Larval development, adult longevity and oviposition of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua H bner was studied at 16, 20, 25 and 3$0^{\circ}C$ with a 16L: 8D photoperiod. Egg hatchability of S. exigua was the highest at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and reduced with decreasing temperature. Egg period was the shortest at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and prolonged with decreasing temperature. Percent pupation was became higher at higher temperature form 23.2% to 94.0%. Developmental period of larva was the shortest at 3$0^{\circ}C$, but extended with decreasing temperature. Adult emergence ratio was the highest at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and reduced with decreasing temperature. The mean pupal period was 35.2, 14.4, 7.8 and 5.0 days at 16, 20, 25 and 3$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. Relationships between constant temperature and the developmental velocity of egg, larva and pupa were linear. Developmental threshold temperature seems to be 13.3 8$^{\circ}C$ for egg, 14.02$^{\circ}C$ for larva, 14.09$^{\circ}C$ for pupa, and 13.84$^{\circ}C$ for egg the adult. Estimated value of the total effective temperature for completing each stage was 36.89 day-degree for egg, 155.72 day-degree for larva, 79.20 day-degree for pupa, and 273.41 day-degree for egg to adult. Female longevity varied to temperature from 11.4 days at 16$^{\circ}C$ to 5.8 days at 3$0^{\circ}C$, and male longevity was longer than that of female. Preoviposition period was the shortest at 3$0^{\circ}C$, but prolonged with decreasing temperature. It was about 2.7 times longer at 16$^{\circ}C$ than that at 3$0^{\circ}C$. Number of eggs per female was the highest at $25^{\circ}C$, followed by 20, 30 and 16$^{\circ}C$.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the extracts of Daucus carota L. could lead to a beneficial outcomes on serum lipid and antioxidative enzyme activity in ovariectomized rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one control and three diet groups; carrot seed, carrot root and estrogen after ovariectomy operation. Experimental diets were fed for 8 weeks. The GOT activity was decreased in the carrot extracts treated group than in the control group. The carrot seed extracts treated group showed the lowest SOD and catalase activities compare to other groups. Serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol decreased in the carrot seed extracts group than in the control group. From these results, it suggest that carrot seed extracts positively influenced on serum lipid and antioxidative enzyme activity.

음요수 중의 유기탄소의 제거수단으로써 biofiltration법의 타당성을 검토하였다.NOM에서의 생분해 가능한 분율을 알아보기위하여 행하여 졌다. UV 조사량을 3가지로 달리하였을 경우에 회분식에서의 생분해능과 비교하였다. 생물여과 반응기 실험의 경우에 생분해 특성을 검토한 결과 EBCT, 순환비 및 유입농도등과 같은 운전피라미터들이 생물여과 반응기의 생분해능에 영향을 미침을 알 수있었다. 생물여과 반응기의 유출수에서의 UV/DOC의 비는 반응기에 공급되는 원료중의 UV/DOC비에 비해 증가하였으며, 이로부터 생분해에 의해 저거된 DOC는 UV에 의해 그다지 흡수되지 않는 물질임을 알 수있었다. 본 여눅를 통해 생분해 가능한 DOC의 부분을 제거하는데 있어서 생물여과공법이 효과적인 방법이라는 것을 알수있었으며 UV처리와 bilfiltration을 연계한 공정은 수처리 시설에서 유출수의 DOC농도는 낮추는데 효과적인 한가지 방안으로 사료되었다.

