In this study, spectroradiometer data were coupled with fluorometer data to find out the best suited bands ratio to monitor the chlorophyll a concentration for inland water. Remote sensing reflectance measurements were used to evaluate the performance of several default ocean color chlorophyll algorithms for SeaWiFS data. This study shows that the chlorophyll a concentration from fluorometer and reflectance from spectroradiometer lies in exploiting the signal provided by the chlorophyll a red absorption peak near 670nm. Two-band ratio based on a ratio of reflectance 670 and 700nm provided a good correlation for a linear model, compare with blue-green two band ratio.

Optical signals from an object may vary at different conditions caused by differences in light source and sensor position. Knowledge of these variations is necessary to enable calibration of the satellite images and confirmation of the sun and sensor angles influences of the spectral signals from the objects. With the use high -resolution Ikonos$^{TM}$ multi-angular images, the bi- directional reflectance effects of mangrove trees were observed when three datasets were compared. The influence of bi- directional reflectance may affect the accuracy of interpreting satellite imagery and obtaining biophysical parameters mangrove and other vegetation by indirect means.

The objective of this study is to evaluate flood risk area by integrating GIS and RADARSAT data. The study area, Northeast Thailand, is subject to flood during the rainy season. The main data used in this evaluation included RADARSAT data, landform and topographic map. The evaluation was conducted by overlay operation of flood area in 2001, land form and buffer region beyond the flood areas with the selection criteria defined. Most of the flood risk areas were found in the low lying land form within the buffer region. The cloud penetrating capabilities of SAR is only a source of information for effectively assessment of flood risk area in Northeast Thailand.

This study was to monitor changes of leaf area index (LAI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), calculated from ground-based remotely sensed high resolution reflectance spectra, during rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. TNG 67) growth so as to determine their relationships and the optimum time period to use these parameters for yield prediction. Field experiments were conducted at the experimental farm of TARI to obtain various scales of grain yield and values of LAI and NDVI in the first and the second cropping seasons of 2001-2002. It was found that LAI and NDVI can be mutually estimated through an exponential relationship, and hence plant growth information and spectral remote sensing data become complementary counterparts through this linkage. Correlation between yield and LAI was best fitted to a nonlinear function since about 7 weeks after transplanting (WAT). The accumulated and the mean values of LAI from 15 days before heading (DBH) to 15 days after heading (DAH) were the optimum time period to predict rice yield for First Crops, while values calculated from 15 DBH to 10 DAH were the optimal timing for Second Crops.

Burgess?s concentric zone model is a famous theory in the geography of city. However, the zone border line drawing method was uncertain. We have developed the method of drawing the border using land use images.

One of the most serious problems that the world is facing is the loss of biodiversity and habitats as a result of environmental degradation. There are several strategies to protect the habitats and biodiversity within a certain region such as establishing protected areas; monitoring the remaining forests and managing the landscape within limits have been employed. In this study, Predicted Habitat Distribution Model (simple spatial modeling) was developed using vegetation types, land use and land cover, DEM, slope, drainage, roads, human settlement areas and minimum habitat requirements of each species. Then, based on the checklist of presence and absence of each species, the final habitat maps for selected endangered species are generated. Integration of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) has proven a very effective tool to generate wildlife habitat maps at various levels. An effecting mapping could be performed based on satellite remote sensing and modeling biodiversity indicators in GIS.

Land cover change detection is one of the most important trends in which remote sensing data could be used to assist strategists and the planners to decide the best land use policy. Two images of NOAA-AVHRR and SPOT vegetation acquired in November 1992 and 2002 were used to assess the changes of Agricultural lands in Egypt. A supervised classification together with two change images derived from classification result and NDVI were used to evaluate the trend and form of the change. It was found that agricultural areas increased by about 14.3 % during the study period in particular around the River Nile Delta and near the Northern Lakes of Egypt. The new cultivated lands were extracted mainly from the desert and from the salt marches areas. At the same time, parts of the agricultural lands were turned into non-cultivated land because of the urban expansion and soil degradation.

Developing a public transportation guidance system requires the following aspects: (i) people may change transportation means not only within the same type but also among different modes such as between buses and subways, and (ii) the system should take into account the time taken in transfer from one mode to the other. This study suggest the framework for developing a public transportation guidance system that generates optimized paths in the transportation network of mixed means including buses, subways and other modes. For this study, the Genetic Algorithms are used to find the best routes that take into account transfer time and other servicetime constraints.

High-resolution satellite images at sub-5m footprint are becoming increasingly available to the earth observation community and their respective clients. The related cameras are all using linear array CCD technology for image sensing. The possibility and need for accurate 3D object reconstruction requires a sophisticated camera model, being able to deal with such sensor geometry. We have recently developed a full suite of new methods and software for the precision processing of this kind of data. The software can accommodate images from IKONOS, QuickBird, ALOS PRISM, SPOT5 HRS and sensors of similar type to be expected in the future. We will report about the status of the software, the functionality and some new algorithmic approaches in support of the processing concept. The functionality will be verified by results from various pilot projects. We put particular emphasis on the automatic generation of DSMs, which can be done at sub-pixel accuracy and on the semi-automated generation of city models.

Hot Spring Law of Taiwan was passed in legislative assembly on 3 June 2003. Hot springs would become one of the most important natural resources for recreation purposes. Both public and private sectors will invest large amount of capital in this area in the near future. The value of remote sensing technology is to give a critical tool for observing the landscape to find out mega-scaled geological structures, which may not be able to be found by conventional approaches. The occurrences of the hot springs in Taiwan are mostly in metamorphic and sedimentary rocks , other than in volcanic environments. Local geothermal anomaly or heat of springs transfer by liquid convection other than conduction or radiation. The deeply -seated fractures of hard rocks are the conduit of the convection of hot water, which could be as deep as 3000 meters in a hypothetical model of Taiwan. Clues to find outcrops of hot spring can be obtained by a structure-controlled model deduced by geological lineaments observed by satellite images and stereoscopic interpretation of aerial photographs. A case study conducted in Eastern Taiwan will be demonstrated.

Recently, KARI developed in-house meteorological sensor processing system named MESIS for GOES GVAR 5-CH Imager for better KOMPSAT EOC mission operation. MESIS consists of antenna system, receiver, serial telemetry card, processing and mapping software, and 2 NT PC systems. This paper shows system requirement, system design, characteristic and test results of processing system. System operation concept and sample image are also provided. Implemented system was proven to be fully operational through lots of operations covering from RF signal reception to web publishing.

In boreal conifers in China's Northeast area, maximum latewood density (MXD) of tree-ring varies in response to growing season temperature. Forest net productivity can be estimated using the Normalized-difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) calculated from satellite sensor data. MXD from the Mohe site in this area was compared with estimates of NPP for 1982-1999 produced by the NDVI model, which was established based on the relationship of leaf area index (LAI) and NDVI. The result shows that the MXD series correlated significantly with the NDVI model estimates series, suggesting that MXD appeared to be an appropriate index for productivity or canopy growth in region where forest productivity is strongly temperature-related.

Rice is one of the most important crop in the world and is a major export of Thailand. Optical sensors are not useful for rice monitoring, because most cultivated areas are often obscured by cloud during the growing period, especially in South East Asia. Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) such as RADARSAT, can see through regardless of weather condition which make it possible to monitor rice growth and to retrieve rice acreage, using the unique temporal signature of rice fields. This paper presents the result of a study of examining the backscatter behavior of rice using multi-temporal RADARSAT dataset. Ground measurements of paddy parameters and water and soil condition were collected. The ground truth information was also used to identify mature rice crops, orchard, road, residence, and aquaculture ponds. Land use class distributions from the RADARSAT image were analyzed. Comparison of the mean DB of each land use class indicated significant differences. Schematic representation of temporal backscatter of rice crop were plotted. Based on the study carried out in Pathum Thani Province test site, the results showed variation of sigma naught from first tillering vegatative phase until ripenning phase. It is suggested that at least, three radar data acquisitions taken at 3 stages of rice growth circle namely; those are at the beginning of rice growth when the field is still covered with water, in the ear differentiation period, and at the beginning of the harvest season, are required for rice monitoring. This pilot project was an experimental one aiming at future operational rice monitoring and potential yield predicttion.

Project monitoring and evaluation is very important, as it can be used to indicate progress and success, including problems and impact of the project. It can also be used for improving project plan, administration, and management. GIS is the visualization method that is extremely helpful in decision making and planning. So GIS is an appropriate tool for agricultural project and program monitoring and evaluation. There are three ways of using GIS in project undertakings i.e. GIS for feasibility studies, GIS for project and program monitoring, and GIS for project and program evaluation.

A radar scattering model is developed based on an empirical rough surface scattering model, the radiative transfer model (RTM), a numerical simulation algorithm of radar scattering from particles, and experimental data obtained by ground-based scatterometers and SAR systems. At first, the scattering matrices of scattering particles such as a leaf, a branch, and a trunk, have been modeled using the physical optics (PO) model and the numerical full-wave analysis. Then, radar scattering from a group of mixed particles has been modeled using the RTM, which leads to a general scattering model for earth surfaces. Finally, the scattering model has been verified with the experimental data obtained by scatterometers and SAR systems.

In 1996, Thailand's participation in the Pacific Rim as a part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth (MTPE) Program, was titled 'AIRSAR Thailand Project'. In this project the Department of Land Development utilized Topographic SAR (TOPSAR) which had multi-frequencies: C band, L band, and P band with multi-polarization: HH, VV, and HV as well as C band VV DEM. Satellite data such as LANDSAT TM was also utilized for optimal use. Results of AIRSAR image processing including data fusion among difference wavelength bands and polarization revealed the quality of AIRSAR that best suit for detection of agricultural land uses. The HH-L band AIRSAR was proven to be useful to distinguish among crop types when combined with appropriate data. The HH, VV, and HV-P band enhanced surface characteristics of swamp forest and wetland. In addition, TOPSAR has its great advantage for identification of salt farms and shrimp ponds.

Automatic land use and land cover change (LUCC) detection via remotely sensed imagery has a wide application in the area of LUCC research, nature resource and environment monitoring and protection. Under the condition that one time (T1) data is existed land use and land cover maps, and another time (T2) data is remotely sensed imagery, how to detect change automatically is still an unresolved issue. This paper developed a land use and land cover class knowledge guided method for automatic change detection under this situation. Firstly, the land use and land cover map in T1 and remote sensing images in T2 were registered and superimposed precisely. Secondly, the remotely sensed knowledge database of all land use and land cover classes was constructed based on the unchanged parcels in T1 map. Thirdly, guided by T1 land use and land cover map, feature statistics for each parcel or pixel in RS images were extracted. Finally, land use and land cover changes were found and the change class was recognized through the automatic matching between the knowledge database of remote sensing information of land use & land cover classes and the extracted statistics in that parcel or pixel. Experimental results and some actual applications show the efficiency of this method.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the hydrological impact due to temporal land cover changes by gradual urbanization of a watershed. WMS HEC-1 was adopted, and DEM with 200m resolution and hydrologic soil group from 1:50,000 soil map were prepared. Land covers of 1986, 1990, 1994 and 1999 Landsat TM images were classified by maximum likelihood method. By applying the model, watershed average CN value was affected in the order of paddy, forest and urban/residential, respectively.

Aiming at importance of geodetic data standards in process of digitized geodetic production, application and service, this paper discusses the content framework of geodetic technical base standard, information system standard and data service standard. Hierarchy relation and category relation of geodetic data standard system are established in this paper.

Digital surface model generation from IKONOS stereo imagery is a new challenge in photogrammetric community, especially when the satellite company does not provide the raw data as well as their ancillary ephemeris data. In this paper we utilized an estimated relief displacement azimuth and the nominal collection elevation data included in the metadata file to correct the relief displacement of GCPs, together with a linear transformation for geometric modeling of IKONOS imagery. Space intersection is performed by the trigonometric intersection assuming a parallel projection of IKONOS imagery due to its small FOV and frame size. In the experiment, less than 2-meters of RMSE in orbit modeling is achieved denoting the potential positioning accuracy of the IKONOS stereo imagery.

The concept of a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) has emerged globally to facilitate the transit of spatial information from data producers to a vast and ever-growing community of users. SDI have become very important in determining the way in which spatial data are used throughout an organization, a nation, different regions, and the world. SDI is an initiative intended to create an environment in which all stakeholders can cooperate with each other and interact with technology, to better achieve their objectives at different political / administrative levels. Islamic Republic of Iran began her participation in the Global map project and SDI activities in 1998. In this related, National Cartographic Center (NCC), as the representative of Iran, started the job with identifying the suitable sources of data for creation of those layers stated in the specifications of Global Mapping. NCC started making GIS Users Councils (National & Provincial Councils) for the making National SDI and Local SDI too. Now, NCC is doing some activities to joining its National SDI to Regional and Global SDI. This paper in first section, discuss about SDI as basic point in Information Technology (IT). In second section, SDI situation in IRAN and National Cartographic Center’s roles in realization of future scope of RSDI and GSDI is discussed. (NCC is one of the greatest Map Producer organizations in IRAN). The way that be applied, is analyzing of fundamental points especially Sustainable development, IT and SDI and their complementing policy in Information Society. These include some applications in National, Regional and Global levels.

The purpose of the study is to produce the surface ground temperature diagnostically using surface EBM with the use of GRID model in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Certain characteristics have been analyzed for local slope effect, coastal effect and influence of high orographic aspect on the surface ground temperature. We present discussions on the meteorological responsibility for their temperature. The derived surface ground temperatures can be provided for comparison with those from satellite-based observ ation.

This study investigates the spatial patterns of distributed population in terms of population density, age structure, sex structure and family structure in Chou (smallest political city boundaries) of seven cities of Kitakawachi region. This displays the population dynamics of those cities from 1955 to 1995. It demonstrates how the populations of the cities are distributed with topography and with respect to the train stations. The demographic characteristics of the cities are visualized utilizing Arc View GIS capabilities with new visualizing technique in 3D environment based on data from Pasco Digital Map 2000.

Forest canopy density is an ideal representative of the forest habitat situations. It can directly or indirectly depict the canopy structure and gap size in the forestland, thus could be applied to assessment of wildlife’s diversit y. Since population survey of vegetation and wildlife diversities is a key issue for sustainable forest ecosystem management, many research efforts have been focused on forest canopy density using multispectral data in the last two decades. Unfortunately, prediction of canopy density using large scaling remote sensing data remains a challenging issue. Due to recent advances in hyperspectral image sensors hyperspectral imagery is now available for environmental monitoring. In this paper, we conduct experiments to monitor complicated environments of forestland that can be captured by using hyperspectral imagery and further be analyzed to test a prediction model of forest canopy density. The results show that 95% of canopy density could be well described by using 2 difference vegetation indices (DVIs), which are difference of blue and green reflectances rband_100-rband_150 and difference of 2 short wave infrared reflectancse rband_406-rband_410 With the wavelengths of band no. 100, 150, 406, and 410 specified by 462.39 nm, 534.40 nm, 918.22 nm and 924.41 nm respectively.

The spatial distribution of snow cover area is a crucial input to models of hydrology and climate in alpine and other seasonally snow covered areas.The objective in our study is to develop a rapidly automatic and high accuracy snow cover mapping algorithm applicable for the Tibetan Plateau which is the most sensitive about climatic change. Monitoring regional snow extent reqires higher temoral frequency-moderate spatial resolution imagery.Our algorithm is based AVHRR and MODIS data and will provide long-term fraction snow cover area map.We present here a technique is based on the multiple endmembers approach and by taking advantages of current approaches, we developed a technique for automatic selection of local reference spectral endmembers.

The present study illustrates a method for monitoring the urban vegetation around Shaoxing city, Monitoring spatiotemporal changes in urban areas will become increasingly important as the number and proportion of urban residents continues to increase. The synoptic view of urban land cover provided by satellite and airborne sensors is an important complement to in situ measurements of physical, environmental and socioeconomic variables in urban settings. The results obtained have revealed a notable change in the vegetation cover in and around the City premises. In this study, we discussed methodology for measurement of urban vegetation and vegetation distributions based on band ratioing in Shaoxing city using Land sat TM imageries. A systematic analysis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation in urban areas is required to ensure a healthy sustainable environment.

Watershed boundaries and flow paths within the watershed are the most important factors required in watershed analysis. Most often the derivation of watershed boundaries and stream network and flow paths is based on topographical maps but spatial variation of flow direction is not clearly understandable using this method. Water resources projects currently use 1: 50, 000-scale ground survey or aerial photography-based topographical maps to derive watershed boundary and stream network. In basins, where these maps are not available or not accessible it creates a real barrier to watershed geo-spatial analysis. Such situations require the use of global datasets, like GTOPO30. Global data sets like ETOPO5, GTOPO30 are the only data sets, which can be used to derive basin boundaries and stream network and other terrain variations like slope aspects and flow direction and flow accumulation of the watershed in the absence of topographic maps. Approximately 1-km grid-based GTOPO 30 data sets can derive better outputs for larger basins, but they fail in flat areas like the Karkheh basin in Iran and the Amudarya in Uzbekistan. A new window in geo-spatial hydrology has opened after the launching of the space-borne satellite stereo pair of the Terra ASTER sensor. ASTER data sets are available at very low cost for most areas of the world and global coverage is expected within the next four years. The DEM generated from ASTER data has a reasonably good accuracy, which can be used effectively for hydrology application, even in small basins. This paper demonstrates the use of stereo pairs in the generation of ASTER DEMs, the application of ASTER DEM for watershed boundary delineation, sub-watershed delineation and explores the possibility of understanding the drainage flow paths in irrigation command areas. All the ASTER derived products were compared with GTOPO and 1:50,000-based topographic map products and this comparison showed that ASTER stereo pairs can derive very good data sets for all the basins with good spatial variation, which are equal in quality to 1:50,000 scale maps-based products.

Application of traditional aerial survey technologies for topographic mapping purposes has a number of principal problems. The growing worldwide acceptance of digital orthophotos has understood this need. Many trekking and expedition teams are expecting digital orthophoto and consequently 3D animation of the highest peaks and possible trekking routes, camping sites and information on how difficult the routes may be. In recent years, inexpensive computers and advance of computer technologies contributed to the rapid development of digital photogrammetry (Dowman et al., 1992; Heipke, 1995). Successful implementation of digital photogrammetric workstations in mapping have been found in various disciplines (Chen et al., 1998; Skalet et al., 1992). This paper highlights the results of the conventional photogrammetry and the possible advantages of digital photogrammetry over these and also the problems, issues and implications during digital Photogrammetric processing of high mountainous region in Asia.

Vector-borne diseases have been the most important worldwide health problem for many years and still represent a constant and serious risk to a large part of the world’s population. GIS and RS is used to evaluate and model the relationships between environmental factors/indicators and the incidences of viral diseases. The aim of the study is to identify the risk factors in Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever DHF) from the highest prevalence area and lowest prevalence area in Sukhothai province, Thailand using statistical, spatial and GIS Modeling. Results obtained in the study of the Dengue show that it is now possible to identify and localize precisely environmental indicators and factors of viral diseases.

Land cover map is a typical GIS database which shows the Earth's physical surface differentiated by standardized homogeneous land cover types. Satellite images acquired by Landsat TM were primarily used to produce a land cover map of 7 land cover classes; however, it now becomes to produce a more accurate land cover classification dataset of 23 classes thanks to higher resolution satellite images, such as SPOT-5 and IKONOS. The use of the newly produced high resolution land cover map of 23 classes for such activities to estimate non-point sources of pollution like water pollution modeling and atmospheric dispersion modeling is expected to result a higher level of accuracy and validity in various environmental monitoring results. The estimation of pollution from non-point sources using GIS-based modeling with land cover dataset shows fairly accurate and consistent results.

This system is capable of obtaining quantitative information from images using natural features on the ortho-image maps that correspond with those from topographical maps. However, the qualitative information can also be obtained because because of the excellent visibility of ortho-image maps. There are plenty of promise for the use of ortho-image maps in the next generation topographic technology because of its wider applicability within the field. In keeping with the cutting edge, we produced ortho-image maps by scanning a specified area in narrow sections using the PKNU 2: a multispectral digital aerial photographing system made by ourselves. We evaluated the precision of the ortho-image maps, and performed an evaluation of the PKNU 2 system's capacity to improve the equipment of the PKNU 2. Ortho-image maps were made using Ground Control Points (GCPs) which were obtained from digital maps and aerial photographs of the PKNU 2. Thus, we demonstrated that it was possible to produce the ortho-image maps, which has a good constant level rate of less than 1m. The PKNU 2 system needs to be improving in the sensitivity of level maintenance equipment in the evaluation in terms of performance. It is thus required to survey the GCPs precisely for an accurate study.

Retrieval of ocean color information from Multispectral Camera (MSC) on KOMPSAT-2 was investigated to study and characterize small-scale biophysical features in the coastal oceans. Prior to the derivation of such information from space-acquired ocean color imageries, the atmospheric effects largely from path and the air-sea interface should be removed from the total signal recorded at the top of the atmosphere (T$_{TOA}$). In this study, the 'path-extraction' is introduced and demonstrated on the TM and SeaWiFS imageries of highly turbid coastal waters of Korea. The algorithms for retrieval of ocean color information were explored from the remote reflectance (R$_{rs}$) in the visible wavebands of MSC. The determination of coefficient (R$^{2}$) for log-transformed data [ N = 500] was 0.90. Similarly, the R$^{2}$ value for log-transformed data [ N = 500] was found to be 0.93.

