conductors and Enhanced Nonlinear Phenomena," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 47, No. 11, 1999, pp. 2075-2084.   DOI
89 J.B. Pendry, "Negative Refraction Makes a Perfect Lens," Physical Review Letters, Vol. 85, No. 18, 2000, pp. 3966.   DOI
90 M. Brun, S. Guenneau, and A.B. Movchan, "Achieving Control of In-plane Elastic Waves," Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 94, No. 6, 2009, 061903.   DOI
91 T.J. Rainsford, S.P. Mickan, and D. Abbott, "T-ray Sensing Applications: Review of Global Developments," Smart Structures, Devices, and Systems II, Vol. 5649, 2005, pp. 826-838.
92 A. Barbas, A.-S. Bonnet, P. Lipinski, R. Pesci, and G. Dubois, "Development and Mechanical Characterization of Porous Titanium Bone Substitutes," Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, Vol. 9, 2012, pp. 34-44.   DOI
93 K.B. Alici and E. Ozbay, "Radiation Properties of a Split Ring Resonator and Monopole Composite," Physica Status Solidi (b), Vol. 244, No. 4, 2007, pp. 1192-1196.   DOI
94 V.G. Veselago, "Electrodynamics of Substances with Simultaneously Negative and", Usp. Fiz. Nauk, Vol. 92, No. 7, 1967, pp. 517-526.   DOI
95 K. Guan, Z. Wang, M. Gao, X. Li, and X. Zeng, "Effects of Processing Parameters on Tensile Properties of Selective Laser Melted 304 Stainless Steel," Materials & Design, Vol. 50, 2013, pp. 581-586.   DOI
96 B. Vandenbroucke and J.P. Kruth," Selective Laser Melting of Biocompatible Metals for Rapid Manufacturing of Medical Parts," Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2007, pp. 196-203.   DOI
97 L. Rickenbacher, T. Etter, S. Hovel, and K. Wegener, "High Temperature Material Properties of IN738LC Processed by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) Technology," Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 19, No. 4, 2013, pp. 282-290.   DOI
98 E. Chlebus, B. Kuznicka, T. Kurzynowski, and B. Dybala, "Microstructure and Mechanical Behaviour of Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloy Produced by Selective Laser Melting," Materials Characterization, Vol. 62, No. 5, 2011, pp. 488-495.   DOI
99 I. Yadroitsev, A. Gusarov, I. Yadroitsava, and I. Smurov, "Single Track Formation in Selective Laser Melting of Metal Powders," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 210, No. 12, 2010, pp. 1624-1631.   DOI
100 Z. Wang, K. Guan, M. Gao, X. Li, X. Chen, and X. Zeng, "The Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Deposited-IN718 by Selective Laser Melting," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 513, 2012, pp. 518-523.   DOI
101 F. Wang, "Mechanical Property Study on Rapid Additive Layer Manufacture Hastelloy® X Alloy by Selective Laser Melting Technology," The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 58, No. 5-8, 2012, pp. 545-551.   DOI
102 M. Kadic, G.W. Milton, M. van Hecke, and M. Wegener, "3D Metamaterials," Nature Reviews Physics, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2019, pp. 198-210.   DOI
103 P. Dudek and A. Rapacz-Kmita, "Rapid Prototyping: Technologies, Materials and Advances," Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, Vol. 61, No. 2A, 2016, pp. 891-896.   DOI
104 N.A. Meisel and C.B. Williams, "Design for Additive Manufacturing: an Investigation of Key Manufacturing Considerations in Multi-material PolyJet 3D Printing," Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, Austin (TX), USA, 2014, pp. 747-763.
105 Y. Heo, S. Iwanaga, and S. Takeuchi, "A Nanochannel Fabrication Technique by Two-photon Direct Laser Writing," 2012 IEEE 25th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 2012, pp. 997-1000.
106 A.R. Nassar, E.W. Reutzel, S.W. Brown, J.P. Morgan Jr, J.P. Morgan, D.J. Natale, R.L. Tutwiler, D.P. Feck, and J.C. Banks, "Sensing for Directed Energy Deposition and Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing at Penn State University," Laser 3D Manufacturing III, Vol. 9738, 2016, 97380R.
107 M. Juhasz, R. Tiedemann, G. Dumstorff, J. Walker, A. Du Plessis, B. Conner, W. Lang, and E. MacDonald, "Hybrid Directed Energy Deposition for Fabricating Metal Structures with Embedded Sensors," Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 35, 2020, 101397.   DOI
108 R. Panwar and J.R. Lee, "Recent Advances in Thin and Broadband Layered Microwave Absorbing and Shielding Structures for Commercial and Defense Applications," Functional Composites and Structures, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2019, 032001.   DOI
109 J.J. do Rosario, E.T. Lilleodden, M. Waleczek, R. Kubrin, A.Y. Petrov, P.N. Dyachenko, J.E. Sabisch, K. Nielsch, N. Huber M. Eich, and G.A. Shcmeider, "Self-Assembled Ultra High Strength, Ultra Stiff Mechanical Metamaterials Based on Inverse Opals," Advanced Engineering Materials, Vol. 17, No. 10, 2015, pp. 1420-1424.   DOI
110 K. Bertoldi and M. Boyce, "Mechanically Triggered Transformations of Phononic Band Gaps in Periodic Elastomeric Structures," Physical Review B, Vol. 77, No. 5, 2008, 052105.   DOI