The mammary gland contains a subpopulation of epithelial cells with large proliferative potentials which are the likely targets for carcinogens. These clonogenic cells can proliferate and differentiate into functional glandular structures. Multicellular secretory alveolar units (AU) develop from these clonogens in grafts of monodispersed rat mammary epithelial cells (RMEC) in gland-free mammary fat pads in intact recipient F344 rats co-grafted with mammotropic hormone-secreting pituitary tumors (MtT F4). Multicellular nonsecretory ductal units (DU) develop in grafts of monodispersed RMEC in gland-free fat pads in adrenalectomized recipient WF rats co-grafted with MtT W10. However, this effect were reversed by hydrocortisone replacement therapy. RMEC were isolated from appropriate donor rats as monodispersed mixed cells or, alternatively, RNA＋ cells were sorted by flow cytometry of mixed RMEC stained with FITC-RNA and PE-anti-Thy-1.1 monoclonal antibody. We grafted mixed or sorted PNA+ cells in gland-free mammary fat pads in recipient rats that were endocrinologically manipulated to induce AU or DU. Cells were also isolated from these AU or DU as mixed or sorted RNA＋ cells and sub-transplanted in recipient rats treated appropriately to induce AU or DU, respectively. Cells obtained from AU in grafts gave rise to clonal AU and from DU in grafts to DU on sub-transplantation in appropriate recipients. When adrenalectomized recipient WF rats co-grafted with MtT W10 received daily subcutaneous injections of hydrocortisone for periods of 21 days following the PHA＋ cell transplantation, AU, instead of DU, were developed. The histologies of these secondary AU and DU were not different from those of the primary AU and DU. Casein and laminin proteins were demonstrated by immunocytochemical staining of primary and secondary AU. Electron micrographs also demonstrated that AU were composed of secretory cells with milk protein in the cytoplasm. DU were composed of little or non-secretory ductal epithelial cells. These AU and DU also secreted large amounts of lipids. Clonogenic cells were more common in DU than in AU. Thus, AU and DU contain persistent subpopulations of clonogenic stem-like cells.

The mammary gland contains a subpopulation of epithelial cells with large proliferative potentials which are the likely targets for carcinogens. These clonogenic cells can proliferate and differentiate into functional glandular structures. Rat mammary epithelial cells (RMEC) were isolated and characterized in vitro. By flow cytometry of RMEC stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-peanut agglutinin(PNA) and phycoerythrin anti-Thy-1.1 monoclonal antibody, it was possible to four cell subpopulations from 7-8 week old F344 female rat mammary glands: cells negative to both reagents (B-), PNA-positive cells (PNA+), Thy-1.1-positive cells (Thy-1.1+), and cells positive to both reagents (B+). When single PNA+ cells were isolated and cultured in Matrigel with irradiated (∼50 Gray) 3T3 fibroblast feeder layer, they gave rise to multicellular clonal structures of three types: alveolar, foamy alveolar, and squamous colonies. The developed structures were similar to the mammary glands in vivo. These results suggest that some of PNA+ cells possesses many of the characteristics of multipotent clonogenic stem-like cells.

Ovarian development and yolk protein (YP) of mushroom fly, Coboldia fuscipes, were characterized. C. fuscipes has a pair of ovaries, composed of 130∼140 ovarioles, respectively. Ovarian development begins at 1 day of pupa, and growth of the ovaries continued to become a matured shape at 1 day after emergence. The YP of C. fuscipes identified by SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the protein is composed of three subunits, designated YP1 (61 kDa), YPS(50 kDa), and YP3 (47 kDa). These three subunits of YP gradually decreased during embryogenesis. The YP was first detected in the 3 day-old pupal ovary and was continually detected up to 2 day-old adult, but not in the hemolymph. Furthermore, Western blot analysis of male and female adult hemolymph and ovary revealed that the antibodies against YP1, YP2, and YP3 reacted with three YP bands in ovary and egg extract, respectively. However, this reactivity was not observed in the male and female hemolymps. Therefore, it is assumed that the UP of C. fuscipes is synthesized in the ovary at 3 days after pupation.