Optical sensor-based land cover categories produce spectral signature confusion along with degraded classification accuracy. In the classification tasks, the goal of fusing data from different sensors is to reduce the classification error rate obtained by single source classification. This paper describes the result of land cover/land use classification derived from solely of Landsat TM (TM) and multisensor image fusion between JERS 1 SAR (JERS) and TM data. The best radar data manipulation is fused with TM through various techniques. Classification results are relatively good. The highest Kappa Coefficient is derived from classification using principal component analysis-high pass filtering (PCA+HPF) technique with the Overall Accuracy significantly high.

The researchers, who seek geological and environmental information, depend on the remote sensing and aerial photographic datum from various commercial satellites and aircraft. However, the adverse weather conditions and the expensive equipment can restrict that the researcher can collect their data anywhere and any time. To allow for better flexibility, we have developed a compact, a multispectral automatic Aerial photographic system. This system's Multi-spectral camera can catch the visible (RGB) and infrared (NIR) bands (3032${\ast}$2008 pixel) image. Our system consists of a thermal infrared camera and automatic balance control, and it managed and controlled by a palm-top computer. And it includes a camera gimbals system, GPS receiver, weather sensor and etc. As a result, we have successfully tested its ability to acquire aerial photography, weather data, as well as GPS data, making it a very flexible tool for environmental data monitoring.

Building information is extremely important for many applications within the urban environment. Sufficient techniques and user-friendly tools for information extraction from remotely sensed imagery are urgently needed. This paper presents an automatic and manual approach for extracting footprints of buildings in urban areas from airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) data. First a digital surface model (DSM) was generated from the LIDAR point data. Then, objects higher than the ground surface are extracted using the generated DSM. Based on general knowledge on the study area and field visits, buildings were separated from other objects. The automatic technique for extracting the building footprints was based on different window sizes and different values of image add backs, while the manual technique was based on image segmentation. A comparison was then made to see how precise the two techniques are in detecting and extracting building footprints. Finally, the results were compared with manually digitized building reference data to conduct an accuracy assessment and the result shows that LIDAR data provide a better shape characterization of each buildings.

Geographical position and associated climatic influences can be a negative environmental condition that affects sustainable use of land resources, especially pastoral livestock production. Vegetation condition of the country is sensitively changes upon climate changes and human impacts. Within last 60 years data the annual air temperature has increased in 1.66 degrees in average and the total precipitation amount had almost no change. The main goal of this work is to relate climate change within last 20 years with pasture condition, estimated by NOAA/NDVI data set.

Satellite IKONOS images are one of important remote sensing data sources as today because of their very high spatial resolution. Their detections for islands and offshore oceanic features with multi-dimension and multi-scales information, specially some small islands, are of great potential. Their application abilities in islands and offshore detections are addressed at the first of the paper. And image processing technologies and the information extracting methodologies are described. Some results on remote sensing of the islands and their nearby object features are shown in details. Discussions and conclusions are carried out simply at the final.

As a systematic approach to waste disposal site screening for groundwater pollution protection, the DRASTIC system developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) was introduced at Younggwang County in Korea. Hydrogeologic spatial databases for the system include info rmation on depth to water, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topographic slope, hydraulic conductivity and lineament. Using the databases, the DRASTIC system and a GIS, the regional groundwater pollution vulnerability of the study area was assessed. The fracture density extracted from lineament maps was added to the DRASTIC system to take into account the preferential migration of contaminants through fractures. From the results of the study, a degree of groundwater pollution vulnerability through the study area was easily interpreted, and waste disposal sites could be screened for groundwater protection.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the hazard of landslides at Penang, Malaysia, using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing. Landslide locations were identified in the study area from interpretation of aerial photographs and field surveys. The topographic and geologic data and satellite image were collected, processed and constructed into a spatial database using GIS and image processing. The used factors that influence landslide occurrence are topographic slope, topographic aspect topographic curv ature and distance from drainage from topographic database, geology and distance from lineament from the geologic database, land use from TM satellite image and vegetation index value from SPOT satellite image. Landslide hazardous area were analysed and mapped using the landslide-occurrence factors by probability - likelihood ratio - method. The results of the analysis were verified using the landslide location data. The validation results showed satisfactory agreement between the hazard map and the existing data on landslide location.

The likelihood ratio, logistic regression and artificial neural networks methods are applied and verified for analysis of landslide susceptibility in Yongin, Korea using GIS. From a spatial database containing such data as landslide location, topography, soil, forest, geology and land use, the 14 landsliderelated factors were calculated or extracted. Using these factors, landslide susceptibility indexes were calculated by likelihood ratio, logistic regression and artificial neural network methods. Before the calculation, the study area was divided into two sides (west and east) of equal area, for verification of the methods. Thus, the west side was used to assess the landslide susceptibility, and the east side was used to verify the derived susceptibility. The results of the landslide susceptibility analysis were verified using success and prediction rates. The v erification results showed satisfactory agreement between the susceptibility map and the exis ting data on landslide locations.

The purpose of this preliminary study is the applied to geology using the Landsat TM satellite image of the Tanggung area of southern part of the Bandung, Indonesia to provide basic information for geological survey. For this, topography, geology and satellite image were constructed to spatial database. Digital elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, hill shade of topography were calculated from the topographic database and lithology was imported from the geological database. Lineament, lineament density, and NDVI were extracted the Landsat TM satellite image. The results showed the close relationship between geology and terrain and satellite image. Each sedimentary rock seldom corresponds with geology and analyses of topography but as a whole for sedimentary rocks coincide with them. Tuff and volcanic breccia in the volcanic rocks correspond with the result of terrain analyses. Talus deposits is well matched with the analyses of opography/satellite image.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of spatial resolutions on the accuracy to landslide susceptibility mapping. For this, landslide locations were identified in the Boun, Korea from interpretation of aerial photographs and field surveys. The topographic, soil, forest, geologic, linearment and land use data were collected, processed and constructed into a spatial database using GIS and remote sensing data. The 15 factors that influence landslide occurrence were extracted and calculated from the spatial database with 5m, 10m, 30m, 100m and 200m spatial resolutions. Landslide hazardous area were analysed and mapped using the landslide-occurrence factors by probability model, likelihood ratio, for the five cases spatial resolutions. The results of the analysis were verified using the landslide location data. In the cases of spatial resolution 5m, 10m and 30m, the verification results was similar, but in the cases of 100m and 200m the results worse than the others. Because the scale of input data was 1:5,000 ? 1:50,000, so the cases of 5m, 10m and 30m have similar accuracy but the cases of 100m and 200m have the lower accuracy. From this, there is an effect of spatial resolutions on accuracy and landslide susceptibility mapping the result is dependent on input map.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the susceptibility of landslides at Clicap area, Indonesia , using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Landslide locations were identified from field surveys. The topographic and geological map were collected and constructed into a spatial database using GIS. The factors that influence landslide occurrence, such as slope, aspect and curvature of topography, were calculated from the topographic database and lihology and fault was extracted from the geological database. Then landslide susceptibility was analyzed using the landslide-occurrence factors by likelihood methods. The results of the analysis were verified using the landslide location data. The GIS was used to analyze the vast amount of data efficiently . The results can be used to reduce associated hazards, and to plan land use and construction.

Techniques for rock slope management and assessment must be developed for the prevention and mitigation of rock fall hazards. To enable this, the rock discontinuity such as fault and joint data must be surveyed, analysed and managed. For this, the discontinuities were detected by automatic and semi-automatic method using DEM and ortho-rectified image of rock slope and the rock slope analysis and management system was developed using GIS. Using the system, slope locations and discontinuities data were constructed to spatial database. The system is consist of ‘Data Management’, ‘Rock Slope DB’, ‘Basic Information’, ‘Image Processing’, ‘Image Analys ing’, ‘Edit’, ‘View’, ‘Theme’, ‘Graphic’, ‘Window’ and ‘Help’. The system was developed using avenue of ArcView 3.2.

The wetness, a function of precipitation and temperature etc, and the warmth, a function of temperature, are the dominant factor for global vegetation distribution. This paper employs the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), warmth index (WAI), and wetness index (WEI), and focuses on an essential climate-vegetation relationship at global scale. The NDVI was acquired from ‘Twenty-year global 4-minute AVHRR NDVI dataset.’ The WEI is defined as the fraction of the precipitation to the potential evaporation. The WAI was calculated by accumulating the monthly mean temperature of the portion exceeded 5$^{\circ}C$ throughout the year. Meteorological data for the WEI and WAI calculation were obtained from the ISLSCP CD-ROM. All analyses were conducted for 1 ${\times}$ 1 degree grid box on the terrestrial area of the Earth, and on annual value basis averaged in 1987 and 1988. The result of analyses demonstrated that there are two regimes in their relations, that is, a regime in which NDVIs vary depending on the WEI, and a regime in which NDVIs vary depending on the WAI. These two regimes appeared to correspond to the wetness dominant and warmth dominant vegetation, respectively. The geographical distributions of two regimes were mapped. Most of the world vegetation is categorized into wetness dominant, while warmth dominant vegetation is seen in the high-latitude area mainly to the north of 60$^{\circ}$N in the Northern Hemisphere and high-altitude areas.

Laser scanned lidar data record 3D surface information in detail. Exploring valuable spatial information from lidar data is a prerequisite task for its applications, such as DEM generation and 3D building model reconstruction. However, the inherent spatial information is implicit in the abundant, densely and randomly distributed point cloud. This paper proposes a novel method to organize point cloud data, so that further analysis or feature extraction can proceed based on a well organized data model. The principle of the proposed algorithm is to segment point cloud into 3D planes. A split and merge segmentation based on the octree structure is developed for the implementation. Some practical airborne and ground lidar data are tested for demonstration and discussion. We expect this data organization could provide a stepping stone for extracting spatial information from lidar data.

Laser scanning has become a viable technique for the collection of a large amount of accurate 3D point data densely distributed on the scanned object surface. The inherent 3D nature of the sub-randomly distributed point cloud provides abundant spatial information. To explore valuable spatial information from laser scanned data becomes an active research topic, for instance extracting digital elevation model, building models, and vegetation volumes. The sub-randomly distributed point cloud should be segmented and classified before the extraction of spatial information. This paper investigates some exist segmentation methods, and then proposes an octree-based split-and-merge segmentation method to divide lidar data into clusters belonging to 3D planes. Therefore, the classification of lidar data can be performed based on the derived attributes of extracted 3D planes. The test results of both ground and airborne lidar data show the potential of applying this method to extract spatial features from lidar data.

Analysis of high-resolution satellite image becomes important for cartography, surveillance, and remote sensing. However, there are lots of problems to be solved for automatic analysis of high-resolution satellite image especially in urban area. The problems are originated from the increased complexity due to the unnecessary details and shadows, and time-varying illuminations. Because of such obstacles, it seems impossible to make automatic analysis. This paper proposes a way of change detection of buildings in urban area by using digital vector map. The proposed way makes the buildings on the vector map parameterized, and searches them in the preprocessed high-resolution image by using generalized Hough transform. The searched building objects are overlaid on the satellite image. The overlaid image can help to detect the change of building rapidly.

Fitting the projected wire-frame model to the detected edge pixels on images by using least-squares approach, called Least-squares Model-image Fitting (LSMIF), is the key of the Model-based Building Extraction (MBBE). It is implemented by iteratively adjusting the model parameters to minimize the squares sum of distances from the extracted edge pixels to the projected wire-frame. This paper describes a series of experiments and studies on various factors affect the fitting results, including the edge detectors, the weighting rules, the initial value of parameters, and the number of overlapped images. The experimental result is not only helpful to clarify the influences of each factor, but is also able to enhance the robustness of the LSMIF algorithm.

The multi-disciplinary research project Strengthening Local Authorities in Risk Management (SLARIM), initiated by ITC, includes three case study cities in Asia. An important question is: what are the essential data for risk management and how to access such data. The role of common sources (e.g. census data), data derived from remote sensing (high-resolution satellite imagery, aerial photos), and data from close sensing (field observation, including mobile GIS) to acquire essential risk management data will be discussed. Special attention is given to the question of the minimum area and to disaggregating population data. A few examples are given of Kathmandu / Lalitpur, Nepal.

To evaluate the thermal and water stress of vegetation canopy in Southern Qu$\'{e}$bec, leaf water status was evaluated from vegetation indices derived from SPOT VEGETATION images and surface temperature from NOAA AVHRR images. This study was conducted by investigating vegetation conditions for two different periods, from June to August, 1999 and 2000. The vegetation indices were integrated for the evaluating vegetation conditions as a new index, normalized moisture index (NMI). A trapezoid was defined by the NMI and surface temperature, and the thermal and water status of the vegetation canopy was determined according to separate small sections within the trapezoid.

In this paper, we discuss the concept of Spatio-Temporal Data Warehouse and analyze the organization model of spatio-temporal data. Based on the above, we found the framework of Spatio-Temporal Data Warehouse composed of data source, processing tools and application, which covers the whole process from building warehouse to supplying services.

Using MODIS data and several different compositing algorithms utilizing the average cloud free days in a compositing period, maximum ndvi, or dual maximum NDVI/minimum blue, multi resolution composites (250m, 500m, 1km) have been produced for Southeast Asia, with spectral bands ranging from the visible to short-wave infrared with a single band in the thermal (for land and sea surface temperature). A total of nine composites have been produced for the months of May and August in 2003, including blue, green, red, NIR, three in the SWIR, and several to specifically monitor vegetation health.

To monitor riparian wetlands as one of complex natural ecosystems using remotely sensed data, we need to concurrently consider vegetation, soil and water which constitute complicated wetland ecosystems. To identify riparian distribution we adopted linear Spectral Mixture Analysis in order to improve identification accuracy of riparian areas. This study has indicated that linear SMA adopting tasseled cap endmember selection is an enhanced routine for Identification of riparian wetlands and phenologically autumn imagery is more appropriate to detect riparian vegetation in the Paldang water catchment area.

The temporal GIS data modeling methods are discussed in this paper. At first, two conceptual models of spatio-temporal data are introduced, and then some typical STDMs based on these two models are summed up and compared. After that, the spatio-temporal changes are analyzed thoroughly, and then how to model spatio -temporal data from different aspects is discussed. At last, several issues that need further research are pointed out.

Generally, DEM (Digital Elevation Model) is generated by stereo-images acquired same conditions, sensor type, viewing angle, capturing elevation and etc. It is difficult to generate DEM with stereo images acquired different satellite. This study intends that it is DEM generation using pair-images with other sensor systems.

Spatially referenced mobile mapping (MM) images contain rich information of man-made objects , e.g. road centerlines, buildings, light poles, traffic signs ,billboards and line trees etc. Therefore, the applications in transportation, urban 3D reconstruction, utility management are implemented increasingly. It’s a fundamental issue lies in MM image process that how to orient this image in the object space including interior orientation of camera and the exterior orientation of image. In this paper, the algorithm of automatic acquirement of DC (Digital Camera) parameters based on MM images is illustrated. And then, the mapping between image space and object space for MM images is described.

Rail Route Alignment in hilly terrain is a difficult task to implement as several natural constraints poses threat to the safety and stability of the alignment. The conventional methods followed to find out the final location survey or the feasibility analysis for alignment is time taking consuming. Some times, due to inaccessibility of the terrain it becomes impossible to carry out such works. The construction works in hilly terrain, which are associated with the proposed alignment, are not same as carried out in plane areas due to a vast contrast between the two areas. Different geological structures such as faults, thrusts, synclines and anticlines are a big problem to carry out normal construction practices. Thus for a safe and stable railway route in the unstable hilly areas, it is required to carry out the feasibility analysis of the proposed alignment to assist the policy makers for a successful implementation of the alignment. In the present work Remote Sensing and GIS has been successfully used to carry out geological feasibility and slope stability analysis for rail route alignment work.

The types of service using location information are being various and extending its domain as wireless internet technology is developing and its application part is widespread, so it is prospected that LBS (Location-Based Services) will be killer application in wireless internet services. The MODB (Moving Object Database) stores and manages very large current/ past moving object data, so it is very important part in LBS platform. The performance of LBS platform is tightly depending on the performance of this MODB. The other important part is alerting engine in LBS platform, which is system to transmit various value-added information or notify emergency information to mobile phone after triggering specified events. This alert engine is supported as extended function of MODB, that is to say, the alerting function is closely related with MODB. So alert cartridge on MODB must provide not only moving point triggering about going into, going out specified geographical area but also batch alerting about nearest neighbor from specified geographical area. In this paper, we study of extended part on MODB to support the alert engine. And we design alert engine cartridge on MODB before implementing the system.

Since the details in quasi-homogeneous region will be destroyed from the conventional global image enhancement method such as histogram equalization. This defect is caused by the saturation of gray level in equalization process. So the local histogram equalization for each quasi-homogeneous region will be used in order to improve the details in the region itself. To obtain the quasi- homogeneous regions, the original image must be segmented. Here we applied the watershed transform to the interesting image. Since the watershed transform is based on mathematical morphology, therefore, the regions touch can be effectively separated. Hence two adjacent regions which have the similar gray pixels will be split off. The process will be independently applied to three different spectral images. Then three different colors are assigned to each processed image in order to produce a color composite image. By the proposed algorithm, the result image shows the better perception on image details. Therefore, the high efficiency of image classification can be obtained by using this color image.

Soil moisture is a crucial variable in research works of hydrology, meteorology and plant sciences. Adequate soil moisture is essential for plant growth; excesses and deficits of soil moisture must be considered in agricultural practices. There are already several remote sensing methods used for monitoring soil moisture, such as thermal inertia, vegetation water-supplying index, crop water stress index and multi-factor regression. In this paper, an improved method has been discussed which is based on the thermal inertia. We analyzed the problems of monitoring soil moisture using satellites at first, and then put forward an simplified method which directly uses land surface temperature differences to measure soil moisture. Also we have taken the influence of vegetation into account, and import NDVI into the model. The method was used in the study of soil moisture in Heilongjiang Province, China, and we draw the conclusion by the experiments that the model can evidently increase the precision of monitoring soil moisture.

This study proved if the high resolution satellite imagery of IKONOS is suitable for preparing digital forest cover map. Three methods, the pixel based classification with maximum likelihood (PML), the segment based classification with majority principle(SMP), and the segment based classification with maximum likelihood(SML), were applied to classify and delimitate forest cover of IKONOS imagery taken in May 2000 in a forested area in the central Korea. The segment-based classification was more suitable for classifying and deliminating forest cover in Korea using IKONOS imagery. The digital forest cover map in which each class is delimitated in the form of a polygon can be prepared on the basis of the segment-based classification.

Two MODIS instruments on board the Terra and Aqua Satellites are operational for global remote sensing of the land, ocean and atmosphere. Atmospheric sounding data with a high spatial resolution from MODIS will provide a wealth of useful information. The vertical air temperature and moisture data were retrieved using the MODIS data, and compared with the radiosonde data obtained in the Korean Peninsula. The correlation coefficient are 0.99 and 0.89 for air temperature and moisture cases, respectively. Air temperature data were relatively good agreement, but the moisture data from MODIS were underestimated.

In order to utilize remote sensed images effectively, a lot of image classification methods are suggested for many years. But, the accuracy of traditional methods based on pixel-based classification is not high in general. In this study, object oriented classification based on image segmentation is used to classify Landsat images. A necessary prerequisite for object oriented image classification is successful image segmentation. Object oriented image classification, which is based on fuzzy logic, allows the integration of a broad spectrum of different object features, such as spectral values , shape and texture. Landsat images are divided into urban, agriculture, forest, grassland, wetland, barren and water in sochon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do using object oriented classification algorithms in this paper. Preliminary results will help to perform an automatic image classification in the future.

Quantifying crop production is one of the most important applications of remote sensing in which the temporal and up-to-date data can play very important role in avoiding any immediate insufficiency in agricultural production. A combination of climatic data and biophysical parameters derived from Landsat7 ETM+ was used to develop a mathematical model for wheat yield forecast in different geographically wide Wheat growing districts in Egypt. Leaf Area Index (LAI) and fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR) with temperature were used in the modeling. The model includes three sub-models representing the correlation between the reported yield and each individual variable. Simulation results using district statistics showed high accuracy of the derived correlations to estimate wheat production with a percentage standard error (%S.E.) of 1.5% in El- Qualyobia district and average (%S.E.) of 7% for the whole wheat areas.

Active sensors are rapidly conquering a share on the remote sensing market and offer among others new possibilities toward automatically acquiring 3D building data. Better dissemination of information about new technological developments can possibly be achieved by short distance-learning courses. The paper describes the didactic and technical aspects of a course we have designed and conducted on airborne laser scanning and interferometric SAR. The building extraction application is a good example to illustrated the added value of short electronic-learning courses above simply publishing (digital) papers.

In this paper the use of panchromatic KOMPSAT-1 imagery is proposed to provide detailed information on built-up areas in suburban regions. In order to derive this information a texture analysis is utilized. In the next processing step census data are incorporated in order to perform refined demographic analysis. Assuming that the population lives in settlements rather than in agricultural areas, the census data are assigned to the actual residential areas within each census unit. Using this information a number of questions can be addressed which cannot be answered by statistical data alone.

QuickBird satellite is quickly becoming the best choice for high-resolution mapping using satellite images. In this paper, we will describe the followings: (1) how to correct QuickBird data using different geometric correction methods, (2) data fusion using QuickBird panchromatic and multispectral data, and (3) automatic DEM extraction using QuickBird stereo data.

