In present study, Pareto distribution is used to find the estimation of different sample size. The maximum likelihood method and Bayesian method are compared for best estimation. R Language is used for Bayesian method and maximum likelihood method that are presented in tabular form. The traceable results are presented that are extracted with the WinBUGS software. The estimated value decrease as the sample size increased. The gamma and lambda for the Bayesian method is the best estimation rather than the maximum likelihood method. The maximum likelihood method is less estimate as compared to the Bayesian method for closeness of the estimate. It is detected that the Bayesian method is the best one as it has the least standard error with few exceptions. The part of the data analyzed here comprises the total damage by 142 fires in Norway for the year 1975, for claims above 500,000 Norwegian Krones. The loses are recorded in 1000's of Norwegian Krones.

This study used waste crumb rubber instead of natural coarse aggregate (NCA) to prepare concrete for investigating the influence of saltwater-curing on its compressive and splitting tensile strengths, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and microstructure. Test results show that using rubber particles to replace NCAs may reduce the strength of concrete. The compressive strength of air-curing rubberized concrete (RC) is about 10% of that of NCA concrete. The compressive strength of RC cured with saltwater is slightly higher than that of air-curing RC. The compressive strength of RC incorporating blast furnace slag (replacing the 60% weight of cement) after saltwater-curing can be higher than that of merely cement concrete while still lower than that of air-curing concrete. Saltwater-curing, low water-binder ratio, and blast furnace slag may increase the density of RC and enhance its ultrasonic pulse velocity. EDS analysis can detect the Na element, meaning chloride (sodium chloride) exists inside saltwater-curing RC. No Ca element is found inside the rubber aggregate, meaning that the cement hydrates cannot enter its internal pores.

In this study, the behavior of plain and steel fiber high strength concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars was examined. A total of five plain and steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete beams with GFRP reinforcement were manufactured and tested under four-point bending. One beam was a control specimen constructed with plain concrete, while the other four specimens were steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete beams. In the experiments, the crack propagations, deflections, load capacities, and failure modes of the beams were observed. The experimental load versus deflection responses of the beams were obtained. Besides this, the effects of steel fibers on ductility, crack propagation and the flexural behavior of the beams were investigated. The results indicated that the inclusion of steel fibers had considerable effect on ductility and stiffness capacity of beams and the use of steel fibers reduced crack width and spacing. The tested beam specimens as well as high strength concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars available in the literature were analyzed for their theoretical load capacities and load-deflection curves. The nonlinear stress-strain model suggested for plain and steel fiber high strength concrete was used in the analysis. The results indicated that increasing reinforcement ratio led to an increase in the ultimate load capacity. The flexural strength capacity enhanced by increasing the concrete compressive strength. The increase in the modulus of elasticity of GFRP bars resulted in an increase in beam capacity. The increase in reinforcement ratio caused a significant improvement in the strength of beams. Increasing a/d ratio reduced the load carrying capacity of the beams.

Cement production poses a considerable ecosystem threat due to carbonate decomposition in our environment. The substitution of cement with locally produced supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) is currently one of the attractive and viable solutions. The objective of this investigation is, therefore, to assess the mechanical and durability performance of silica fume, eggshell powder, and their combination as partial replacements for cement in concrete. Furthermore, it examines the fresh and hardened properties of ternary and quaternary blended concrete incorporating SCMs including silica fume (SF), ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and fishbone powder (FBP), along with microstructural analysis. The study is carried out in two series: Series 1 concentrates on binary and ternary blended cement, while Series 2 explores ternary and quaternary blended cement with a significant replacement of cement. In Series 1, the 15% replacement of cement with a mixture of silica fume and eggshell powder leads to a maximal improvement of 17.8% in compressive strength (to 46.4 MPa), 17.8% in splitting tensile strength, and 10.4% in flexural strength. Moreover, the water absorption rate decreases by 16.3% compared to the control specimen. The improved strength and durability are characterised by the additional formation of C-S-H gel through the reaction of silica fume and eggshell powder with cement. In Series 2, the quaternary mix containing SF, GGBS, and FBP outperforms that of ternary in strength (53.6 MPa compressive strength) and durability. Additionally, blended concrete with nano-silica fume (nSF) demonstrates superior performance to microsilica fume (mSF), owing to the chemical and filler effects of the SCMs. Microstructural analysis reveals that the optimal quaternary blended concrete, consisting of 10% nSF, 20% GGBS, and 2.5% FBP, exhibiting a denser morphology, particularly in the interfacial transition zone, indicating a high concentration of hydrates.

The mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) in concrete are evaluated in this study. Concrete mixtures with varying percentages of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1% pineapple leaf fibers were cast and tested at curing ages of 7, 14, and 28 days. The mechanical properties of the concrete mixes were examined, and the results showed a non-linear relationship between the percentage of pineapple leaf fibers and the mechanical properties. The optimal percentage of pineapple leaf fibers in the concrete mix was found to be 0.25%, and the superplasticizer content was 0.05%. The compressive strength of concrete was found to increase by 7.46%, split tensile strength by 13-15%, and flexural strength by 12.5%. The modulus of elasticity was also found to increase by 3.8%. The increase in the mechanical properties of concrete can be attributed to the crack-bridging effect of PALF, resulting in improvements in tensile strength and elasticity. The results were in accordance with the previous studies carried out on the mechanical properties of concrete, where the addition of natural fiber-reinforced concrete resulted in improved tensile and flexural properties, and the addition of a higher percentage of fiber resulted in decreased performance of concrete. The pineapple leaf fibers can be considered to be efficient as a secondary reinforcement for concrete mixes.

This study aimed to investigate the behavior of frames with pumice infill walls. Three series of test specimens were prepared and tested under monotonic loading. The series included non-plastered, single-face plastered, and double-face plastered specimens. Traditional joint mortar and pumice joint mortar were used in the specimen preparation. In total, 18 test specimens were tested, with three identical specimens prepared for each configuration. The influence of mortar type and plaster condition on the behavior mechanism of pumice infill walls was evaluated. The results indicate that pumice joint mortar enhances strength and reduces relative stiffness compared to traditional joint mortar, while also improving interlocking between pumice blocks. The non-plastered test specimens exhibited higher stiffness compared to the specimens plastered on one or both sides. The plastered specimens exhibited higher strength and stiffness, but lower energy absorption capacity and displacement ductility. Joint separation can be prevented by applying plaster on both sides. Walls constructed with Pumice infill, plastered on both sides and using pumice joint mortar, exhibit improved overall behavior mechanism.