Up to now, there have been done much efforts in regard to nitrate reductase activity (NRA) of dicotyledonous herbs and important crop monocotyledons, but few to wild plants having canopy structure such as Carex. The objective of the present study are to determine: a) the optimum in vivo NR assay conditions for leaf samples of Carex species, b) changes of NRA according to section within leaf and leaf ages, c) diurnal variations. Optimized assay media of each Carex species were determined. NRA of C. rostrata adapted to oligotrophic habitats is readily saturated at lower substrate concentration than those of C. distans and C. gracilis, adapted to meso- and eutrophic habitats, respectively. All Carex species investigated have higher NRA in leaves than in roots. NRA of all species showed maximal values at the middle section of each leaf and in the youngest fully expanded leaves. Compared to C. gracilis, NR in leaves of C. distans was adapted readily to the light period. On the whole, Carex showed rather delayed diurnal variation. Even if the in vivo nitrate reductase assay based on nitrite estimation does not give an accurate estimation of total nitrate reduced, it still serves as a useful tool to find out relative differences in varying environmental conditions. Additionally, in vivo RNA measurements are helpful to understand nitrate reduction and basic nitrogen metabolism of Carex species having different canopy structure.

An experiment was conducted for extension of shelf-life of cooked squid (Todarodes pacificus) using modified atmosphere packaging. The products were packed in a Ny/PE/LLDPE (0.015/0.045/0.040 mm) laminated film with air, vacuum, CO2 gas, and N2 gas, respectively, and then stored at 5$^{\circ}C$ and 2$0^{\circ}C$. Keeping qualities of the products were investigated by measuring moisture content, H, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), viable cell count, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, peroxide value (POV) and color value. Good qualities of the products stored at 5$^{\circ}C$were maintained at least 9 days, 11 days, more than 35 days and 24 days in air, vacuum, CO2 gas and N2 gas packaging products, respectively. In cases of 2$0^{\circ}C$ storage, however, the shelf-lives of all the products were only one day. The shelf-life extension of the products were observed in CO2 ga>N2 gas>vacuum>air packaging in order.

In order to develop new materials for the functional food, the components of safflower(Carthamus tinctorius L.) sprout was studied. Chemical composition, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids of the leaf and the stem parts of 2 weeks grown safflower sprout were analyzed. The chemical composition of safflower spout was 12.7% (w/w) moisture, 28.5% crude protein, 10.1% crude fat, and 5.3% crude ash. Mineral contents of the leaf part were P 49%, K 22%, Mg 15%, Ca 10% whereas these of the stem part were K 51%, P 27%, S 10%, Ca 7%, Mg 4%. Other mineral contents were less than 2% in both parts. Especially, Pt was 0.18 ppb and 0.17 ppb in the leaf and the stem parts, respectively. The composition of the amino acid were approximately as follow, the major amino acid in the leaf and the stem were aspartic acid and glutamic acid, the contents of these were 10.7mg/g, 10mg/g in the leaf, 11.3 mg/g, 8.4 mg/g in the stem, respectively. The major fatty acids in the leaf and the stem parts were linoleic acid and $\alpha$-linolenic acid. The linoleic acid (C18:2) in the leaf and the stem parts were 67% (w/w) and 47% whereas the $\alpha$-linolenic acid. The linoleic acid (C18:2) in those parts were 14% (w/w) and 11%, respectively. On the basis of chemical analysis, the safflower sprout showed to have relatively high contents of crude protein and crude fat, minerals including small amount of Pt, polyunsaturated fatty acid as linoleic acid and $\alpha$ -linolenic acid. These results suggested that safflower sprout was found to be a useful material of natural health food for the functional food development.

This study was investigated to evaluate the distribution of airborne microorganisms at underground shops in Seomyun and Nampodong, Pusan. The number of bacterial colonies on the nutrient agar plate plates were calculated by the open petri dish method for 30 minutes in indoor air of underground shops at every seasons in a year. There was no statistically significant difference between Seomyun and Nampodong in mean colony counts. Isolation rates of Gram positive rods was highest, and Gram positive cocci and Gram negative rods were followed. In Nampodong underground shops, Enterobacteriaceae strains was isolated. Mean colony counts according to seasons was higher at summer and autumn in Seomyun, and spring and winter in Nampodong. In near future, a study on the distribution of bacteria causing respiratory infection should be followed.