With regarding to web GIS, OGC promotes WFS allowing a client to retrieve geospatial data encoded in GML which is a modeling language to encode the semantics, syntax and schema of geospatial information resources. Even though GML provides benefits for geographic description, it is too heavy to be processed by mobile devices. In order to address the issue, this paper evaluates GML service with WFS server and GML viewers. Through this paper, we get analyses of properties of GML geospatial data and the effects on wireless devices, which are expected to be fundamental materials onto a design of mobile applications.

Many users want to add some their own information to data which was on the web and computer without actually needing to touch data. In remote sensing, the result data for image classification consist of image and text file in general. To overcome these inconvenience problems, we suggest the annotation method using XML language. We give the efficient annotation method which can be applied to web and viewing of image classification. We can apply the annotation for web and image classification with image and text file. The need for thesaurus construction is the lack of information for remote sensing and GIS on search engine like Empas, Naver and Google. In search engine, we can’t search the information for word which has many different names simultaneously. We select the remote sensing data from different sources and make the relation between many terms. For this process, we analyze the meaning for different terms which has similar meaning.

Traditional photogrammetry and satellite image rectification technique have been developed based on control-points for many decades. These techniques are driven from linked points in image space and the corresponding points in the object space in rigorous colinearity or coplanarity conditions. Recently, digital imagery facilitates the opportunity to use features as well as points for images rectification. These implementations were mainly based on rigorous models that incorporated geometric constraints into the bundle adjustment and could not be applied to the new high-resolution satellite imagery (HRSI) due to the absence of sensor calibration and satellite orbit information. This research is an attempt to establish a new Line Based Transformation Model (LBTM), which is based on linear features only or linear features with a number of ground control points instead of the traditional models that only use Ground Control Points (GCPs) for satellite imagery rectification. The new model does not require any further information about the sensor model or satellite ephemeris data. Synthetic as well as real data have been demonestrated to check the validity and fidelity of the new approach and the results showed that the LBTM can be used efficiently for rectifying HRSI.

In this study, uses of remote sensed imagery in urban environment analysis are represented with the actual processed results with newly implemented programs running under ESRI ArcView-GIS to extract secondary information about mainly urban transportation environment. Implemented programs are about Accessibility index and Connectivity index. Accessibility index and Connectivity index are composed of four types of different algorithms and three types of algorithms such as alpha, gamma, and shimmel index. As show applied examples, tried to find out how remotely sensed imageries can be effectively utilized at actual processing in the direct or indirect ways in these algorithms.

Agricultural land use generally shows specific temporal characteristics of NDVI obtained from satellite data. In terms of winter wheat, a higher value compared with other land use types in May and a considerably low value in June could be discriminative features of temporal change of NDVI. In this study, the author examined methods for estimating winter wheat sown area in sub-pixel level of coarse resolution satellite data using temporal characteristics of NDVI. Application of the methods to the major grain production area in China exhibited properly a spatial distribution pattern of winter wheat sown area.

GIS became increasingly important in information-oriented society as social indirect capital and many GIS data are developed. To use these data effectively standard format that enables easy to transport and store is needed. For this purpose, OGC developed GML based on XML as web standard format of geographical information. In this study, web based mapping with respect to digital geologic map and gravity anomaly map was accomplished using GML. While, styling methods were implemented in XSLT to make the visualizing suitable for the character of each layer, so it is possible to make dynamic maps in the SVG. GML-base map produced in this study can be transferred and represented without loss of the meaning and degrading on the web.

As remote sensing is weighty in GIS updating, it is indispensable to get spatial information quickly and exactly. In this study, we have designed and implemented the program by two algorithms of GDPA (Gradient Direction Profile Analysis) and Hough transformation to extract linear features automatically from high-resolution imagery. We applied the software to embody both algorithms to KOMPSAT-EOC, IKONOS, and Landsat-ETM and made a comparative study of results.

This paper presents an algorithm that automatically extracts buildings among many different features on the earth surface by fusing LIDAR data with panchromatic aerial images. The proposed algorithm consists of three stages such as point level process, polygon level process, parameter space level process. At the first stage, we eliminate gross errors and apply a local maxima filter to detect building candidate points from the raw laser scanning data. After then, a grouping procedure is performed for segmenting raw LIDAR data and the segmented LIDAR data is polygonized by the encasing polygon algorithm developed in the research. At the second stage, we eliminate non-building polygons using several constraints such as area and circularity. At the last stage, all the polygons generated at the second stage are projected onto the aerial stereo images through collinearity condition equations. Finally, we fuse the projected encasing polygons with edges detected by image processing for refining the building segments. The experimental results showed that the RMSEs of building corners in X, Y and Z were ${\pm}$8.1㎝, ${\pm}$24.7㎝, ${\pm}$35.9㎝, respectively.

Multi-temporal data is used to determine the rate of deforestation between the years 1976, 1987 and 2000. Three Landsat TM images, for each period, are pre-processed, mosaicked and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values computed. Based on the values, totally non-forested areas are masked out. The forested areas, both partially and wholly, show a very high degree of correlation between all the bands (reflective), thus necessitating application of principal component analysis. The first two principal components and NDVI values (scaled to 0 ? 255) are used in K-means unsupervised classification to distinguish forest from non-forest areas (that appeared as forest at first). Comparison of the resulting thematic maps gives an annual deforestation rate of roughly 15 0000ha. or 2% between any two epochs.

An automatic approach and strategy for extracting building information from aerial images using combined image analysis and interpretation techniques is described in this paper. A dense DSM is obtained by stereo image matching. Multi-band classification, DSM, texture segmentation and Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) are used to reveal building interest areas. Then, based on the derived approximate building areas, a shape modelling algorithm based on the level set formulation of curve and surface motion has been used to precisely delineate the building boundaries. Data fusion, based on the Dempster-Shafer technique, is used to interpret simultaneously knowledge from several data sources of the same region, to find the intersection of propositions on extracted information derived from several datasets, together with their associated probabilities. A number of test areas, which include buildings with different sizes, shape and roof colour have been investigated. The tests are encouraging and demonstrate that the system is effective for building extraction, and the determination of more accurate elevations of the terrain surface.

Landsat images were globally used to monitoring the Earth's. But it is not positively applied to a field of environment such as coastal environment, heat island effect and drought condition and so on. Until recently, Information about a ecology natural environment came to do by direct investigation. But Information about a ecology·natural environment of wide area were quickly getting possible with the progress of remote sensing technique. Specially, the up-to-date characteristic information about an ecology·natural environment as the basic intelligence for a country development activity are very important. So, it applies the satellite images that the periodic observation of data is possible. In this study, We planned the function which is possible helping the renewal of an ecology·natural environmental information using Landsat imagery. Also planned the DB suitable for these purpose. For application of thermal infrared band images we developed the function that extracts an isothermal line. It used the thermal infrared band images and it grasped a temperature distribution. The result is useful in analysis of the city heat island effectiveness.

A total of one hundred and twenty three goldbearing mineral deposits in the Charters Towers area west of Townswille, Queensland, Australia were initially classified into four named and unnamed separate vein styles, with different trends and alteration patterns, a breccia-style deposit and placer gold deposits. The area has vein deposits in Ordovician and Silurian granitoids and breccia-style in the Carboniferous volcanics. In this paper a modeling of these deposits is described using geological mapping, landscape analysis and digital imagery (Landsat TM and geophysics) to improve the classification and identification of possible new target for exploration.

Landuse maps are prepared from satellite imagery and field observations were conducted at various locations in the study area. Compared to the field data and NDVI and RVI thematic maps, NDVI is better than RVI, because it compensates for changing illumination conditions, surface slope, aspect and other factors. Clouds, water and snow have negative values for RVI and NDVI. Rock and bare soils have similar reflectance in both NIR and visible band, so RVI and NDVI are near zero. In forest areas with good vegetation cover, NDVI is high and landslide occurrence is less. But if annual and biennial vegetations are present and if cultivation practices are changed frequently, NDVI is medium and landslide occurrence is moderate. In areas where deforestation and settlement is in progress, NDVI is less and landslide occurrence is more. The NDVI FCC thematic map may be used as an important layer in GIS application for landslide studies. Analyzing other layers such as slope, rainfall, soil, geology, drainage, lineament, etc with NDVI FCC layer will give a better idea about the identity of landslide prone areas.

New Image registration techniques are developed for determining geometric distortions between two images of the same scene. First, the properties of the Fourier transform of a two dimensional function under the affine transformation are given. As a result, techniques for the estimation of the coefficients of the distortion model using the spectral frequency information are developed. Image registration can be achieved by applying the fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique for cross correlation of misregistered imagery to determine spatial distances. The correlation results may be rather broad, making detection of the peak difficult, what can be suppressed by enhancing cross-correlation technique. Yield greatly improves the delectability and high precision of image misregistration.

The computation cost of image registration is affected by searching data size and space. This paper proposes an efficient image registration algorithm that uses multi-resolution wavelet decomposed image to reduce the data size search. The algorithm determines the correlation detection at low resolution on low-pass sub bands of wavelet and generate mask for higher resolution as part of a coarse to fine registration algorithm. The correlation matching is defined for coarse resolution similarity measurement, while mutual information (MI) is used at fine resolution. The results show that the new efficient mask-based algorithm improves computational efficiency and yields robust and consistent image registration results.

This is based on the AGENT-LUC model framework. Luangprabang Province has the largest percentage of shifting cultivation area in Laos PDR. The model simulates the spatial and temporal patterns of the shifting cultivation in the study area, using a GIS database while the total area of shifting cultivation is controlled by supply and demand balance of food. The model simulation period is from 1990 to 1999, at a spatial resolution of 500m. The results are evaluated using statistical data and remote sensing images. Through the validation, it is concluded that the trends simulated agrees to that of statistical data and the spatial and temporal patterns are also replicated satisfactorily.

In the rice planted acreage estimation, high precise measurement and laborsaving are required by using satellite data. A method referring accurate agricultural plot vector data was used in this paper which improves the estimation accuracy of rice planted acreage compared with conventional methods. In this method, satellite data are not used for totalization, although they are used to discriminate whether the fields are rice planted or not. This paper described the result of the above method using to ASTER-VNIR data.

The traditional crop productivity simulations based on crop models are normally site-specific. To simulate regional crop productivity, the spatial crop model is developed in this study by integrating Geographical Information System (GIS) with Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model. The integration applied a loose coupling approach. Data are exchanged using ASCII or binary data format between GIS and EPIC model without a common user interface. The spatial EPIC model is conducted to simulate the average corn and wheat productivity of 1980s in North China. The results show that the simulation accuracy of the spatial EPIC model is acceptable. The simulation accuracy can be improved by using the detailed crop management information, such as irrigation, fertilizer and tillage schedule.

The study utilizes remote sensing as the main monitoring means. With different spatial high-resolution, multichannel ASTER remote sensing image as the main information in Beijing city zone; with regional border and statistical data as auxiliary factor a study between the thermal space distribution character and the underground medium is analyzed based on the GIS logical algorithm and synthetic analysis technology. Results show thermal forming mechanism and the rule of distribution is mainly related to the underground medium and the change of the city distribution. Different underground medium has different degree and intensity influence on the thermal space distribution. Furthermore, urban greenbelt and water areas can reduce the thermal effect and large-scale greenbelt creates green island effect. In addition, Road net, residential area, population density, heat resources and so on have some positive effect on the thermal distribution, which increase the local temperature and intensity on the other hand. It is important to study the thermal distribution and its related factors, which contributes to the plan, construction and development of the city.

The downlink data rates of the space-born payloads such as high-resolution optical cameras, synthetic aperture radars (SAR) and hyper-spectral sensors are being rapidly increased. For example, the image transmission rates of KOMPSAT-2 MSC(Multi-Spectral Camera) is 320Mbps even if on-board image compression scheme is used.[1] In the near future, the data rates are expected to be a level 500${\sim}$600Mbps because the required resolution will be higher and the swath width will be increased. This paper describes many techniques they enable 500Mbps data receiving and archiving system.

This paper describes a data fusion method for high spatial resolution satellite imagery. The pixels located around an object edge have spectral mixing because of the geometric primitive of pixel. The larger a size of pixel is, the wider an area of spectral mixing is. The intensity of pixels adjacent edges were modified by the spectral characteristics of the pixels located inside of objects. The methods developed in this study were tested using IKONOS Multispectral and Pan data of a part of Jeju-shi in Korea. The test application shows that the spectral information of the pixels adjacent edges were improved well.

In this paper, we present our implementation of the direct camera model (image to ground) for SPOT5 and use it to assess the geometric accuracy of SPOT5 imagery. Our assessment confirms the location accuracy of SPOT5 imagery (without use of GCPs) is less than 50m. We further introduce a few attitude parameters to refine the camera model with GCPs. The model is applied to two SPOT5 supermode images, one near vertical, incidence angle of 3 degrees, and one far oblique, incidence angle of 27 degrees. The results show that accuracy (rms of check points) of about one pixel (2.5m) can be achieved with about 4 GCPs by using only 3 parameters to correct the yaw, pitch and roll of the satellite.

Selective logging is currently a widely adopted management practice throughout the tropics. Monitoring of spatial extent and intensity of such logging is, therefore, becoming an important issue for sustainable management of forest. This study explores the possibility of using vegetation indices and Landsat 7 ETM+ image for this purpose. Two dataset acquired on 2002 and 2000 of Labanan concession area East Kalimantan, Indonesia were used. Three different vegetation indices (MSAVI, SAVI and NDVI) slicing and differentiating methods were tested. The results showed that the MSAVI is superior with overall accuracy of 77% and kappa 0.64.

Evapotranspiration estimations are essential for monitoring drought, wild land fire risk etc. In this study, a surface energy balance method, which combines meteorological observations with spectral data derived from remote sensing measurements, was used to estimate the regional evapotranspiration in the Mongolia, a large arid and semi-arid region with heterogeneous surface conditions. The Surface Energy Balance method has been applied to Landsat+ETM and NOAA-AVHRR sensors for the estimation of evapotranspiration in the grassland of Mongolia. As a result, a daily evapotranspiration map of Mongolia was produced.

The coastal provinces of South China have been uniquely shaped by various tectonic events. During the midlate Mesozoic tectono-thermal event, the oblique subduction of the Paleo Kula-Pacific plate beneath the Eurasian plate has created a complicated tectonic setting for the whole region. However, the mechanism of this event is not completely understood. In this paper, we discuss the advantages of using LANDSAT TM satellite imagery over a small part of the region - the Mirs Bay Basin which is largely covered by dense vegetation and where limited outcrops is seen. The use of satellite imagery complements field mapping and the result shows a prominent sinistral offset along the eastern margin of the Mirs Bay Basin, which was not previously recognized on the ground.

A management information system of the Nanji Islands National Marine Reserve is designed and constructed based on method of integration of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS). The system consists of two sub-systems, dynamic monitoring information system and general database system. The former is used for storage and manage fundamental geographical data (topographical and bathymetric map), satellite remote sensing data (IKONOS, SPOT, IRS, NOAA and SeaWiFS etc.) and multimedia data. The latter is used for storage and manage resource data (shellfish and alga etc.), environmental data (meteorological and hydrologic) and in situ data. As part of electronic government, this system will be submitted to local government for monitoring, management and decision.

The extraction of 3D road network from high-resolution aerial images is still one of the current challenges in digital photogrammetry and computer vision. For many years, there are many researcher groups working for this task, but unt il now, there are no papers for doing this with TLS (Three linear scanner), which has been developed for the past several years, and has very high-resolution (about 3 cm in ground resolution). In this paper, we present a methodology of road extraction from high-resolution digital imagery taken over urban areas using this modern photogrammetry’s scanner (TLS). The key features of the approach are: (1) Because of high resolution of TLS image, our extraction method is especially designed for constructing 3D road map for next -generation digital navigation map; (2) for extracting road, we use the global context of the intensity variations associated with different features of road (i.e. zebra line and center line), prior to any local edge. So extraction can become comparatively easy, because we can use different special edge detector according different features. The results achieved with our approach show that it is possible and economic to extract 3D road data from Three Linear Scanner to construct next -generation digital navigation road map.

Oceanic pycnocline depth is usually obtained from in situ measurements. As ocean internal waves occur on and propagate along oceanic pycnocline, it is possible to estimate the depth remotely. This paper presents a method for retrieving pycnocline depth from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery where internal waves are visible. This model is constructed by combining a two-layer ocean model and a nonlinear internal wave model. It is also assumed that the observed groups of internal wave packets on SAR imagery are generated by local semidiurnal tides. Case study in East China Sea shows a good agreement with in situ CTD data.

The paper compares Static GIS, Mobile GIS, Dynamic GIS and Moving GIS at first, then puts forward and discusses a description means of mobile objects, a model of spatial relation based on 9-intersection model and the query and analysis operations that Moving GIS should implement. On the above theory basis, the paper designs the function of Moving GIS and implements a prototype system named PNS-I on the basis of PDA, which has integrated GPS, GIS, GSM and GPRS.

This paper discusses a GIS based decision support system that provides functions of prospect screening and evaluation in both technical aspects (Volume, structure, trap, reservoir and charge, etc.) and economic aspects (Net present value, Profit / investment Ratio, etc.). The decision support system has been tested in a virtual offshore exploration prospect to facilitate and improve the decision making process. The study represents a test bed for decision makers at all levels to establish prospect screening and evaluation guidelines that may be applicable to other related prospect investment issues.

Tarim River is the longest continental river in China. Its downstream ecological environment declination and valley remedy got great concern. To improve ecological environment of lower Tarim River, “Emergent water transportation project for Tarim river valley remedy” was carried out from May 2000. Water was transported five times till May 2003. Several periods MODIS image was used to monitor water body in river channel. Two periods ETM image was used to interpreter changes of environment. Area of vegetation in 1999 was similar with 2001, but become better in total. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and vegetative coverage reflected environment changed better.

An eigen-analysis of the coherency matrix provides the polarimetric scattering mechanisms with the matrix characterizing parameters. In this paper, the coherency matrices of deciduous and coniferous vegetation are calculated using the analytical method. The Generalized Rayleigh-Gans approximation is used to model backscattering from distributed coniferous and deciduous leaves. The characteristics of eigen-parameters of simulated coherency matrix for deciduous and coniferous leaves with respect to the leaf shapes and orientations are illustrated.

It is our goal to obtain a better scientific understanding of how to define the nature and role of remotely sensed land surface parameters and energy fluxes in the heat island phenomena, and local and regional weather and climate. By using the TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) visible and thermal imagery data and analyzing the surface energy flux images associated with the change of the landcover and land use in the study area, we present how significant is the magnitude of the heat island heat effect and its relation with the surface parameters and the energy fluxes in the Taichung area of Taiwan. We used the energy budget components such as net radiation, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux in the study area of interest derived form remotely sensed data to understand the island heat effect in Taichung. The results show that water is the most important component to decrease the temperature, and the more the consumed net radiation to latent heat, the lower the urban surface temperature.

Leaf C:N ratio is a new factor in the field of biochemical inversion with hyperspectral data. Effects of common-used spectral transformations including log(R), log(1/R), 1/R, etc. from 400nm to 2490nm on its inversion are compared. Results show that their effects on statistical modeling are not apparent. Continuum removal is used on original reflectance in the range of 2030nm to 2220nm, in which exists an apparent absorption peak due to cellulose, lignin, protein, etc. The effect is distinctive and tends to improve the precision of C:N ratio inversion. Further, it is a robust and physically based transformation.

Forest biomass is the basis of forest ecosystem. With the rapid development of remote sensing and computer technology, forest biomass estimation using remote sensing data is paid great attention and has acquired great achievements. This article focuses on discussion of methods of forest biomass estimation methods using Terra/MODIS data in Northeast China. The research include: combining the MODIS time series parameters with seasonal characteristics of forest species to identify major forest species; establishing a model to estimate forest biomass based on forest species; analyzing the effects of the existent forest biomass and increasing biomass on terrestrial carbon cycle. This research can help to make clear the mechanism of carbon cycle.

The land cover of burned area has changed dramatically since Daxinganling forest fire in Northeastern China during May 6 ? June 4, 1987. This research focused on determining the burn severity and assessment of forest recovery. Burned severity was classified into three levels from June 1987 Landsat TM data acquired just after the fire. A regression model was established between the forest canopy closure from 1999 forest stand map and the NDVI values from June 2000 Landsat ETM+ data. The map of canopy closure was got according to the regression model. And vegetation cover was classified into four types according to forest closure density. The change matrix was built using the classified map of burn severity and vegetation recovery. Then the change conversions of every forest type were analyzed. Results from this research indicate: forest recovery status is well in most of burned scars; and vegetation change detection can be accomplished using postclassification comparison method.

KMA successfully began to receive and utilize the GOES-9 GVAR data since May 22nd 2003 when GOES-9 replaced the long-lived GMS-5 for Western Pacific and East Asian region until operation of MTSAT-1R in 2004. To take advantage of improvements of the GOES-9 data over the GMS-5 data, such as the increase of the temporal and spat ial resolution and addition of 3.9${\mu}$m channel, we have improved several algorithms to derive the meteorological products. Here we show two examples of algorithms, sea surface temperature and atmospheric motion vector, and preliminary results of validation of the improved algorithm.

Satellite and airborne hyperspectral sensor images are suitable for investigating the vegetation state in agricultural land. However, image data obtained by an optical sensor inevitably includes mixels caused by high altitude observation. Therefore, mixel analysis method, which estimates both the pure spectra and the coverage of endmembers simultaneously, is required in order to distinguish the qualitative spectral changes due to the chlorophyll quantity or crop variety, from the quantitative coverage change. In this paper, we apply our agricultural independent component analysis (ICA) model to an airborne hyperspectral sensor image, which includes noise and fluctuation of coverage, and estimate pure spectra and the mixture ratio of crop and soil in agricultural land simultaneously.

This paper describes the SAR geocoding module, which is the sub-module of a IRHIS ('Integrated RS s/w for High resolution satellite ImageS'): package of 'Development of High Resolution Satellite Image Processing Technique' project in Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI). The function of this module is following. 1) Orbit Type : ERS1/ERS2, RADARSAT 2) Data Format : SAR CEOS Format(Single Look Complex) 3) Function: - Geocode : Generate a map projected SAR image based on only orbit information - Orthorectify: Generate a rigorous geocoded SAR image with a DEM information In this paper, we briefly describe the algorithm that is adopted to the functions, and component architecture.

Location based services based on positions of moving objects are expanding the business area gradually. The location is included all estimate position of the future as well as the position of the present and the past. Location based routing service is active business application in which the position information of moving objects is applied efficiently. This service includes the trajectory of past positions, the real-time tracing of present position of special moving objects, and the shortest and optimized paths combined with map information. In this paper, we describes the location based routing services is extend in distributed web GIS environment. Web GIS service systems provide the various GIS services of analyzing and displaying the spatial data with friendly user - interface. That is, we propose the efficient architecture and technologies for servicing the location based routing services in distributed web GIS environment. The position of moving objects is acquired by GPS (Global Positioning System) and converted the coordinate of real world by map matching with geometric information. We suppose the swapping method between main memory and storages to access the quite a number of moving objects. And, the result of location based routing services is wrapped the web-styled data format. We design the schema based on the GML. We design these services as components were developed in object-oriented computing environment, and provide the interoperability, language-independent, easy developing environment as well as re - usability.

This paper describes the system development for the Ground Control Point collection and management through the major coastline region in KOREA, which will collect and manage the ground control point based on high resolution satellite image database. The module of this system is following 1) GCP/Coarstline research plan module 2) GCP/Coarstline ground collection module 3) GCP/Coarstline post processing module Our team developed the core components of ‘High Resolution Satellite Image Processing Technique’ project, and this system, among applications of our project, is constructed to apply to practical use. In this application, you will also see how to apply core components of our project.

In this study, we attempted to estimate the discharge of the Amazon River branches from JERS-1/SAR images, which are independent of the weather. We visualized some traces of the Amazon River branches, transformed river shapes into a one-dimensional signal, and calculated the characteristics of the river shapes such as the meandering wavelength and the amplitude with Fourier and wavelet analysis. Then, we related the characteristics of the river shapes with the existing discharge data and derived some regression equations. Finally, we estimated the discharge of the Amazon River branches from the SAR images.

We present a retrieval scheme for the remote sensing of evapotranspiration (ET) over rice paddy. To perform the retrieval, high-resolution airborne imagery of multi-spectral visible and thermal infrared data, and ground-based meteorological measurements are utilized. Our ET retrieval scheme is based on the basic principal of surface energy budget, which is a result of balance in longwave and shortwave radiation, latent heat, sensible heat, and energy flux into the ground. To partition the latent and sensible heat fluxes of interest from the energy balance equation, three basic parameters are of most concern, including albedo, surface temperature, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The NDVI and albedo can be easily derived from the visible and near infrared spectral data, while the surface tem-perature can be determined through the analysis of the infrared data with the Stefan Boltzmann law. From the airborne imagery taken on 28 April 2003, we observe very good dry and wet pixels that can be easily corre-sponded to the radiation and evaporation controlled crite-ria, respectively, and, hence, for the further use in defin-ing the evaporative fraction needed to partition sensible and latent heat fluxes from the net energy flux. The de-rived ET is compared with the in situ measurements.

The study of pedestrian behavior covers wide topics, including way finding, choice and decision make, as well as spatial cognition and environmental perception. To address the problem, simulation is now put forward as suitable technique and method for analyzing human spatial behavior. In the paper we present a development architecture for simulating tracking pedestrian in a distributed environment. We introduce and explore the potential of using mobile agent-enabled distributed implementation model as a tool for development and implementation of the simulation. Three kinds of mobile agents are designed for implementation of managing and querying data of pedestrian. Finally, simulation result of JR 10,000 passengers’ movement is developed and implemented as a case study.

There is various problem in grasping change of vegetation by NDVI, PVI, etc. It is very difficult especially to remove various noise ingredients in the received satellite data. Until now, it is difficult to compensate for shadow effect when NDVI is used in vegetation analysis. The essence of this study is to describe data simulation and then applied the result to the NOAA AVHRR data. When a pixel contains shadow more than 60% then this pixe1 is extracted for shadow effects on NDVI.

This paper presents simple feature-based approaches for full- and/or semi-automatic extraction, selection, and localization (center-determination) of ground control points (GCPs) for radargrammetry using airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Test results using airborne NASA/JPL TOPSAR images in Taiwan verify that the registration accuracy is about 0.8${\sim}$1.4 pixels. In c.a. 30 minutes, 1500${\sim}$3000 GCPs are extracted and their point centers in a SAR image of about 512 ${\times}$ 512 pixels are determined on a personal computer.

This paper presents an object oriented approach(OOA) for classification of multi-channel and multi-polarization NASA/JPL POLSAR images. Some test results in Taiwan are also given and analyzed. It is concluded that this approach can utilize as more information of both low- and high-levels involved in all images as possible for image classification and thus provides a better classification accuracy. For instance, the OOA has a better overall classification accuracy(98.27%) than the nearest-neighbor classifier(91.31%) and minimum-distance classifier(80.52%).

The Rann of Kachchh in Gujarat in the Western part of India is seismically the most active area outside Himalayan Belt. Several severe earthquakes of which the 1819 Rann of Kachchh and 2001 Bhuj Earthquakes are the severest recorded have rocked the region. This paper is an attempt to make a comparative study of the 1819,1844 and 2001 earthquakes. The study of 1819 and 1944 earthquakes is based on secondary accounts while 2001 Bhuj earthquake is based on remote Sensing. From a comparative study of the three earthquakes many interesting conclusions can be drawn. These earthquakes have been the result of accumulation of stress caused due to the collision of Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate, which is continuously moving northwards. The earthquakes have been felt over large part of the Indian Sub-continent. These have resulted in creation of several faults that have activated periodically. Prominent of them are the Allah Bund Fault, Manfara Fault and Budharmora Fault. These are strike slip faults that get periodically activated. In future too these faults are going to be the most vulnerable to any seismic activity with the probability of high intensity earthquakes occurring along them in future too.

This paper attempts to study the evolution of the Solar System including the earth through various existing hypotheses and the occurrence of earthquakes on the earth. From the analysis of the various theories it can be inferred that the Mystery regarding evolution of Solar System is a complex problem which requires continuos research. The occurrence of the earthquake is also affected by the earth's rotation, which produces Centrifugal Force, which together with convection current causes plate displacement resulting in earthquakes. The extent of displacement varies with the size and density of the plates.

The optical flow theory can be utilized for automatically tracking and positioning homologous points in digital video (DV) image sequences. In this paper, the Lucas-Kanade optical flow estimation (LKOFE) method and the normalized cross-correlation (NCC) method are compared and analyzed using the DV image sequences acquired by our SONY DCRPC115 DV camera. Thus, an improved optical flow estimation procedure, called 'Iterated Optical Flow Estimation (IOFE)', is presented. Our test results show that the trackable range of 3${\sim}$4 pixels in the LKOFE procedure can be apparently enlarged to 30 pixels in the IOFE.

In this study, we employ the control patches, which have been created in previous photogrammetric projects, serving for the candidates of the control points that are likely to be found in the newly taken photos by utilizing image matching technique. Among others, the successful implementation of the above idea lies in the underlying factors: (1). Predicting the control patches and projecting them onto new photos; (2). Alignment of control patches with respect to the new photos; (3). Generating the equivalent ground elements of control patches versus the new photos for the purpose of correlation; (4). Developing effective matching methods and matching strategy; (5). Refining the exterior orientation parameters. What may show significance in this work comparing to traditional aerial-triangulation chain is that whenever at least three matched control patches succeed in a single photo, it follows that single photo orientation is applicable. The experiments suggest the potential efficiency of automatic control point measurement from control patch database and photo orientation by the proposed workflow.

One of the most common forms of land use change is urbanization. Fortunately, the temporal revisit capacity of remote sensing satellites and their multispectral imaging capability make it possible to monitor this process. Using two Landsat images taken in 1972 and 1989, and one SPOT image taken in 2000, urban growth in Metro Manila is monitored. The extent of urbanization in Metro Manila increased from about 39 percent in 1972 to about 74 percent in 2000, although a slowing of growth was observed in the last decade due to decreasing areas for development. Most cities and municipalities in Metro Manila exhibited urban growth rates higher than the metropolitan average. The drivers and environmental consequences of urban growth were determined as well as the relationship of the extent of urbanization with some socio-economic and environmental variables.

SAR imagery offers a reliable mode of image acquisition over tropical countries for various applications. The Philippines participated in two missions to the Pacific Rim by NASA in 1996 and 2000 that saw the deployment of the AIRSAR instrument. This paper discusses the Philippine experience in the use of polarimetric and interferometric radar datasets for diverse applications, including hazards mapping, geologic and geomorphologic mapping, and land cover mapping. The results are discussed in the light of present efforts at capacity building in remote sensing, attempts at operationalizing the use of SAR for priority applications, and future ambitions in remote sensing.

GPS observation has been performed at Khon Kaen in northeast Thailand to investigate the Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) change since August 2001 by using a Trimble 4000SSi receiver. The data obtained in the period from March to June in 2002 were processed by using CAMIT software to obtain the Zenith Tropospheric Delay (ZTD) at every one hour referring to some IGS stations around Thailand. We estimated the Zenith Hydrostatic Delay (ZHD) at every three hours with barometer data at Khon Kaen of Thai Meteorological Department, The Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD) was obtained by subtracting ZHD from ZTD and PWV can be calculated from ZTD. The results obtained shows that PWV changes with a large amplitude in March and April before the monsoon onset, and also we can see steep PWV increases before rain and decreases after rain. In May and June after the onset, the PWV is almost constant to be 60 to 70 mm, but there is a semi-diurnal change which has high PWV values at about 8 and 20 o'clock in local time.

Rational function model (RFM) is a universal sensor model for remote sensing image restitution. It is able to substitute for models of all known sensors. In this paper, RFM generation by CCD linear image models is described in detail. A principle of RFM-based 3D reconstruction and its implementation in JX4 DPW is also described. Experiments using IKONOS and SPOT5 images are carried out on JX4 DPW. Results show that RFM generated is feasible for photogrammetric restitution of CCD linear images.

Video mosaicing techniques have been widely used in virtual reality environments. Especially in GIS field, video mosaics are becoming more and more common in representing urban environments. Such applications mainly use spherical or panoramic mosaics that are based on images taken from a rotating camera around its nodal point. The viewpoint, however, is limited to location within a small area. On the other hand, 2D-mosaics, which are based on images taken from a translating camera, can acquire data in wide area. The 2D-mosaics still have some problems : it can‘t be applied to images taken from a rotational camera in large angle. To compensate those problems , we proposed a novel method for creating video mosaics in 3D space. The proposed algorithm consists of 4 steps: feature -based optical flow detection, camera orientation, 2D-image projection, and image registration in 3D space. All of the processes are fully automatic and successfully implemented and tested with real images.

The changes of DEMs(Digital Elevation Models) will be detected to correct the information of DEMs and/or to get the information about themselves. This study suggests the evaluation of DEM using correlation coefficient value between the target and the reference DEMs for detect the changes.

Recently as users' requests for geographic information systems are being more various, several new functions are being added to existing geographic information systems. One of them is linkage of spatial geographic data and video / image data to offer more realistic information of geographic objects to users. Geographic information systems implementing this function are called video geographic information system. In this paper, we design and implement a video geographic information system for providing map data, video data and link information of them to web applications. We 1) design system architecture of a video geographic information system, 2) analyze some processes to construct link information of map data and video data, 3) design database schema to store map data, video data, and link information, and 4) design some XML/GML schema used to query and retrieve these data for web applications.

This paper presents a geostatistical contextual classifier for the classification of remote sensing data. To obtain accurate spatial/contextual information, a simple indicator kriging algorithm with local means that allows one to estimate the probability of occurrence of certain classes on the basis of surrounding pixel information is applied. To illustrate the proposed scheme, supervised classification of multi-sensor remote sensing data is carried out. Analysis of the results indicates that the proposed method improved the classification accuracy, compared to the method based on the spectral information only.

We present two methods for the automatic selection of the threshold values in unsupervised change detection. Both methods consist of the same two procedures: 1) to determine the parameters of Gaussian mixtures from a difference image or ratio image, 2) to determine threshold values using the Bayesian rule for minimum error. In the first method, the Expectation-Maximization algorithm is applied for estimating the parameters of the Gaussian mixtures. The second method is based on the iterative thresholding that successively employs thresholding and estimation of the model parameters. The effectiveness and applicability of the methods proposed here are illustrated by an experiment on the multi-temporal KOMPAT-1 EOC images.

An attempt has been in this study to delineate the characteristics of spectral signatures of the vegetation in terms of various VIs, particularly made the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI), Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index2(MSAVI2) and Enhanced Vegetation Index(EVI). Multitemporal SPOT-4 VEGETATION data from 1998 to 2002 have been used for the analysis. They have been compared with each other for their similarities and differences. The correlations between the vegetation indices observed at various degree of vegetation coverage during their different stages of growth were examined. All of the VIs have shown qualitative relationships to variations in vegetation. Apparently, the NDVI and MSAVI2 are highly correlated for all of the temporal changes, representing the different stages of phenology.

In this paper, an improved gradient direction assisted linking algorithm is proposed. This algorithm begins with initial seeds satisfying some local criteria. Then it will search along the direction provided by the initial point. A window will be generated in the gradient direction of the current point. Instead of the conventional method which only considers the value of the local salient structure, an improved mathematical model is proposed to describe the desired linear features. This model not only considers the value of the salient structure but also the direction of it. Furthermore, the linking problem under this model can be efficiently solved by dynamic programming method. This algorithm is tested for linear features detection in IKONOS images. The result demonstrates this algorithm is quite promising.

In the images obtained from high altitude, several materials are mixed in one pixel and observed as a mixel. It makes difficult to separate the value of pure materials from obtained data. As mixel analysis, various techniques using Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and wavelet analysis, etc, were proposed. In this study, we applied to the ICA technique to real data collected by hyperspectral line sensor. Real data came under the influence of several effects regarded as basin on the convolution. We show that combining the ICA method with deconvolution improve it's estimation ability.

Pedestrian assemblage is now a normal phenomenon in modern cities. To maintain an unblocked traffic situation, protect the pedestrians' safety and make preparedness for any emergencies is an important task for police department. Modeling pedestrian dynamics and simulating evacuation process can provide useful information for make accurate decisions. In this paper, by virtue of geographic information technologies, the authors proposed a conceptual framework to simulate pedestrian dynamics and evacuation in an open urban environment.

Based on the Chinese resource and environment database, and using the Landsat TM and ETM data acquired in 1990 and 2000 respectively, the spatial-temporal characteristics of land use/cover changes in the Dongting lake area of central China was analyzed. The result showed that cultivated land decreased by 0.57% of total cultivated land. Built -up land and water area expanded, with an increase of 8.97% and 0.43% respectively. 94 percent of the cropland decreased was changed into water (mostly to fishpond) and built-up areas. Land-use changed most quickly in cities, and the slowest in the north and east of the study area.

In this paper, we propose a new scheme for matching specified areas in a satellite image, which is a very efficient method because it can be effectively applied to images that have various features. These features may include different spatial resolution and brightness; sometimes they may different geometrical property. The proposed method can be applied to some application fields such as mosaicing of satellite imagery, GCP matching.

Optical and microwave remote sensing data have been widely used in land cover and land use classification. Thanks to the spectral absorption characteristics of ground object in visible and near infrared region, optical data enables to extract different land cover types according to their material composition like water body, vegetation cover or bare land. On the other hand, microwave sensor receives backscatter radiance which contains information on surface roughness, object density and their 3-D structure that are very important complementary information to interpret land use and land cover. Separate use of these data have brought many successful results in practice. However, the accuracy of the land use / land cover established by this methodology still has some problems. One of the way to improve accuracy of the land use / land cover classification is just combination of both optical and microwave data in analysis. In this paper for the research, the author used LANDSAT TM scene 127/45 acquired on October 21, 1992, JERS-1 SAR scene 119/265 acquired on October 27, 1992 and aerial photographs taken on October 21, 1992. The study area has been selected in Hanoi City and surrounding area, Vietnam. This is a flat agricultural area with various land use types as water rice, secondary crops like maize, cassava, vegetables cultivation as cucumber, tomato etc. mixed with human settlement and some manufacture facilities as brick and ceramic factories. The use of only optical or microwave data could result in misclassification among some land use features as settlement and vegetables cultivation using frame stages. By combination of multitemporal JERS-1 SAR and TM data these errors have been eliminated so that accuracy of the final land use / land cover map has been improved. The paper describes a methodology for data combination and presents results achieved by the proposed approach.

The induced learning retardation method involves the temporary inhibition of the artificial neural network’s active units from participating in the error reduction process during training. This stimulates the less active units to contribute significantly to reduce the network error. However, some less active units are not sensitive to stimulation making them almost useless. The network can then be pruned by removing the less active units to make it smaller and more efficient. This study focuses on making the network more efficient and accurate by developing the induced learning retardation and pruning sequence training method. The developed procedure results to faster learning and more accurate artificial neural network for satellite image classification.

The main objective of this research is to utilize the parallel Fuzzy arithmetic for constructing ocean bathymetry from polarized remote sensing data such as TOPSAR image. In doing so, the parallel library for Fuzzy arithmetic has been developed. Three- dimensional surface modeling consisted of Volettra model, non-linear model which construct a global topological structure between the data points, used to support an approximation of real surface. The output of the parallel library was a digital terrain model for bathymetry along the coastal waters of Kuala Terengganu Malaysia. This paper describes the principles behind the Fuzzy algorithm, indicates for what type of application it might be useful, notes on the accuracy and gives an example of an application.

This study presents work to utilize RADARSAT SAR image for forecast oil slick trajectory movement. The fractal dimension algorithm used to detect oil slick. The Doppler frequency shift and quasi-linear model was used to simulate a current pattern from RADARSAT image. The Fay’s algorithm of oil slick spreading was developed based on a Doppler frequency shift model. Thus, the study shows that fractal dimension algorithm discriminated the oil slick from the surrounding water features. The quasi-linear model shows that the current pattern can be simulated from single RADARSAT image. The oil slick trajectory model shows that after 48 hrs, the oil slick parcels deposited along the coastal waters.

This study is introducing a new approach of ATInSAR hologram for modeling wave refraction spectra pattern. TOPSAR data with L$_{-HH}$ and C-vv bands utilized spatial variation of wave refraction. Based on the phase information in along track interferometry, and ATInSAR hologram the quantitative information such swell wave height and spectra energy have been modeled. The phase information in ATInSAR hologram images can be transferred to wave refraction The ATInSAR hologram can be used to investigate the wave refraction pattern along the coastal waters. The fringe information pattern was shown to be useful in modeling wave refaction spectra varaition. The hologram interferometry wave refraction model consists of two sub-models. The purpose of first sub-model is to determine the swell wave height by using ATInSAR. Second sub-model aims to generate the holographic interferometry from the information of two wave spectra which detected by ATInSAR technique. The azimuth cut-off variations along the fringe patterns will be estimated. As azimuth cut-off contains the wave height information which could be used the significant wave height variation in convergence and divergence zone.

The Bamboo stands, which had been planted for agricultural uses, have been spreading from fields to hills and mountains beyond farmers’ expectation over the last 50 years. Bamboo stands yield bamboo shoots to be served as a vegetable dish (‘takenoko in Japanese’) every spring, and supply materials for bamboo crafts in various ways. Now, as bamboo products have lost their social demand, bamboo stands has been gradually abandoned. This has resulted in the wild and unfavorable spread of bamboo stands in many regions over the western half of Japan. This paper illustrates the unfavorable spread of bamboo stands regionally in the southern Kyoto from 1985 to 1999 and the Yamashiro area from 1948 to 2000 through the observation of satellite images and aerial photographs.

Mogao Grottos are located at the eastern foot of the Mingsha Mountain, 25km southeast of Dunhuang City. The caves were excavated into the cliff on the west bank of the Daquan River. The wall paintings in the caves are subject to the severe deterioration generated by recrystallization of salt. It relates with the movement of water/moisture in rock formation. Through the satellite image analysis and geological survey it has been clarified that the movement of ground water is governed by the fault system. The geographical nature is specified by the aggressive tectonic movement from the south.

Remotely sensed data can be used to estimate biomass production using methodologies relating vegetation indices to light absorption or to leaf photosynthetic capacity. The considerations of both light absorption and photosynthetic capacity in remote sensing-based modeling to estimate biomass production or NPP was introduced based upon Monteith model NPP is one of a evaluation of land degradation. NPP was estimated from annual maximum NDVI by MODIS data. It was known that NPP of the grassland that except the forest and the farming ground was distributed between 50-200g /m2.