Chemoprevention is one of the major strategies for cancer control. It is well established that dietary factors play an important role in modulating the development of certain types of human cancer. The experiment was conducted to determine quinone reductase(QR) activity induction of Daucus carota L. on HepG2 cells. Among various partition layers of roots of Daucus carota L., the ethyl acetate partition layer(DCMEA) and the n-hexane partition layer(DCMH) tested to be most effective which resulted 2.1 and 1.6 respectively compared to the control value of 1.0. In the case of seeds of Daucus carota L. n-butanol partition layer (DCMB) on HepG2 cells at a dose of 200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ showed the highest induction activity of QR which was 3.0. These results suggest that potentially useful cancer chemoprevention chemicals could be isolated from DCMEA and DCMH of the roots and DCMB of the seeds of Daucus carota L.

Specific molecular recognition of cyclodextrin and aspirin was determined. A stable 1:1 inclusion complex was established in solution. The distinct structure of inclusion complex was elucidated by FT-IR, FAB-MS, UV, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Based on the 1H NMR data, a time-averaged conformation of $\alpha$-cyclodextrin exhibited significant catalytic activity toward the hydrolysis of aspirin in alkaline solution.

Urease is an important microbial enzyme and its production is a marker to predict potential pathogenicity. An unusual halophilic bacterium producing urease was isolated from sea product and identified as Vibrio parahaemolyticus KH410. Its biochemical properties were indole negative, gelatin positive, sodium citrate positive and Kanagawa positive whereas other characteristics were identical as the standard strain except it showed a positive reaction on Christensen's urea agar. V. parahaemolyticus urease production was directly related to urea concentration. The production of urease was noticeable by the addition of 0.2% urea, 0.5% glucose, 2% NaCl in LB broth, and the initial pH of 5.5. The maximum production reached after 6 hr of incubation at 37$^{\circ}C$. However, NiCl2, metal ions, phosphorus did not affect production of urease.

과즙 및 과실주 제조에서 착즙 수율 향상, 혼탁방지, 삼의 벌효정제, 식물 조직배양들에 pectinase가 널리 이용되고 있다. 본연구에서는 삼지닥나무의 이용 및 응용하는 연구의 일환으로서 토양으로 부터 높은 pectinase 활성을 나타내는 균주를 분리, 동정하여 삼지닥나무를 분해시키는 pecrinase의 생산조건을 검토하였다. 경남일대에서 채취된 토양시료 100여점으로 부터 pectinase 활성이 높은 6균주의 형태학적, 생화학적특성을 조사하여 동정한 결과 Bacillussp.로 밝혀졌다. Bacillus sp.BS-214의 배양 특성과 pectinase 생성조건을 검토한 결과 온도 4$0^{\circ}C$,pH8.5, 배양시간 36시간에서 효소생산이 가장 양호햐였다. 균의 생육과 효소 생산에는 탄소원으로 1%의 농도의 polygalacturonic acid 와 질소원으로서 0.25%의 yeast extract가 가장 적합하였으며, 본 균주에서 생산된 효소에 의한 삼지닥나무의 펙틴질 분해도 관찰되었다.

UV-B와 도열병병원균 접종들의 환경 스트레스에 의한 벼의 POD, SOD및 Diterpene cyclase등의 활성 변화를 조사하여 해 본 결과, 일품벼에서 POD 와 SOD활성이 가장 놓았고, 도열병진전에 따른 PDO활성은 감수성 품종인 일품과 화성은 증가하였으나 저항성 품종인 다산은 감소하였다. 키토산 처리에의한 SOD의 활성 변화는 처리 농도가 높을수록 증가하였다. 키토산 처리후 14일에서의 감수성품종인 화성의 SOD활성은 무처리 식물체에 비하여 높았다. UV-B조사 시간이 길수록 감수성품종인 일폼의 POD활성은 감소하였고, 저항성 품종인 다산은 증가하였다. 특히UV-B의 조사시간에 따른 다산의 POD활성은 차가 없었으나, 화성의 활성은 40분 조사처리시 2배 놓았다 UV-B처리에 비해 p.oryzae를 접종시는 diterpene cyclase의 활성이 놓아졌으며, 병원균 접종후 5일까지 효소활성이 검진적으로 증가하였다.