In the present investigation, an estimation of the growth of heat island development of Tokyo metropolis which accounts nearly 100 sq. km of areal spread has been carried out. Band 6 data of LANDSAT TM (Thematic Mapper) data acquired on August 1984 and 1994 have been used for estimating the expansion of the heat island development. Since the vegetation decrease is usually associated with the heat island development, a ratio of green covering has also been assessed using TM data. In order to establish the relationship with the air temperature, AMeDAS(Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System) data have been correlated.

Most research materials (data), which are used for the study of digital mapping and digital elevation model (DEM) in the field of Remote Sensing and Aerial Photogrammetry are aerial photographs and satellite images. Additionally, they are also used for National land mapping, National land management, environment management, military purposes, resource exploration and Earth surface analysis etc. Although aerial photographs have high resolution, the data, which they contain, are not used for environment exploration that requires continuous observation because of problems caused by its coastline, as well as single - spectral and long-term periodic image. In addition to this, they are difficult to interpret precisely because Satellite Images are influenced by atmospheric phenomena at the time of photographing, and have by far much lower resolution than existing aerial photographs, while they have a great practical usability because they are mulitispectral images. The PKNU 2 is an aerial photographing system that is made to compensate with the weak points of existing aerial photograph and satellite images. It is able to take pictures of very high resolution using a color digital camera with 6 million pixels and a color infrared camera, and can take perpendicular photographs because PKNU 2 system has equipment that makes the cameras stay level. Moreover, it is very cheap to take pictures by using super light aircraft as a platform. It has much higher resolution than exiting aerial photographs and satellite images because it flies at a low altitude about 800m. The PKNU 2 can obtain multispectral images of visible to near infrared band so that it is good to manage environment and to make a classified diagram of vegetation.

Diverse researches are working moving objects. The most important activities in a moving object database system are query and analysis of spatio -temporal data providing decision-making and problem solving support. Traditional spatial database query language and tools are inappropriate of the real world entities. This paper presents a spatio-temporal query and analysis tool with visual environment. It provides effective, interactive and user-friendly as well as statistic analysis. The moving objects database system stores plentiful moving objects data and performs spatio-temporal and nonspatio-temporal queries.

This paper proposes new algorithms for cloudy area detection by GHA (Generalized Hebbian Algorithm) and SOFM (Self-Organized Feature Map). SOFM and GHA are unsupervised neural networks and are used for pattern classification and shape detection of satellite image. Proposed algorithm is based on block based image processing that size is 16${\times}$16. Results of proposed algorithm shows good performance of cloudy area detection except blur cloudy area.

The information on the cloud presence within a instantaneous field of view is the first step toward the derivation of many other geophysical parameters. Here, we first applied the current MODIS cloud detection algorithm developed by University of Wisconsin and compared the results to a visual interpretation of composite data, especially during the daytime. Most of cases, the detection algorithm performs very well, except a few cases with over-detection. One of the reasons for the false detection is due to the time independent use of land information which affects the threshold values of visible channel test. In the presentation, we show detailed analysis of the current cloud detection algorithm and suggest possible way to overcome the current shortfall.

In this paper an advanced algorithm for selecting a seam line automatically, which used to be selected by human operator for mosaicked images is presented. In addition to four factors proposed by automation theory, the FOM(Figure Of Merit) of tie point were taken into account to suggest the method to select a seam line applicatively and the algorithm was applied to mosaic test images.

This research aimed to develop forest type classification technique for the mixed forest with coniferous and broad-leaved species using the high resolution satellite data. QuickBird data was used as satellite data. The method of this research was to extract satellite data for every single tree crown using image segmentation technique, then to evaluate the accuracy of classification by changing grouping criteria such as tree species, families, coniferous or broad-leaved species, and timber prices. As a result, the classification of tree species and families level was inaccurate, on the other hand, coniferous or broad-leaved species and timber price level was high accurate.

The primary goal in this paper is to analyze urban growth patterns using multi-temporal remote sensing images and geographic information data. In order to accomplish this purpose, firstly data pre-processing is carried out, and then land-use maps are generated with ancillary data source by heads-up on-screen digitizing. Lastly, using the results of the previous stages, the patterns of land-use and urban changes are monitored by the proposed scheme. In this research, using the multi-temporal images and geographic information data, monitoring of urban growth was carried out with the application of urban land-use changes.

To overcome the limitation that traditional GISs lose much information for the real world, 4-dimensional GIS has the additional reference systems including object's height and temporal dimension. This paper describes the 4-dimensional geometric object model and components. The prototype for 4-dimensional GIS consists of the data provider, manager, and renderer components. We show the virtual city that its database contains topographic maps, buildings, roads and temporal history data. This provides spatial, temporal operations and analysis functions.

Capability of material fixation in forest was noticed since COP3, but now it was difficult to understand material fixation in wide area. In this study, we attempted to estimate and test the amount of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus fixed by forest from satellite images. First, we classified into tree species and estimated the number of trees in the forest by species, area, and digital numbers. We inspected to apply it in wide area. Next, we compared the amount of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus with NDVI and each band of satellite images.

Large number of coral reefs in Thailand waters make the use of satellite imagery probably the only practical method for their monitoring. This paper reports the result of detecting small shallow-water coral reef by using maximum likelihood classification technique. Combination of blue/green and near-infrared band ratio are used as spectral signatures derived from a Landsat 7 imagery covering western portion of the Gulf of Thailand. Result assessment reveals accuracy significantly over 60 percent. The result is encouraging and would be a basis for further study to realize the full potential and limitation of this technique.

GLI on boarded ADEOS-II satellite allows us to observe vegetation status in the two different resolutions simultaneously, because of thirty 1km resolution channels and six 250m resolution channels. There are four GLI land higher level products from these channels ; those are PGCP (Precise Geometric Correction Parameter), L2A_LC (TOA reflectance), ACLC (atmospheric corrected reflectance), and VGI (NDVI and EVI). This paper shows ADEOS-II GLI land data processing, and some of the latest results.

Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is used to generate ICA filter for computing feature vector for image window. Filters that have high discrimination power are selected to classify image from these ICA filters. Proposed classification algorithm is based on probability distribution of feature vector.

Over the past few years, a number of studies have been made on web map services, which enable the GIS user to access spatial data through the web. They, however, have focused on only implementation techniques separately, such as map client implementation, map server implementation, communication between client and server, and the map data representation. Therefore, it is hard to share and practical use the spatial data, because they does not ensure interoperability in heterogeneous map servers. In this paper, we have designed and implemented the web map server with open architecture, which complies with the standard interfaces proposed by OpenGIS Consortium (OGC). In particular, we have extended the OGC’s interfaces for a map server to support one or more data sources. This paper has contributed to construction and practical use of web map services by newly proposing the method of implementation of a map server, which could be reused regardless of the types of data sources.

The large amount of smoke produced near Lake Baikal was transported to Northeast Asia with high AOT (Aerosol Optical Thickness) as seen in satellite images. Aerosol retrieval using a separation technique was applied to MODIS (Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer) and SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor) data observed during 14-22 May 2003. Large AOT, 2.0~5.0 was observed on 20 May 2003 over Korea due to the influence of the long range transport of smoke aerosol plume from the Russian fires, resulting in high PM10 concentration was observed at the surface.

The establishment of the investigation and the maintenance technique is required for preservation of old structures in Japan. This study attempts to diagnose the deterioration status of the historic structures using the thermal infrared camera. In some structures, the difference of the spatio-temporal change was observed in the surface temperature. For example, the cold joint of concrete was examined using this method effectively. As a result of this study, we have found useful guidelines in developing methodology to conduct diagnosis of historic buildings by using thermal infrared camera.

Signal is composed of the independent components that can describe itself. These components can distinguish itself from any other signals and be extracted by analysis itself. This algorithm is called Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and image signal is considered as linear combination of independent components and features that is the weighted vector of independent component. This algorithm is already used in order to extract the good feature for image classification and very effective In this paper, we'll explain the method of stereo matching using independent component analysis and show the experimental result.

As semiconductor memory becomes cheaper, the memory capacity of computer system is increasing. Therefore computer system has sufficient memory for a plentiful spatial data. With emerging spatial application required high performance, this paper presents a GIS database system in main memory. Memory residence can provide both functionality and performance for a database management system. This paper describes design of DBMS for storing, querying, managing and analyzing for spatial and non-spatial data in main-memory. This memory resident GIS DBMS supports SQL for spatial query, spatial data model, spatial index and interface for GIS tool or applications.

The main objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of newly available high spatial resolution satellite images, in evaluating vegetation environment of the urban areas. In doing so, we have used satellite images from QuickBird and selected some areas of Fukuoka City, Kyushu Japan, as study area. The results of the study revealed that, high resolution images are more effective in close monitoring of the vegetation status and green plants should be planted in open spaces and roofs of urban areas to increase vegetation, which will in turn act as a remedy to reduce heat island phenomenon.

This paper describes techniques for the automated creation of geometric 3D models of the urban area us ing two 2D laser scanners and aerial images. One of the laser scanners scans an environment horizontally and the other scans vertically. Horizontal scanner is used for position estimation and vertical scanner is used for building 3D model. Aerial image is used for registration with scan data. Those models can be used for virtual reality, tele-presence, digital cinematography, and urban planning applications. Results are shown with 3D point cloud in urban area.

Land cover change has been recognized as one of the most important factors influencing the occurrence of rainfall-triggered landslides. Satellite remote sensing provides detailed information regarding the spatial distribution and extent of land cover/use changes. This study describes the land cover changes in Nagasaki City, Japan and Kangnung City, South Korea. The former has been suffered from rainfall-triggered disasters for long term and latter was damaged by Typhoon Rusa in 2002. The results obtained from both study areas clearly show that land cover changes have occurred in the last decade as a result of both natural forces and human activities.

The Terra/MODIS data set over Yellow River Basin, China is generated for the purpose of an input parameter into the water resource management model, which has been developed in the Research Revolution 2002 (RR2002) project. This dataset is mainly utilized for the land cover classification and radiation budget analysis. In this paper, the outline of the dataset generation, and a simple land cover classification method, which will be developed to avoid the influence of cloud contamination and missing data, are introduced.

COMS(Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite), planned for launch in 2008, will be the first Korean ocean-meteorological geostationary satellite to provide capabilities for monitoring weather and ocean. Under the direction of Korean government, KARI(Korea Aerospace Research Institute) has the overall responsibility of COMS development project. The main development project was started in September 2003. In this paper, the overview of COMS development project and the conceptual design of the meteorological data service are introduced.

This study discusses an effort to build a model to link normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI) and socio-economic indicators derived from village survey (1990, 1993, 1996, and 2000) statistical data in Bekasi, West Java, Indonesia. Socio-economics indicators of sub-district level, in this study the number of agricultural households (AH), are aggregated from village level data. NDVI from Landsat-TM resolution data (1989 and 1997) are computed to detect land use/land cover (LULC) dynamics in the sub-district areas. Attention is mainly paid on the examination of agricultural land cover changing in the sub-district level. NDVI measurements might be used to predict AH dynamics as showed by computed linear regression models.

Within the paper an approach for the automatic extraction and reconstruction of buildings in urban built-up areas base on fusion of high-resolution satellite image and LIDAR data is presented. The presented data fusion scheme is essentially motivated by the fact that image and range data are quite complementary. Raised urban objects are first segmented from the terrain surface in the LIDAR data by making use of the spectral signature derived from satellite image, afterwards building potential regions are initially detected in a hierarchical scheme. A novel 3D building reconstruction model is also presented based on the assumption that most buildings can be approximately decomposed into polyhedral patches. With the constraints of presented building model, 3D edges are used to generate the hypothesis and follow the verification processes and a subsequent logical processing of the primitive geometric patches leads to 3D reconstruction of buildings with good details of shape. The approach is applied on the test sites and shows a good performance, an evaluation is described as well in the paper.

This paper presents the interactive method of showing geological hazard maps and other related information using the new GIS software developed at the Geological Survey of Japan. The main purpose of the software is to easily provide information about geological hazards to a wide range of users. The software incorporates spatial and a-spatial data to interactively present the time, locations and extent of occurrence of geological hazards and other related information. Queries for hazard information can be easily done. Simulations of the occurrence of a particular geological event like the spread of volcanic ash during major volcanic eruptions can also be easily shown.

Recently, the spatial resolution of earth observation satellites is significantly increased to a few meters. Such high spatial resolution images definitely will provide lots of information for detail-thirsty remote sensing users. However, it is more difficult to develop automated image algorithms for automated image feature extraction and pattern recognition. In this study, we propose a two-stage procedure to extract road information from high resolution satellite images. At first stage, a watershed segmentation technique is developed to classify the image into various regions. Then, a knowledge is built for road and used to extract the road regions. In this study, we use panchromatic and multi-spectral images of the IKONOS satellite as test dataset. The experiment result shows that the proposed technique can generate suitable and meaningful road objects from high spatial resolution satellite images. Apparently, misclassified regions such as parking lots are recognized as road needed further refinement in future research.

We present here, some of the studies carried for estimation of rainfall over land and oceanic regions in and around South Korea. We use active and passive microwave measurements from TRMM ? TMI and Precipitation Radar (PR) respectively during a typhoon even named ? RUSA that took place during 30 Aug. 2002. We have followed due approach by Yao at. all (2002) and examined the performance of their algorithm using two main predictor variable, named as Scattering Index (SI) and Polarization Corrected Brightness Temperature (PCT) while using TMI data. The rainfall fnus estimated using PST and SI shows some Underestimation as compared to the 2A25 rainfall products from the PR in common area of overlap. A larger database thus would be used in future. To establish a new rain rate algorithm over Korean region based on the present case study.

This study aims at discussing the future trend of the community bus and attempted to route selection by using GIS for the welfare-type community bus, which satisfies the need of elderly and physically handicapped persons in Nagasaki City. In doing so, we have conducted field survey in some sample cities of Kyushu, Japan for taking lessons from the present state analysis of community bus already operating there. As a result of the study, we have been able to identify some best possible routes for the community bus operation in Nagasaki City, which meets the requirement of the welfare community as well as of the general passengers.

The Sub-Y-type array is proposed to decrease the number of antennas keeping same resolution or to use same number of antennas in order to have a narrow 3dB beamwidth. When the sub-Y-type array is des igned with 136 antennas for comparison with MIRAS, the reduction rate is theoretically 30 %. The proposed ideas are evaluated by experimental interferometric radiometer at 37 GHz.

We present a GPS-derived regional ionosphere model, which estimates Total Electron Content (TEC) in rectangular grids on the spherical shell over Korea. The GPS data from nine GPS stations were used. The pseudorange data were phase-leveled by a linear combination of pseudoranges and carrier phases. During a quiet day of solar activity, the regional ionosphere map indicated 30-45 Total Electron Content Unit (TECU) at the peak of the diurnal variation. In comparison with the Global Ionosphere Map of the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe, RMS differences were at the level of 4-5 TECU for five days.

This study aims at integrating economic tools and remote sensing for environmental impact valuation of the Isahaya Bay Wetland (IBW). In doing so, we have used potential behavioral economic valuation technique: contingent valuation method and satellite remote sensing technique: land cover mapping. From the results of the study, we are able to bracket a range of values from (22 to 200 billion yen) for arriving at the true economic value lost due to the initiation of reclamation project on the IBW and would provide a new dimension to get nearer to the more accurate environmental impact assessment.

In this study, the authors evaluate the suitability of the candidate routes selected by the route selection method, which is developed by the authors, by combination of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process. To evaluate the suitability of the candidate routes, from the viewpoint of the residents, we have considered element factors such as, population, household, aging situation, elevation, gradient, housing density and the Control Point. The results of this study are expected to assess the suitability of the candidate routes of the hillside transportation for the residents and examine the application limit of the route selection method.

The expanded waste glass material is one of the recycling materials. We investigated whether the expanded waste glass material is useful as planting basis and effective as heat insulation. We examined the difference of the materials by using vegetation index and temperature. The combination of the improved soils and the improved glasses marked higher vegetation index than other mixture materials. Moreover, this combination material is excellent than other ones to heat insulation. Therefore, it suggests that the expanded waste glass material has high potential to be used as a material for planting basis.

Satellite images are utilized for various purposes and many people are concerned about them. But it is necessary to process geometric correction for using of satellite images. However, common user regards geometric correction, which is basic preprocessing for satellite image, as laborious job. Therefore we should provide an automatic geometric correction method for Landsat image using GCP chip database. The GCP chip database is the collection of pieces of images with geoinformation and is provided by XML web service. More specifically, XML web service enables common users to easily use our GCP chip database for their own geometric correcting applications.

Searching and enhancement of shadow area in the satellite imagery is one of growing interest because of new possible needs of application in this field. This paper proposes an algorithm to search and enhance the shadow areas caused by buildings such as apartments which are very common in Korean satellite imagery. The proposed searching algorithm makes use of characteristics of histogram of images in the spatial domain and also uses the fast Fourier transform and correlation in Frequency domain. Further, the enhancement algorithm is only applied to the shadow areas searched and preserves the areas which are naturally dark.

Location-based services allow consumers to receive services based on their geographic location data. For example, businesses can provide information to find traffic facility, public restaurant, a hospital, and a station based on the consumer’s location at a particular moment. Also, they wish to grasp a accurate location based service in mobile device or PDA. So, this paper shows that presentation service offers a base-map to be overlaid OpenLS (Open Location Services)’s directory service, route determination service, geocode and reverse-geocode service. The presentation service is the portrayal of a map and portrayal of feature as map overlays.

This paper examines the capability of remote sensing technique for detecting and quantifying the foliar nutrients of oil palm crop. Study has been carried out in the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) Research Station in Kluang Johore, Malaysia. Result of the study shows a strong relationship between measured foliar nutrient and the spectral reflectance measured using spectroradiometer. Model that has been developed can be used to estimate the nutrient concentration in the oil palm plantation at micro level and also at macro -level using appropriate satellite data.

This study is to present a standardized scheme for providing agriculture-related information at various spatial resolutions of satellite images including LANDSAT +ETM, KOMPSAT-1 EOC, ASTER VNIR and IKONOS panchromatic (Pan) and multi-spectral (M/S) images. The satellite images were interpreted especially for identifying agricultural areas, crop types, agricultural facilities and structures. The results were compared with the land cover/land use classification system suggested by Ministry of Construction & Transportation based on NGIS (National Geographic Information System) and Ministry of Environment based on satellite remote sensing data. The results by IKONOS image will be provided to KOMPSAT-2 project for agricultural application.

There are no immutable phenomena in reality. A lot of applications are dealing with data characterized by spatial and temporal and/or uncertain features. Currently, there has no any data model accommodating enough those three elements of spatial objects to directly use in application systems. For such reasons, we introduce a fuzzy spatio -temporal data model (FSTDM) and a method of integrating temporal and fuzzy spatial operators in a unified manner to create fuzzy spatio -temporal (FST) operators. With these operators, complex query expression will become concise. Our research is feasible to apply to the management systems and query processor of natural resource data, weather information, graphic information, and so on.

Because of the limited land resources, an efficient land use management to reach the sustainable development policy has become an urgent call in Taiwan. A long-term project entitled 'National land use monitoring program-the establishment of a land use change detection system' has been jointly conducted by both National Central University and Ministry of Interior since year of 2001. The main aim of the project is to use the remote sensing images to detect the land use changes on a national scale. This plan has been put into practice and indeed provides an effective assistance for land management.

In this paper, a method of vegetation spectrum measurement using multi spectrum camera was studied. Each pixel in taken images using multi spectrum camera have spectrum data, the relationship between spectrum data and distribution, structure, etc. are directly turned out. In other words, detailed spectrum data information of object including spatial distribution can be obtained from those images. However, the camera has some problems for applying field measurement and data analysis. In this study, those problems are solved.

In satellite spectra, Though the magnitude varies with intensity of sunstroke, dip angle of land so on, the shape is less deformed with these effects. from this point of view, we have developed a spectral shape-dependent analysis utilizing a normalization procedure by the spectral integral and applied it to Landsat/TM spectra. Inevitable topographic and atmospheric effects can be suppressed. The correction algorithm is very simple and timesaving and the suppression of topographic effects is especially effective. Normalized band 4 is almost linear to NDVI values, and is available to the vegetation index.

Hyperspectral image divides VNIR region to over 200 bands which can show continuous spectrum with 10 nm spectral resolution. This property is useful in geology where a spectral feature which is decided by chemical compositions and crystalline structures is recorded well. While this field has been studied variously in foreign countries, the studies are in the early stage in Korea. In this study, characteristic materials associated with AMD were classified by using EO-1 HYPERION data which is a spaceborne hyperspectral image and topographical map and DEM and geochemical map were analyzed in conjunction with the image in order to examine that classified minerals are secondary minerals by AMD.

Recently, the environment of the Ariake Sea, Japan has changed drastically. In this study, the result of sea survey, synchronizing the passage time of the Landsat in August 2002 was collated with the satellite data to develop the evaluating equation for transparency and sea surface temperature (SST). By Applying these equations to 5 satellite images of the same season, the transparency and SST in summer of 1985, 1991, 1996 and 2000 is estimated. Consequently, the transparency had increased until 2000 and then decreased in 2002. The SST, on the other hand, shows no remarkable trend.

This paper explores two such indexes----the Aerosol Free Vegetation Index (AFRI) and the Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (ARVI). Comparisons were made with the NDVI (normalized vegetation index) to see if they indeed performed better. In general, the results showed that the AFRI and ARVI (with gamma=1) did indeed perform better than their NDVI counterpart study with the related channels were employed.

Japan is one of the countries where the number of the elderly people is most rapidly increasing. This study aims to locate the suitable areas for the lodgings of elderly people, using Geographical Information System (GIS). We focused on the areas where the residents can live a usual and customary life, which includes walking, shopping, hospitalizing etc. Combining the geographical and municipal data along with some other information obtained from social factors, we performed selection of the optimal locations for welfare institutions. Out of 413 areas within Nagasaki City three different areas were found suitable for such elderly people lodging.

For the normal operations, KOMPSAT-1 orbits are determined using GPS navigation solutions data such as position and velocity vectors. Currently, the accuracy of GPS navigation solution data is generally known as on the order of 10~30 m with the removal of S/A. In this paper, an estimate of the current orbit determination accuracy for the KOMPSAT-1 is given. For the evaluation of orbit determination accuracy, the orbit overlap comparison is used since no independent orbits of comparable accuracy are available for comparison. As a result, It is shown that the orbit accuracy is on the order of 5 m RMS with 4 hrs arc overlap for the 30 hr arc.

The study demonstrates the data extraction capabilities from the simulated ROCSAT-2 image by manual delineation. The GIS data are able to identify as fifteen categories of the classes I & II for the simulated ROCSAT-2 and SPOT image data. The areas of the paddy are identified almost the same results for both cases, but the arid farmland are identified differently about 30%. The ROCSAT-2 case can be also identified as seven more categories of the class III, but SPOT-4 case cannot.

Due to the fact that the composition and variability of aerosols is considered rather complex, it is difficult to employ a simple and straightforward physical model in calculating the aerosol size distribution in the absence of actual data. This complicates the already difficult retrieval of various atmospheric parameters from remotely sensed data. Thus, the main purpose of this study is trying to find an effective aerosol size coefficient that is stable, and can depict the particle size distribution. This paper also attempts to construct an 'effective aerosol size coefficient' database for each respective season, where it can quickly and effectively supply pertinent information of the atmosphere's opacity.

Moving pattern is as a kind of sequential pattern, which can be extracted from the large volume of location history data. This sort of knowledge is very useful in supporting intelligence to the LBS or GIS. In this paper, we proposed the continuous moving pattern mining approach in LBS platform and LBS Miner. The location updates of moving objects affect the set of the rules maintained. In our approach, we use the validity thresholds that indicate the next time to invoke the incremental pattern mining. The mining system will play a major role in supporting the various LBS solutions.

In Korea, fire is the second frequent disaster. A total of 32,966 fires were happened in 2002, and injured 2,235 people and damaged 12 million dollars. So, we developed several components related to fire in order to decrease these victims and the amount of damage and have applied those components to Daegu Fire Agency. In this paper, we describe the developing system. It consists of 5 major components: mobile fire facility management component, web service component, fire management component, fire server, and fire application. They were developed in object-oriented computing environment, ATL/COM and Visual C++. So, they have some advantages such as high reusability, full interoperability, and easy understanding.

Constructing a geo-spatial database of Graphic Information Systems(GIS) in various applications is suffering from the difficulty of data acquisition, which is labor-intensive and time consuming. In order to provide the spatial data rapidly and accurately, 4S-Van, a prototype mobile mapping system, has been developed. This paper presents a novel approach for an analysis for Mobile Mapping Systems. Furthermore, we discuss the accuracy of measurements using images acquired from the 4S-Van. The first part of this paper introduces accuracies of other mobile mapping systems. Then, we describe main features of the 4S-Van and our proposed method for an analysis accuracies, which can be applicable to other mobile mapping systems. The last part of paper concludes with a summary and our suggestions for implementation of mobile mapping system.

This paper investigates the accuracy of three-dimensional positioning for EROS A stereo pairs when different numbers of ground control points are employed. The major works of the proposed schemes include: (1) initialization of orientation parameters (2) preliminary orbit fitting, (3) orbit refinement using the least squares filtering technique, and (4) space intersection. The experiment includes validation of positioning accuracy for an EROS A in-track stereo pair when different number of check points are employed.

In the past, it has always been time -consuming and labor intensive to extract and update Digital Elevation Model (DEM). How to extract highly accurate DEM with efficiently and the most economical method has always been a cutting-edge topic in the remote sensing filed. This paper discusses using PCI Geomatica OrthoEngine software to extract DEM automatically from ASTER stereo satellite images (15 m resolution). For the study, DEMs were extracted for two sites in Taiwan, and the resulting DEMs were found to have RMS errors between 10 and 16 meters in both flat and mountainous areas.

In this paper we propose four-dimensional (4D) operators, which can be used to deal with sequential changes of topological relationships between 4D moving objects and we call them 4D development operators. In contrast to the existing operators, we can apply the operators to real applications on 4D moving objects. We also propose a new approach to define them. The approach is based on a dimension-separated method, which considers x-y coordinates and z coordinates separately. In order to show the applicability of our operators we show the algorithms for the proposed operators and development graph between 4D moving objects.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the important trace gases because its concentration in the troposphere directly influences the concentrations of tropospheric hydroxyl (OH), which controls the lifetimes of tropospheric trace gases. CO traces the transport of global and regional pollutants from industrial activities and large scale biomass burning. The distributions of CO were analyzed using the MOPITT data for East Asia, which were compared with the ozone distributions. In general, seasonal CO variations are characterized by a peak in the spring, which decrease in the summer. The monthly average for CO shows a similar profile to that for O$_3$. This fact clearly indicates that the high concentration of CO in the spring is possibly due to one of two causes: the photochemical production of CO in the troposphere, or the transport of the CO into East Asia. The seasonal cycles for CO and O$_3$ in East Asia are extensively influenced by the seasonal exchanges of different air mass types due to the Asian monsoon. The continental air masses contain high concentrations of O$_3$ and CO, due to the higher continental background concentrations, and sometimes to the contribution from regional pollution. In summer this transport pattern is reversed, where the Pacific marine air masses that prevail over Korea bring low concentrations of CO and O$_3$, which tend to give the apparent summer minimums.

Harmonics of sea surface temperature (SST) in the East Sea and their possible causes are examined by analyzing NOAA/AVHRR data, SSM/I wind speeds, NSCAT wind vectors, and NCEP heat flux data. Detailed spatial structures of amplitudes and phases of the seasonal cycles and their contributions to the total variance of SST have quantitatively. The Subpolar front serves as a boundary between regions of high annual amplitudes (${\geq}$10$^{\circ}$C) in the cold continental region and low amplitudes (${\leq}$10$^{\circ}$C) in the Tsushima Warm Current region. The low phase center of annual cycle is located over a seamount at 132.2$^{\circ}$E, 41.7$^{\circ}$N south of Vladivostok. Semi-annual amplitudes are significantly large leaching over 20% of the annual amplitudes in the Tatarskiy Strait and along the continental shelf off Russian coast in fall and spring, but its forcings are substantially annual. We have shown that fall cooling is attributed by direct and local wind forcing, while spring cooling is remotely forced by cold waters from sea ices in the Tatarskiy Strait.

Recently, there has been rising concerns to integrate and connect a developed spatial information services without consideration of location in the heterogeneous distributed environment. The Open GIS Consortium provides system architecture model related to open web service for spatial information. This paper discusses the issues related to the web service framework for spatial information services using standards of Open GIS Consortium. In particular, we concentrate upon the WRS that support the runtime discovery and evaluation of resources. The technology for integration of spatial information services is expected to get synergy effect and overcomes limit of individual development of each spatial information technology. Also this system provides the interoperability and the reusability and prevents the duplication development of system.

In this study, the Global Positioning System (GPS) data collected by the GPS receivers that were established as continuously operating reference stations by Central Weather Bureau and Industrial Technology Research Institute of Taiwan are utilized to investigate the impact of atmospheric water vapor on GPS positioning determination. The surface meteorological measurements that were concurrently acquired by instruments co-located with the GPS receivers include temperature, pressure and humidity data. To obtain the influence of the baseline length on the proposed impact study, four baselines are considered according to the locations of the permanent GPS sites. The length of the shorter baseline is about 66km, while the longer is about 118 km. The results from the studies associated with different baseline lengths and ellipsoid height were compared for the cases with and without a priori knowledge of surface meteorological measurements. The finding based on 66 days measurements is that the surface meteorological measurements have a significant impact on the positioning determination for the longer baseline case. The associated daily maximum differences are 1.1 cm and 1.4 cm for the baseline and ellipsoid height respectively. The corresponding biases are -8.1 mm in length and -7.3 mm in el lipsoid height.

Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) is an active microwave instrument that performs high-resolution observation under almost all weather condition. Research and algorithms have been proposed to process radar signal and to increase the quality of SAR products. In fact, many complicated steps are involved in order to generate a SAR image product. The purpose of this paper is to derive quality assessment procedures and define important test parameters in each procedure inside a SAR processor. Thus those test parameter values indicate the quality of SAR image products and verify the processor's performance. Moreover, required procedures to correct and handle errors which are indicated during the assessment are also presented.

Invisible networks have hidden bits flows from human being and become the periphery in the Internet overload; technologies become invisible and everywhere computing. The appearance of the calm environment requires a new relationship between human being and machines and geographic features: a paradigm shift. However no one says what next steps to those environments on details are, a reason why lots of people focus on the endeavors. In this paper, we touch the geographic features on ubiquitous environments and research the transition step of GIS mobile applications in order to achieve a natural integration of connectivity, capability and functionality.

Satrec Initiative (Si) is developing a ground processing system for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. SAR provides its own illumination and is not dependent on the light from sun, thus permitting continuous day/night operation and all-weather imaging. The system is capable of producing standard level products from SAR signal. Hence, the system should be able to perform matched filtering, range compression, azimuth compression, multi-look image generation, and geocoded image generation. This paper will describe the processing steps including algorithms, design, and accuracy of the Si's SAR processing system by comparing with commercial software.

As the number of spectral bands of high spectral resolution data increases, the capability to detect more detailed classes should also increase, and the classification accuracy should increase as well. Often, it is impossible to access enough training pixels for supervise classification. For this reason, the performance of traditional classification methods isn't useful. In this paper, we propose a new model for classification that operates based on decision fusion. In this classifier, learning is performed at two steps. In first step, only training samples are used and in second step, this classifier utilizes semilabeled samples in addition to original training samples. At the beginning of this method, spectral bands are categorized in several small groups. Information of each group is used as a new source and classified. Each of this primary classifier has special characteristics and discriminates the spectral space particularly. With using of the benefits of all primary classifiers, it is made sure that the results of the fused local decisions are accurate enough. In decision fusion center, some rules are used to determine the final class of pixels. This method is applied to real remote sensing data. Results show classification performance is improved, and this method may solve the limitation of training samples in the high dimensional data and the Hughes phenomenon may be mitigated.

Abnormal oceanic conditions associated with the passage of typhoons are examined using hydrographic and satellite data 1990-2002. During the passage period of typhoons in the Korean waters, an abrupt decrease of sea surface temperature(SST) in range of 5 to 8 $^{\circ}$ was observed. The areas of SST decrease were an order of 100-200km, and the low SST lasted about 15-25 days after passage of typhoon. After passage of typhoon, the water temperatures in the surface mixed layer of 30m show negative anomalies for quite a long period. In addition, stratification parameters were substantially decreased and chlorophyll a density was rapidly increased.

SAC is a compact electro-optical camera for imaging in visible-NIR spectral ranges. SAC provides highresolution images over the wide geometric and spectral ranges: 10 m ground sample distance (GSD) and 50 km swath width in the spectral ranges of 520 ${\sim}$ 890 nm. SAC is designed to produce high quality images: modulation transfer function (MTF) of more than 15 %; signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of more than 100. The missions of SAC incorporate various imaging operations: multi-spectral imaging; super swath-width imaging with cameras in parallel; along-track stereo imaging with slanted 2 cameras.

In this work a new method for on-line scene segmentation is developed. In remote sensing a scene is represented by the pixel-oriented features. It is possible to reduce data redundancy by an unsupervised segment-feature extraction process, where the segment-features, rather than the pixelfeatures, are used for multispectral scene representation. The algorithm partitions the observation space into exhaustive set of disjoint segments. Then, pixels belonging to each segment are characterized by segment features. Illustrative examples are presented, and the performance of features is investigated. Results show an average compression more than 25, the classification performance is improved for all classes, and the CPU time required for classification is reduced by the same factor.

Efficient multi-resolution image fusion aims to take advantage of the high spectral resolution of Landsat TM images and high spatial resolution of SPOT panchromatic images simultaneously. This paper presents a multi-resolution data fusion scheme, based on multirate image representation. Motivated by analytical results obtained from high-resolution multispectral image data analysis: the energy packing the spectral features are distributed in the lower frequency bands, and the spatial features, edges, are distributed in the higher frequency bands. This allows to spatially enhancing the multispectral images, by adding the high-resolution spatial features to them, by a multirate filtering procedure. The proposed method is compared with some conventional methods. Results show it preserves more spectral features with less spatial distortion.

As a result of the project 'Development of core technology for open LBS', we developed several solutions such as personal navigation system, mobile game, and emergency system. In this paper, we explain the approach and architecture of these solutions and consider their meaning on spatial information bases and expectation in the future computing environments. The final goal of this suggested solution is to test the efficiency of our open LBS system and verify the applicability and usability in real application environments. Our approaches will be headed to the future ubiquitous computing environments.

Korea has experienced 10 a Cochlodinium polykrikoides red tide outbreaks during the last 10 years (1993-2002). The monitoring activities at National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) in Korea have been extended to all the coastal waters after the worst of fish killing by C. polykrikoides blooms in 1995. NFRDI is looking forward to finding out the feasibility of red tide detection around Korean waters using satellite remote sensing of NOAA/AVHRR, Orbview-2/SeaWiFS, IRS-P4/OCM and Terra/MODIS on real time base. In this study, we used several alternative methods including climatological analysis, spectral and optical methods which may offer a potential detection of the major species of red tide in Korean waters. The relationship between the distribution of SST and C. polykrikoides bloom areas was studied. In climatological analysis, NOAA, SeaWiFS, OCM satellite data in 20th and 26th August 2001 were chosen using the known C. polykrikoides red tide bloom area mapped by helicopter reconnaissance and ground observation. The 26th August, 2001 SeaWiFS chlorophyll a anomaly imageries against the imageries of non-occurring red tide for August 20, 2001 showed the areas C. polykrikoides occurred. The anomalies of chlorophyll a concentration from satellite data between before and after red tide outbreaks showed the similar distribution of C. polykrikoides red tide in 26th August, 2001. The distribution of the difference in SST between daytime and nighttime also showed the possibility of red tide detection. We used corrected vegetation index (CVI) to detect floating vegetation and submerged vegetation containing algal blooms. The simple result of optical absorption from C. polykrikoides showed that if we use the optical characteristics of each red tide we will be able to get the feasibility of the red tide detection.

Recently, loosely-coupled systems are widely used for distributed computing environment. We develop a web GIS server who conforms to the international standards developed by the Open GIS Consortium (OGC), such as web feature service (WFS) implementation specification, Geography Markup Language (GML) implementation specification, and the simple features specification for OLE/COM. The web GIS server provides interoperable access of spatial data among data formats in the distributed environment.

How many leafs the forest has can be very important information to understand the forest is healthy or not, or it is growing or declining. However until now, very much labor and long time is needed to measure it. The purpose of this study is to develop the method that estimate how many leafs there are at the forest.

A field spectroradiometer SE-590 was used to measure the spectral reflectance of water body. The reflectance was calculated as the ratio of surface water radiance to the standard whiteboard radiance nearly measured at the same time. Water samples were taken simultaneously for determining their chlorophyll-a, suspended solid (SS) and transparency. The relationships between those water quality parameters and spectral reflectance were analy zed using stepwise multiple regression to derive optimal prediction models . The multiple regression was also applied to the SE-590 simulated SPOT bands. The SPOT image of the same day was also analyzed using the same method to compare the statistical results. It showed that the multiple regression models using the SE-590 reflectance data got the best water quality prediction results. The evaluated RMS error of chlorophyll-a, SS and transparency of water quality parameters were 0.57 ug/l, 0.2 mg/l and 0.17 m, respectively, and the RMS errors were 0.36 ug/l, 0.49 mg/l and 0.42 m for SPOT data, respectively. The SE-590 simulated SPOT three bands data obtained the worst results and the RMS errors were 1.77 ug/l, 0.49 mg/l and 0.37 m, respectively.

A bio-optical model was developed specific for turbid and shallow waters. Special studies were carried out to estimate absorption and scattering properties as well as backscattering probability of suspended matter. The inversion of bio-optical model allows for direct retrieval of turbidity and chlorophyll- a from the visible-near infrared (VNIR) range sensor. Time-series satellite imagery from ASTER AM-1 sensor, were used to monitor the Laguna de Bay water quality condition. Spatial distribution of temperature for the lake was extracted from the thermal infrared (TIR) sensor. Corresponding field surveys were conducted to parameterize the bio -optical model. In-situ measurements include suspended particle and chlorophyll-a concentrations profiles from nephelometric devices and processing of water samples. Hyperspectral measurements were used to validate results of the bio -optical model and satellite- based estimation. This study provides a theoretical basis and a practical illustration of applying space- based measurements on an operational basis.

The purpose of this study is to estimate monthly evapotranspiration (ET) using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) obtained from NOAA/AVHRR data sets. Actual evapotranspiration was evaluated by the complementary relationship (Morton, 1978, Brutsaert and Stricker, 1979), and monthly NDVI was obtained by maximum value composite method from daily NDVI images in the Korean peninsula for the year 2001. The monthly actual ETs for each land cover were compared with the monthly NDVIs to determine relationships between actual ET and NDVI for each land cover category. There was a high correlation between monthly NDVI and monthly averaged actual ET. This study presents an alternative approach for land surface evapotranspiration based on remote sensing techniques.

The image restoration algorithm for microwave imaging radiometer is proposed. A blind deconvolution method was proposed. A point spread function was identified and three deconvolution schemes were employed, Wiener filtering, Lucy- Richardson deconvolution, and Maximum Likelihood blind deconvolution. The experimental data is illustrated with restored image.

Recently, in according as rapid improvement of telecommunication markets and wireless internet technology, Location- Based Services (LBS) have been discussed as new 'Killer' application. The purpose of LBS is to determine location of user through mobile handset and to offer location information service to end-user. This paper has suggested an efficient transmission scheme of maps data as one of the important content services relating to data transmission of LBS in mobile environment. The basic system consists of three parts : (1) GIS (Geographic Information System) Server for storing, processing and handling map data, (2) Middleware Server for transmitting of map data by request of client, and (3) Client for requesting map data to Server and displaying them on handset. Also, in order to transmit map data, we are to expand WKB (Well Known Binary) in conformance to Simple Feature Specification of OGC (Open GIS Consortium), and increase efficiency of data transmission by developing trans mission data format to be able to transmit lightweight data and considering data compression technology.

The objectives of this research are as follows. First, to investigate methods for a national-scale land cover map based on multi-temporal classification of MODIS data and multi-spectral classification of Landsat TM data. Second, to investigate methods to p roduce ecological zone maps of Korea based on vegetation, climate, and topographic characteristics. The results of this research can be summarized as follows. First, NDVI and EVI of MODIS can be used to ecological mapping of the country by using monthly phenological characteris tics. Second, it was found that EVI is better than NDVI in terms of atmospheric correction and vegetation mapping of dense forests of the country. Third, several ecological zones of the country can be identified from the VI maps, but exact labeling requires much field works, and sufficient field data and macro-environmental data of the country. Finally, relationship between land cover types and natural environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, elevation, and slope could be identified.

This paper is concerned with 'reverse difference' of marine sediments at the Camau tongue in the extreme south of Vietnam. We demonstrate the importance of remote sensing in geomorphology and marine geological application, using only visual evaluation and some data-processing techniques. In this paper, about 10,000 km$^2$ of the territorial water in the extreme south of Vietnam is being studied. We show that form and behavior of Mekong and its branch can be determined by visually interpreting remote sensing images and using ERDAS IMAGE 8.5 software. Besides, the 'reverse difference' phenomenon is explained by flows of Mekong river and its branches.

High resolution satellite images have huge amount of pixels in common. Thus, an efficient method is required for the generation of orthoimages. Patch backprojection method is a feasible way to improve the efficiency with respect to the point-by-point patch backprojection. We will propose an Adaptive Patch that optimizes the patch size for different terrain variations. The essence of the patch optimization is quadrate structuring for terrain variations. The area of interest is, thus, sequentially subdivided to four quadrate tiles until a preset criterion is met. The experiment results indicated that the proposed method is efficient without losing accuracy.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the geological environment changes of tidal flat in the Hampyeong Bay. Especially, it centers on the changes in the sedimentary environment using remote sensing data. Multi-temporal Landsat data were used in this study. Remote sensing methods can be effectively applied for quantitative analysis of geological environment changes in tidal flat.

The development of an open LBS platform makes it easy to use of the location information between telecommunication companies which have different platforms and to develop various LBS solutions using position information. This paper proposes a mobile webservice solution providing public transportation services to the mobile subscribers.

The KOMPSAT/OSMI remote sending data of 800 km swath are collected by whisk broom method employing 96 charge coupled devices (CCDs). The stripping noise in the OSMI imageries, which arise mainly due to the non-uniform sensitivities of 96 CCDs, are the major hindrance for oceanographic applications of the OSMI data. The OSMI images are corrected by 'Ensemble Smoothness' method which is based on an assumption that the series of the averages and variances of digital numbers in each line should vary smoothly. The data of each line are corrected by linear regression model of which coefficients are obtained by Ensemble Smoothness method. Our algorithm can be applied not only to OSMI data but also for other remote sensing date collected by whisk broom or push broom.

We present a simple algorithm for detection of red patches by remote sensing in coastal waters of Korea. The red tide patches can by identified by the relative intensity of red band signal with respect to the blue-green background signal, provided the radiometric signals only in the sea area are properly stretched. We tested our algorithm by Ocean COlor Monitor(OCM) data of Indian Satellite IRS-P4, which has been received from 2001 by National Fisheries Research and Development Institute of Korea. A comparison of our results with observation shows that the locations of red tides derived from remote sending imagery by our algorithm are in accordance with observations.

A new method for automatic detection of absorption features is proposed. This method is based on the modulus maximum of the scale-space image calculated by continuous wavelet transform. This method is computationally efficient as compared to traditional methods. The continuum removal algorithm is than implemented on the detected absorption features to reduce some additive factors caused by other absorbing of materials. The results show that the chlorophyll absorption features are detected exactly.

A comparison was made between the chlorophyll a and suspended solid (SS) retrievals from OSMI and SeaWiFS sensor to chlorophyll a and SS values determined with the standard method during the NFRDI's research cruises. The percentage of organic and inorganic materials from the SS was calculated to study the contribution of turbid water in the northern part of the East China Sea. The open sea waters in the Kuroshio regions of the East China Sea showed relatively higher concentration of volatile SS. However, towards the northwestern part of the East China Sea, the situation became much more optically different with the non-volatile SS from the Yangtze river and the sea bottom sources in the sea in winter and spring seasons. Furthermore, in order to indirectly detect low salinity water with high turbidity, which related to the Yangtze river using remote sensed data from the satellites, a comparison between the results of the band ratio(nLw 490nm/nLw 555nm) of SeaWiFS (OSMI) and the distribution of low salinity around the Jeju Island was presented.

Index for difference of vegetation surface roughness (BSI: Bi-directional reflectance factor structure Index) was proposed in our laboratory (Konda et al., 2000). It is thought that BSI is useful vegetation index for vegetation monitoring. If it can be applied for global covered satellite data, detailed monitoring of global vegetation can be expected. However, in order to apply BSI to global satellite data, there are some problems to be solved. In this study, in order to make global data set of BSI, it arranged about processing of the global satellite data for making BSI data sets.

The purpose of this study is to detect the damaged red pine trees by pine wilt disease using high resolution satellite image of IKONOS Geo. IKONOS images are segmented with eCognition image processing software. A segment based maximum likelihood classification was performed to delineate the pine stand. The pine stands are regarded as a potential damage area. In order to develop a methodology to detect the location of damaged trees from the high resolution satellite image, black and white aerial photographs were used as a simulated image. The developed method based on filtering technique. A local maximum filter was adapted to detect the location of individual tree. This report presents a part of the first year results of an ongoing project.

The modifications taking place within the alluvial plains impart a larger extent of disturbances to hydrologic systems. The objective of the present investigation is to detect the sensitivity of multi-temporal image data from Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) for finding out the land-cover/land-use changes associated with alluvial low land. The eastern coast of Chiba Prefecture, Japan, forms a very important geographic unit owing to the existence of a unique alluvial landform. The alluvial plain occupied in the study area is widely known as 'Kujukuri Plain'. The TM images have been classified by means of maximum likelihood supervised classifier and the extent of changes has been estimated.

Some previous works for nearest neighbor (NN) query processing technique can treat a case that query/data are both moving objects. However, they cannot find exact result owing to vagueness of criterion. In order to escape their limitations and get exact result, we propose new NN query techniques, exact CTNN (continuous trajectory NN) query, approximate CTNN query, and dynamic CTNN query. These are all superior to pervious works, by reducing of number of calculation, considering of trajectory information, and using of continuous query concept. Using these techniques, we can solve any situations and types of NN query in location-aware environment.

It is very important to monitor change of a forest. We compare the different seasonal remote sensing data to detect forest damaged by typhoons and build a method to detect the area damaged by typhoons. Study site is located in western Oita prefecture. The multitemporal satellite dataset of this study were consisted of four Landsat TM scenes taken before and after the typhoons. As compared with non-damaged area, it was shown that the reflective characteristic of the damaged area becomes high by band 3, band 5, and band 7. These bands are effective in extracting the typhoon damaged area.

Aggregation is an operation that returns a result value through a computational process on the data which satisfy a certain condition. Recently many applications use aggregation to analyze spatiotemporal data. Although spatiotemporal data change its states over time, previous aggregation works have only dealt with spatial or temporal aspect of object. In this paper we propose spatiotemporal aggregate functions that operate on spatiotemporal data. The proposed algorithms are evaluated through some implementation results. The experiment results show that the proposed aggregate functions are applicable to spatiotemporal data efficiently.

Currently available image fusion methods are not efficient for fusing the Landsat 7 images. Significant color distortion is one of the major problems. In this paper, using the well-known wavelet based method for data fusion between high-resolution panchromatic and low-resolution multispectral satellite images, we performed Landsat 7 image fusion. Based on the experimental results obtained from this study, we analyzed some reasons for color distortion. A new approach using the biorthogonal wavelets based method for data fusion is presented. This new method has reached an optimum fusion result - with the same spectral resolution as the multispectral image and the same spatial resolution as the panchromatic image with minimum artifacts.

ASTER image has some advantages for classification such as 15 spectral bands and 15m ${\sim}$ 90m spatial resolution. However, in the classification using general remote sensing image, shadow areas are often classified into water area. It is very difficult to divide shadow and water. Because reflectance characteristics of water is similar to characteristics of shadow. Many land cover items are consisted in one pixel which is 15m spatial resolution. Nowadays, very high resolution satellite image (IKONOS, Quick Bird) and Digital Surface Model (DSM) by air borne laser scanner can also be used. In this study, mixed pixel analysis of ASTER image has carried out using IKONOS image and DSM. For mixed pixel analysis, high accurated geometric correction was required. Image matching method was applied for generating GCP datasets. IKONOS image was rectified by affine transform. After that, one pixel in ASTER image should be compared with corresponded 15×15 pixel in IKONOS image. Then, training dataset were generated for mixed pixel analysis using visual interpretation of IKONOS image. Finally, classification will be carried out based on Linear Mixture Model. Shadow extraction might be succeeded by the classification. The extracted shadow area was validated using shadow image which generated from 1m${\sim}$2m spatial resolution DSM. The result showed 17.2% error was occurred in mixed pixel. It might be limitation of ASTER image for shadow extraction because of 8bit quantization data.

In the middle -resolution remote sensing, the Ground Sampled Distance(GSD) sensed and sampled by the detector is generally larger than the size of objects(or materials) of interest, in which case several objects are embedded in a single pixel and cannot be detected spatially. This study is intended to solve this problem of a hyperspectral data with high spectral resolution. We examined the detection algorithm, Linear Spectral Mixing Model, and also made a test on the Hyperion data. To find class Endmembers, we applied two methods, Spectral Library and Geometric Model, and compared them with each other.

The drying up of seepage in Kumagaya City was caused by the increase of impermeable area with urbanization. The project of rain fall infiltration facilities has been planned for improvement of a hydrological cycle in Kumagaya City. With GIS and remote sensing, the most suitable arrangement for the rainfall infiltration inlets was examined. Distribution maps for infiltration, evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge at each town in Kumagaya City was designed from the land cover classification map with hydrological analysis. In these distribution maps, influence of the leak from drinking water and sewage networks was counted to the hydrological cycle.

A method for identifying the released region and time of Asian dust using the long-range inverse transport model that traces the wind field in the backward direction from positions where Asian dust was observed is described. Initial conditions for the inverse transport simulation were obtained from the time variation of the density distribution of the suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the air measured at various places in Japan. Based on a concentration of trajectories of the air mass computed by the inverse transport model, the source region of Asian dust clouds observed at meteorological stations in Japan on March 17 to 18, 2002 was estimated. As a result, it was found that dust particles were released at about 6h on March 15 in the neighborhood of Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region.

This study focuses on monitoring the surface UHI in a tropical city of Bangkok in both spatial and temporal dimensions based on MODIS- and TM -derived land surface temperature (LST). The spatial extension and magnitude of the surface UHI are explored for days and nights as well as its variations through the dry (least-clouded) season. Surface UHI growth between 1993 and 2002 is mapped using highresolution LANDSAT TM thermal bands. UHI patterns are, then, analyzed in association with land/vegetation covers derived from high-resolution ETM+ and ASTER satellites and ancillary data.

A 3D modeling of urban area can be composed the terrain modeling that can express specific and shape of the terrain and the object modeling such as buildings, trees and facilities which are found in urban areas. Especially in a 3D modeling of building, it is very important to make a unit model by simplifying 3D structure and to take a texture mapping, which can help visualize surface information. In this study, the texture mapping technique, based on library for 3D urban modeling, was used for building modeling. This technique applies the texture map in the form of library which is constructed as building types, and then take mapping to the 3D building frame. For effectively apply, this technique, we classified buildings automatically using LiDAR data and made 3D frame using LiDAR and digital map. To express the realistic building texture, we made the texture library using real building photograph.

For forest fire monitoring in relatively cool area like Siberia, design of Decision Support System (DSS) is proposed. The DSS is consisted of three different algorithms to detect potential fires from NOAA AVHRR image. The algorithm developed by CCRS (Canada Center for Remote Sensing) uses fixed thresholds for multi-channel information like one by ESA (European Space Agency). The algorithm of IGBP (International Geosphere Biosphere Program) involves contextual information in deriving fire pixels. CCRS and IGBP algorithms are rather liberal compared to more conservative ESA algorithm. Fire pixel information from the three algorithms is presented to the user. The user considers all these information in making decision about the location fire takes place.

The objective of this investigation is to compare the geometric precision of Rigorous Sensor Model and Rational Function Model for QuickBird images. In rigorous sensor model, we use the on-board data and ground control points to fit an orbit; then, a least squares filtering technique is applied to collocate the orbit. In rational function model, we first use the rational polynomial coefficients provided by the satellite company. Then the systematic bias of the coefficients is compensated by an affine transformation using ground control points. Experimental results indicate that, the RFM provides a good approximation in the position accuracy.

The paper presents the results of the project GISMO, which aimed on generating and interactively visualising a 3D urban landscape model of the city of Stuttgart, Germany. With respect to the desired flexibility to support walkthrough and flyover applications, a combined approach using continuous level of detail, the impostor technique and a method for generalizing 3D building models was used to speed up the visualization. To reduce the costs of the project, the data collection tools and the visualization environment was built solely with open-source software.

Understanding the area of the rice paddy fields is important, and suitable for it the remote sensing. SAR is effective to the monitor in Southeast Asia with the rainy season. The detection of the filled rice paddy fields by RADARSAT was tried in the north part of Bangkok Thailand, and in the Mekong river valley Cambodia, which ware the main rice production country in Southeast Asia. We get observation data by RADARSAT and fields all through a year around Bangkok. However, because the flood had occurred on the study area in 2002 observed, the detection only of the rice fields ware difficult.

This study confirmed the usefulness of short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) in the discrimination and classification of evergreen forest types. A forested area near Hisayama and Sasaguri in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, served as the study area. Warm-temperate forest vegetation dominates the study site vegetation. Coniferous plantation forest, natural broad-leaved forest, and bamboo forest were analyzed using LANDSAT5/TM and SPOT4/HRVIR remote sensing data. Samples were extracted for the three forest types, and reflectance factors were compared for each band. Kappa coefficients of various band combinations were also compared by classification accuracy. For the LANDSAT5/TM data observed in April, October, and November, Bands 5 and 7 showed significant differences between bamboo, broad-leaved, and coniferous forests. The same significant difference was not recognized in the visible or near-infrared regions. Classification accuracy, determined by supervised classification, indicated distinct improvements in band combinations with SWIR, as compared to those without SWIR. Similar results were found for both LANDSAT5/TM and SPOT4/HRVIR data. This study identified obvious advantages in using SWIR data in forest-type discrimination and classification.

We made a hazard map using GIS and remote sensing for he greatest inundation damage that happened for the 20th century. We calculated the land cover classification using Landsat from 1983 to 2000. We calculated it from a damage report and an aerial photo for a flood. We considered relation of both land cover classification and the damage. We expected the inundation damage in the future and made a hazard map.

Selectivity estimation for spatial query is curial in Spatial Database Management Systems(SDBMS). Many works have been performed to estimate accurate selectivity. Although they deal with some problems such as false-count, multi-count arising from properties of spatial dataset, they can not get such effects in little memory space.* Therefore, we need to compress spatial dataset into little memory. In this paper, we propose a new technique called MW Histogram which is able to compress summary data and get reasonable results. Our method is based on two techniques:(a)MinSkew partitioning algorithm which deal with skewed spatial datasets. efficiently (b) Wavelet transformation which compression effect is proven. We evaluate our method via real datasets. The experimental result shows that the MW Histogram has the ability of providing estimates with low relative error and retaining the similar estimates even if memory space is small.

In this paper, to correct the error, we propose a method to estimate a correction data based on observation data obtained from MUBEX campaign. Many heat spots are correspond to industrial area including steel plant, power plant and so on. Heat spot transmits some kinds of thin cloud because it emits large radiance, so that it is possible to extract GCP from the area under the thin cloud.

From the view point of data fusion, we integrate LIDAR data and digital aerial images to perform 3D building modeling in this study. The proposed scheme comprises two major parts: (1) building block extraction and (2) building model reconstruction. In the first step, height differences are analyzed to detect the above ground areas. Color analysis is then performed for the exclusion of tree areas. Potential building blocks are selected first followed by the refinement of building areas. In the second step, through edge detection and extracting the height information from LIDAR data, accurate 3D edges in object space is calculated. The accurate 3D edges are combined with the already developed SMS method for building modeling. LIDAR data acquired by Leica ALS 40 in Hsin-Chu Science-based Industrial Park of north Taiwan will be used in the test.

This paper develops an approach to fuse 1-meter resolution spatial panchromatic and 4-meter resolution multi-spectral IKONOS images. The approach is based on the characteristics of four-band wavelet transformation. The experiment shows that the fused images based on four-band wavelet method contain with not only high spatial resolution but also rich spectral characteristic.

In recent years, the use of video in GIS is considered to be an important subject and many related studies result in VideoGIS. The virtual navigation is an important function that can be applied to various VideoGIS applications. For virtual navigation by video, the following problems must be solved. 1) Because the video route may be not exactly coincided with route that user wants to navigate, parts of several video clips may be required for single navigation. Virtual navigation should allow the user to move from one video to another at the proper position. We suggest the video segmentation method based on geographic data combined with video. 2) From a point to a destination, the change frequency of video must be minimized. The frequent change of video make user to mislead navigation route and cause the wasteful use of computing resource. We suggest methods that structure video segments and calculate weight value of each node and link.

The detection of sandstorms and industrial pollutants has been the emphasis of this study. Data obtained from meteorological satellites, NOAA and GMS, have been used for detailed analysis. MODIS and Landsat images are also used for the application of future KOMPSAT- 2. Verification of satellite observations has been made with air pollution data obtained by ground-level monitors. It was found that satellite measurements agree well with concentrations and variations of air pollutants measured on the ground, and that satellite technique is a very useful device for monitoring large-scale air pollution in East Asia. The quantitative analysis of satellite image data on air pollution is the goal in the future studies.

The remote sensing image server provides advanced image serving capabilities for geospatial image. Wide seamless image mosaics of Landsat 5 over GMS countries, which exceed a 15 GB or more in size per image, can integrate with other GIS map servers. The approach of two improvement algorithms leads to speed up the response time while preserving the data quality. This system does not only provide images on the web, but also provide GIS layers to WMS client map servers. The advantage of this approach is its efficiency lower cost in terms of cost, time and updating to obtain and utilize remote sensing image.

Forest fire monitoring prototype system was developed by National Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (MAFF) to verify the usefulness of interoperabile system to study new services of Earth observation satellite data distribution for a practical application. In this system, a standard interface of Web based GIS technology, OpenGIS Consortium (OGC) technology, was adopted. This system is also expected to encourage data sharing activities in Digital Asia Network (DAN) as a demonstration system.

GIS can supply large quantitiy of useful information about spacial relationship, consequently there exists great potential of GIS support ing for decision making strategies related to urban design and environmental planning. In different discipline areas there exist different information representation methods and considerations having direct or indirect relationship with spacial information, how to use GIS as a tool for facilitating the work in other discipline field, there are two basic questions crucial to the success of these interdiscipline applications. The first one is interoperatability among GIS and other applications, the second is the paradigm difference between GIS and other domain field regarding problem solving. In this paper, we investigate the spatial information of the urban environment provided in the analyses of the urban visual sustain ability, urban daylighting environment and urban wind environment. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities for cross-disciplinary GIS application regarding the aspect of Information Collection, Information Generation, Information Analysis and Information Visualization.

The time shift processing of ground measured surface temperature with the meteorological variables has no evaluated function. We introduce new evaluating function. To use this evaluating function, the algorithm of time-shift processing will be able to be reliable and get error-bar for all moving measured point's data. We will finally obtain the area averaged surface temperature by land observation.

In this paper, we present a method for generating and providing spatially encoded video data that can be effectively used by GIS applications. We collect the video data by a mobile mapping system called 4S-Van that is equipped by GPS, INS, CCD camera, and DVR system. The information about spatial object appearing in video, such as occupied region in each frame, attribute value, and geo-coordinate, are generated and encoded. We suggest methods that can generate such data for each frame in semi-automatic manner. We adopt standard MPEG-7 metadata format for representation of the spatially encoded video data to be generally used by GIS application. The spatial and attribute information encoded to each video frame can make visual browsing between map and video possible. The generated video data can be provided and applied to various GIS applications where location and visual data are both important.

Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) is essential in the design of hydraulic structures such as dams, weirs and flood control structures. Up to the present, PMP has been derived from any proper single storm which can have a large error. PMP values should be evaluated from many historic heavy storm events from all over the country. Since this can be done at the spots of storm occurring and the calculated PMP from all spots in the country can be correlated. The objectives of this study are therefore to evaluate PMP from historic heavy storm data from 1972 to 2000 by using meteorological method, then to correlate and to present the results using GIS. The maximized rainfall depths can be calculate from depth of heavy rainfall and dew point temperature, and then can be analyzed for each rainfall duration to obtain spatial rainfall distribution by using GIS. The depth-area-duration relationship of maximized rainfall can be obtained and this helps to develop enveloped curves . The results from this study are a set of contour maps of PMP for each rainfall duration for all over the country and the depth-area-duration relationships for the area of 100 to 50,000 km.$^{2}$ at duration of 1, 2 and 3 days.

This research uses high-resolution satellite images as a source of collecting farmland information. For effectively extract the paddy area, we use texture information and different classify methods to assist the satellite image classification. First, using maximum likelihood classifier to extract paddy information from images. The results show that User Accuracy and Procedure Accuracy of the paddy area can increase from 80.60% to 95.45% and 84.38% to 95.45%. Second, establishing a paddy Knowledge Base and using Knowledge Base Classifier to extract paddy area, and result shows the User Accuracy and Producer Accuracy to be 92.16% and 90.06%. Finally, The result shows we can effectively contribute to the paddy field information extraction from high-resolution satellite images.

The Satellite Technology Research Centre (SaTReC), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) has developed and is to launch STSAT-1 (Science and Technology Satellite - 1) on 27$^{th}$ September 2003. The data collection system (DCS) is the one of its payloads. The DCS is a data relay system used for transmission from ground-based sensors through satellite to receiving station. This is one of the important methods collecting global data from the remote locations. In this paper, the DCS on the STSAT-1 will be introduced and the development of the mobile terminal (MT) will be reported.

Remote sensing allows automatic and continual spatial data acquisition. However, it is powerless to accumulate spatial data from the past. On the other hand, social and human scientists have already created rich academic descriptions of the past with fragmentary images, but without accurate geo-references. Such a legacy of information will eventually become useless, regardless of its importance or the researcher's passion. There is thus an urgent need to help assemble the lifetime research results of social scientists, so that future generations can easily access them.

Land degradation is a crucial issue in mountainous areas and is manifested in a variety of processes. For its assessment, application of existing models is not straightforward. In addition, data availability might be a problem. In this paper, a procedure for land degradation assessment is described, which follows a four-step approach: (1) detection, inventory and mapping of land degradation features, (2) assessing the magnitude of soil loss, (3) study of causal factors, and (4) hazard assessment by applying decision trees. This approach is applied to a case study in the Middle Mountain region of Nepal. The study shows that individual mass movement features such as debris slides and slumps can be easily mapped by photo interpretation techniques. Application of soil loss estimation models helps get insight on the magnitude of soil losses. In the study area soil losses are higher in rainfed crops on sloping terraces (highest soil loss is 32 tons/ha/yr) and minimal under dense forest and in irrigated rice fields (less than 1 ton/ha/yr). However there is high frequency of slope failures in the form of slumps in the rice fields. Debris slides are more common on south-facing slopes under rainfed agriculture or in degraded forest. Field evidences and analysis of causal factors for land degradation helps in building decision trees, the use of which for modelling land degradation has the advantage that attributes can be ranked and tested according to their importance. In addition, decision trees are simple to construct, easy to implement and very flexible in adaptations.

One of the most important research areas on remote sensing is spectral unmixing of hyper-spectral data. For spectral unmixing of hyper spectral data, accurate land cover information is necessary. But obtaining accurate land cover information is difficult process. Obtaining land cover information from high-resolution data may be a useful solution. In this study spectral signature of endmembers on ASTER acquired in October was calculated from land cover information on IKONOS acquired in September. Then the spectral signature of endmembers applied to ASTER images acquired on January and March. Then the result of spectral unmxing of them evauateted. The spectral signatures of endmembers could be applied to different seasonal images. When it applied to an ASTER image which have similar zenith angle to the image of the spectral signatures of endmembers, spectral unmixing result was reliable. Although test data has different zenith angle from the image of spectral signatures of endmembers, the spectral unmixing results of urban and vegetation were reliable.

Multi-Spectral Camera(MSC) is a payload on the KOMPSAT-2 satellite to perform the earth remote sensing. The instrument images the earth using a push-broom motion with a swath width of 15 km and a ground sample distance (GSD) of 1 m over the entire field of view (FOV) at altitude 685 Km. The instrument is designed to have an on-orbit operation duty cycle of 20% over the mission lifetime of 3 years with the functions of programmable gain/ offset and on-board image data compression/storage. The MSC instrument has one(1) channel for panchromatic imaging and four(4) channel for multi-spectral imaging covering the spectral range from 450nm to 900nm using TDI CCD Focal Plane Array (FPA). In this paper, the architecture and function of MSC hardware including electrical interface and the operation concept which have been established based on the mission requirements are described. And the design and the preparation of MSC system operation are analyzed and discussed.

We have constructed a level-1 processor to generate brightness temperatures using the direct-broadcast data from the passive microwave radiometer onboard Aqua satellite. Although 50-minute half-orbit data, called a granule, are being routinely produced, to our knowledge, this is the first attempt to process about 10-minute long direct-broadcast data. We modified the processor designed for a granule to process the direct-broadcast data. After the modification, our brightness temperature product differs from the reference by 0.2K rms. Sea surface temperatures are retrieved to demonstrate the utility of AMSR-E.

We have evaluated the accuracy of digital elevation models of Jeju island generated with three different sensors, NASA JPL TOPSAR, JERS-1 SAR, KOMPSAT-1 EOC using Interferometric SAR and stereo photogrammetry. Characteristics and limitations of each method are described.

Recently, web services concept is rapidly rising as new solution to solve the integration problem among heterogeneous application systems . This web servic es concept is adaptable in the field of 4S application systems integration that handles the spatial information of GIS, SIIS, GNSS and ITS. So, this paper suggests a new 4S web services model for the infrastructures of nationwide spatial clearinghouse, which is mainly based on the OGC and W3C web services specifications. Conclusively, this proposed model that could serve various spatial data and services has some advantages of being flexibly and powerfully capable of integrating the 4S application systems owing to adapting the international standard specifications of OGC and W3C.

Low spatial resolution remote sensing (RS) data (LSRD) are promising in agricultural monitoring activities due to their high temporal resolution, but under such a spatial resolution, mixing in a pixel is a common problem. In this study, a numerical experiment was conducted to explore a mixed pixel problem in agriculture using a combined RSsimulation model SWAP (Soil-Water-Atmosphere -Plant) and a Genetic Algorithm (GA) approach. Results of the experiments showed that it is highly possible to address the mixed pixel problem with LSRD.

Recent satellite data have revealed a correlation between the Sun’s activities and the Earth’s atmosphere . Many scientists have been conjectured a more direct connections between solar variability and the Earth’s atmosphere from satellite data analysis. During solar storms, more energetic particles reach the Earth’s atmosphere and this phenomenon have effects on the Earth’s atmospheric environment. Consequently, scientists suggest that these variations will affect a global climate change. In this study, we investigate the confirmative research results of atmospheric effects due to solar activities, especially solar storms.

Shortest Path Problems are among the most studied network flow optimization problems, with interesting applications in various fields. One such field is the route determination service, where various kinds of shortest path problems need to be solved in location-based service. Our research aim is to propose a route technique in real-time locationbased service (LBS) environments according to user’s route preferences such as shortest, fastest, easiest and so on. Turn costs modeling and computation are important procedures in route planning. There are major two kinds of cost parameters in route planning. One is static cost parameter which can be pre-computed such as distance and number of traffic-lane. The other is dynamic cost parameter which can be computed in run-time such as number of turns and risk of congestion. In this paper, we propose a new cost modeling method for turn costs which are traditionally attached to edges in a graph. Our proposed route determination technique also has an advantage that can provide service interoperability by implementing XML web service for the OpenLS route determination service specification. In addition to, describing the details of our shortest path algorithms, we present a location-based service system by using proposed routing algorithms.

Analysis of UHI in Busan region using Landsat TM data. Between 1987 and 1997 surface temperature increased clearly. Land usage of Busan is construed that instigate UHI changing into industry and commerce area. Also, intensity of UHI in surface temperature appeared strongly in industrial area and business area. On the contrary, residential area, mountain area, suburb area did not appear strongly.

A location-based service or LBS in a cellular telephone network is a service provided to the subscriber based on his current geographic location. This position can be known by user entry or a GPS receiver that he carries with him, but most often the term implies the use of a function built into the cell network that uses the known geographic coordinates of the base stations through which the communication takes place. One implication is that knowledge of the coordinates is owned and controlled by the network operator, and not by the end user. Location utility service provides two kinds of functions, geocoder and reverse geocoder. Geocoder converts an address into a coordinate and reverse geocoder changes a coordinate into an address. Because location utility service is the first step to progress LBS, various servises such as directory, routing, presentation, and etc require to access that. In this paper, we will describe the architecture of LBS platform and the concept and the role of location utility service.

Microphytobenthos that supply nutrients to the intertidal ecosystem play an important part as a primary producer. If we estimate distribution and density of microphytobenthos, we can possibly calculate a volume of primary product in the tidal flat and its effect to the intertidal ecosystem. To estimate the portion of microphytobenthos, we used a linear spectral unmixing (LSU) method. LSU is a tool for inference the proportions of the pure components (or end-members) in a mixed pixel. The selection of end-members is critical to LSU. The end-members can be selected either from spectral libraries built from field surveys or from a remotely sensed image. We compared the two approaches of end-member selection, and the preliminary results showed end-members from from spectral library are as effective as those from image itself.

Biotop map can be utilized in the urban area for nature conservation and impact assessment for the proposed activities. High resolution satellite data such as IKONOS and KOMPSAT1-EOS were used to classify land use activities in biotop mapping. After land use classification, field -check was done to survey the wildlife and vegetation. These maps were combined and the boundaries were delineated to produce the biotop map. Within the boundary the characteristics of each polygon were identified, and named. This study was carried out at Daedok Science Town in Taejeon Metropolitan Area. The purpose of this study is to produce the biotop map using high resolution remote sensing data together with other ground data.

In order to present a space in details, it is indispensable to acquire 3D shape and texture simultaneously from the same platform. 3D shape is acquired by Laser Scanner as point cloud data, and texture is acquired by CCD sensor. Positioning data is acquired by IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit). All the sensors and equipments are assembled on a hand-trolley. In this research, a method of integrating the 3D shape and texture for automated construction of Digital Surface Model is developed. This Digital Surface Model is applied for efficient feature extraction. More detailed extraction is possible , because 3D Digital Surface Model has both 3D shape and texture information.

Thresholding is a popular image segmentation method that converts a gray-level image into a binary image. The selection of optimum threshold has remained a challenge over decades. Many image segmentation techniques are developed using information about image in other space rather than the image space itself. Most of the technique based on histogram analysis information-theoretic approaches. In this paper, the criterion function for finding optimal threshold is developed using an intensity-based classuncertainty (a histogram-based property of an image) and region-homogeneity (an image morphology-based property). The theory of the optimum thresholding method is based on postulates that objects manifest themselves with fuzzy boundaries in any digital image acquired by an imaging device. The performance of the proposed method is illustrated on experimental data obtained by W-band millimeter-wave radiometer image under different noise level.

In this paper, we developed those Directory Services based on the Web-Service, because Web-Service environments provide a suitable method to gather requested information in an appropriate way. The proposed architecture cooperate with other OpenLS(Open Location Service) Core Services ( Location Utility Service and Router Determin ation service) and is an interoperability one - it ident ifies those global elements of the global Web-Services network that are required in order to ensure interoperability between Web-Services. In this paper, a new architecture of Directory Service with OpenLS Core Services is proposed and tested in OpenLS Core Services environments.

The thermal contamination of the Younggwang coastal marine ecosystem has been investigated using space borne thermal infrared data acquired over the period 1985-2003 by the Landsat and NOAA satellites. The analysis of AVHRR data brought out the general pattern and extension of thermal plume while TM data yielded more accurate information about the plume shape, dimension, dispersion direction etc. The examination of sea surface temperature (SST) computed from these images clearly indicates that the thermal plume extends 70 to100km southward during summer and 50 to70km northwestward during winter monsoons. The maximum plume temperature was 29$^{\circ}C$ in summer and 12$^{\circ}C$ in winter. The comparative analysis shows that the temperature retrieved from TM is slightly higher (1.8$^{\circ}C$, 3$^{\circ}C$ and 2.2$^{\circ}C$ for the images of 98/11/10, 99/05/05 and 99/05/21 respectively) than those derived from AVHRR data. The correlation coefficient between the TM-derived SST and AVHRR-derived SST was 0.72.

It was studied the relationship between the red tide occurrence and the meteorological factors, and the satellite monitoring for red tide. From 1990 through 2001, the red tide continuously appeared and the number of red tide occurrence increased every year. A common condition for the red tide occurrence was heavy precipitation 2${\sim}$4 days earlier, and the favorable conditions for the red tide formation were high air temperature, proper sunshine and light winds for the day in red tide occurrence. From satellite images, it was possible to monitor the spatial distributions and concentrations of red tide.

It was studied on the choice of potential area for red tide occurrence from oceanographic factors. Oceanographic factors of favorable marine environmental conditions for the red tide formation included warm water temperature, low salinity, high suspended solid, low phosphorus, low nitrogen. It was founded the potential areas for red tide occurrence in August 2000 by GIS conception: Yeosu~Dolsan coast, Gamak bay, Namhae coast, Marado coast, Goheung coast, Deukryang bay, respectively.

Sea level variations and sea surface circulations in the Korean seas were observed by Topex/Poseidon altimeter data from 1993 through 1997. In sea level variations, the West and South Sea showed relatively high variations with comparison to the East Sea. Then, the northern and southern area in the West Sea showed the range of 20${\sim}$30cm and 18${\sim}$24cm, and the northern west of Jeju island and the southern west of Tsushima island in the South Sea showed the range of 15${\sim}$20cm and 10${\sim}$15cm, respectively. High variations in the West Sea was results to the inflow in sea surface of Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC) and bottom topography. Sea level variations in the South Sea was due to two branch currents(Jeju Warm Current and East Korea Warm Current) originated from Kuroshio Current (KC). In sea surface circulations, there existed remarkably three eddies circulations in the East Sea that are mainly connected with North Korea Cold Current (NKCC), East Korea Warm Current (EKWC) and Tushima Warm Current(TWC). Their eddies are caused basically to the influence of currents in sea surface circulations; Cyclone (0.03 cm/sec) in the Wonsan bay off shore with NKCC, and anticyclone (0.06 cm/sec) in the southwestern area of Ulleung island with EKWC, and cyclone (0.01 cm/sec) in the northeastern area of Tushima island with TWC, respectively.

We present an application of digital video images for object tracking. In order to track a fixed object, which was shoot on a moving vehicle, this study develops a shape-based matching algorithm to implement the tracking task. Because the shape-based matching algorithm has scale and rotation invariant characteristics, therefore it can be used to calculate the similarity between two variant shapes. An experiment is performed to track the ship object in the open sea. The result shows that the proposed method can track the object in the video images even the shape change largely.

The purpose of this investigation is to generate true orthophotos from high resolution satellite images. The major works of this research include 4 parts: (1) determination of orientation parameters, (2) generating traditional orthophotos using terrain model, (3) relief correction for buildings, and (4) process for hidden areas. To determine the position of satellites, we correct the onboard orientation parameters to fine tune the orbit. In the generation of traditional orthophotos, we employ orientation parameters and digital terrain model(DTM) to rectify tilt displacements and relief displacements for terrain. We, then, compute relief displacements for buildings with digital building model (DBM). To avoid double mapping, we detect hidden areas. Due to the satellite’s small field of view, an efficient method for the detection of hidden areas and building rectification will be proposed in this paper. Test areas cover the city of Kaohsiung in southern Taiwan. Test images are from the QuickBird satellite.

The objective of this investigation is to establish a simple yet effective block adjustment procedure for the orthorectification of multi-orbit satellite images. The major works of the proposed scheme are: (1) adjustment of satellite‘s orbit accurately, (2) calculation of the error vectors for each tie point using digital terrain model and ray tracing technique, (3) refining the orbit using the Least Squares Filtering technique and (4) generation of the orthophotos. In the process of least squares filtering, we use the residual vectors on ground control points and tie points to collocate the orbit. In orthorectification, we use the indirect method to generate the orthoimage. Test areas cover northern Taiwan. Test images are from SPOT 5 satellite. Experimental results indicate that proposed method improves the relative accuracy significantly.

This study uses the images from the Corona ‘spy’ satellite, which have been declassified in November 2002 and available on Internet order for a very low cost. The image used dates from 1973 and has about 6m panchromatic characteristics. Along with a Landsat5TM of 1990 and Aster of 2001, a temporal range of about 30 years is achieved. A simple classification of the area was processed and crosschecked manually from the available recent toposheets of Thailand. Results show the development of human infrastructure in the Protected Island of Koh Chang in Thailand, from 1973 to date. Specific human locations are identified linked either to tourism development, or to villages of fishermen. Scope for using Corona in land cover changes on a longer time period than usual satellite images is possible. Some classification issues coming from the sensor have to be taken into account. Accuracy assessment is also an issue because of the age of the sensor.

Koh Chang Island is located near the east border of Thailand. The government of Thailand promotes the island as a model of eco-tourism spots. The Island undeveloped until recent years, is expected to change to major tourist attraction. 'Digital Koh Chang project' has thus. The main objective of this project is to monitor the environment and land use status of the island and to support its sound development. In March 2003, a field survey of this project was planned and field data were collected using both airborne and ground platforms and an ocean vessel. These data were combined with satellite data in the laboratory. This presentation is all balloon-born system field operation. A 5-meter length balloon filled with Helium gas was used, whose payload consisted of two RGB standard color digital still cameras, two directional rotating servo motors, a camera mount cradle as well as signal transmitting and receiving components. A series of aerial high-resolution digital images were rather easily obtained using this inexpensive system, making it possible to monitor intended landscape features in a specific field. Design of simple, low-cost and easily transportable flying platforms and local field surveys using them are useful for getting local ground truth data to calibrate satellite or airborne-based RS data. The design analysis to upgrade the system is further investigated.

Recently, owing to the rapid progress of Telecommunication technology, the increase of wireless internet’s subscriber and diffusion of wireless device, LBS (Location Based Services) which take advantage of user's location information and receive information in concerning with user’s location to be essential services. Location Based Services are related the moving objects which change their locations through time. Therefore, to provide location-based services efficiently, it is required that an efficient system which could acquire, store, and query the large number of locations. In this paper, we design management system to insert and search a huge number of Moving Object based on Legacy Relational Database.

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the potential utility of multisensor remotely sensed data for improved coastal wetland mapping. Five data fusion models, three algebraic models (Multiplicative (MT), Brovey (BT) and Wavelet transform (WT)) and two spectral domain models (Principals component transform (PCT) and Intensity-Hue-Saturation (IHS)) were implemented and tested over the multisensor data. The fused images were then compared based on visual and statistical approaches. The results show that the wavelet transform provides greater flexibility for combining optical data sets and has good potential for preserving the spatial and spectral content of the original images . However, this model yields poor information when combining optical and microwave data. Brovey transform is more reliable for fusing optical and microwave image data and yields improved information about different wetland features of the coastal zone.

In this study, the correlation between the heat island effect and the vegetation in Deagu Korea was performed through using Landsat TM data. the island effect, presents high temperature on air like island, is connected with correlation between the surface temperature and the temperature on the air. In this study, surface temperature was analyzed by detecting the change of urban forestry with remote sensing using the vegetation vitality statistics reference (ratio change of the Park greens in Daegu) the heat island effect not only brings the environment pollution but also brings serious problem such as the destruction of ecosystem to city as a whole. Jeff Luvall has studied to restrain the heat island effect by making urban forestry. Even though Daegu had been the serious high temperature urban area the current temperature of Daegu has been dropped. The correlation between the heat island effect and the vegetation index was analyzed by using satellite images.

In this paper the extraction method for the best suitable green vegetation area in urban area, Daegu, Korea, was developed using satellite images (1994, 1999, Landsat TM). For this, the GIS overlay analysis of GVI (Green Vegetation Index), SBI (Soil Brightness index), NWI (None-Such wetness Index) was performed to estimate the best suitable green vegetation area. Also, the statistical documents, algorithm and Tasseled-Cap index were used to recognize the change of land cover such as cultivation area, urban area, and damaged area. Through the result of this study, it is possible to monitor the large sized reclamation of land by drainage or damaged area by forest fires. Moreover, information with the change of green vegetation and the status of cultivation by GVI, but also moisture content by percentage by NWI and surface class by SBI can be obtained.

Recently in order to process forest official task more effectively and scientifically the previous of that which is focused on document and inventory, should be applied with the spatial information technology. Especially, the forest information remote sensing system has to be developed using digital photogrammetry and GIS. In this study the forest information remote sensing system is implemented to manage forest resource and forest official effectively especially by constructing database of forest environment information and cadastral information, overlaying various thematic maps, and performing spatial analysis using GIS and aerial photograph. For this, the attribute data and spatial data of aerial photograph, digital topography map, forest cadastral map, forest type map, forest use map should be reprocessed and stored in Oracle. Also, the user interface is developed by using Visual Basic 6.0 and MapObjects 2.1 of ESRI based on CBD(Component Based Development).

Most current 3D digital maps are 2.5 dimension models based on DEM, which can only be recognized, browsed and operated by a special software, far from meeting the needs of a modern digital city (global) with the distributed, isomerous and multiple application on the real 3D representation and open sharing models. In this paper, a new generation digital city oriented 3D digital map is studied. Firstly, a real 3D digital map representation is presented. And then, some key techniques and methods for browser-based 3D digital map’s representation, display and operation are introduced, which can realized the open sharing of 3D map in distributed, isomerous and multiple application environment. Furthermore, the scale driving technique of proposed 3D digital map is also studied. And currently, some developments based on some of the above methods are being carried to provide key and general platform for other application software’s development.

This paper demonstrates that RADARSAT ScanSAR data can be an important data source of radar remote sensing for monitoring crop systems and estimation of rice yield for large areas in tropic and sub-tropical regions. Experiments were carried out to show the effectiveness of RADARSAT ScanSAR data for rice yield estimation in whole province of Guangdong, South China. A methodology was developed to deal with a series of issues in extracting rice information from the ScanSAR data, such as topographic influences, levels of agro-management, irregular distribution of paddy fields and different rice cropping systems. A model was provided for rice yield estimation based on the relationship between the backscatter coefficient of multi-temporal SAR data and the biomass of rice.

Large plumes of yellow send or yellow dust blow out over the Sea of Japan and the Japanese archipelago from mainland of China. In this study, the methodology to capture the perspective on the large Yellow dust storm by using MODIS data is discussed. As the typical image of yellow send, MODIS data obtained of April 8, 2002 were used in this study.

In this paper we propose a scheme to generate DTM and detect buildings on DSM generated from LIDAR data. Two stages are performed. The first stage is to perform object segmentation by using two morphology operations namely, flattening and H-Dome transformation. After filtering out the object points above the ground, we used the non-object points to generate DTM. The second stage is to detect buildings from the objects by analyzing differential slopes. The test data is in raster form with 1m spacing around Hsin-Chu Scientific Area in Taiwan. The mean error is -0.16m and the RMSE is 0.45m for DTM generation. The successful rate for building detection is 87.7%.

Using received northeast region in China of Terra/MODIS data at Tokyo University of information Sciences. Make monthly division Land Surface Temperature maximum composite image. Using monthly division Land Surface Temperature maximum composite image, considered characteristic of monthly variation of Land surface temperature and relation with land covering and NDVI at the northeast region in China.

For this study we used a CCD video camera to capture the pavement image information via the computer. During investigation processing, the CCD video camera captured 10${\sim}$30 images per second. If the vehicle velocity is too fast, the collected images will be duplicated and if the velocity is too slow there will be a gapped between images. Therefore, in order to control the efficiency of the image grabber we should add accessory tools such as the Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) and odometer. Furthermore, Kalman Filtering can also solve these problems. After the CCD video camera captured the pavement images, we used the Least-Squares method to eliminate images of gradation which have non-uniform surfaces due to the illumination at night. The Fuzzy Entropy method calculates images of threshold segments and creates binary images. Finally, the Object Labeling algorithm finds objects that are cracks or noises from the binary image based on volume pixels of the object. We used these algorithms and tested them, also providing some discussion and suggestions.

Geo-scientifically viable, environmentally suitable, and socially acceptable sanitary landfill sites are very limited in the Kathmandu Valley and is confronted with the burning problem of safe disposal of urban waste. This paper deal with the evaluation and assessment of its interface, following the major criteria defining suitable geological barrier, Cation Exchange Capacity and other necessary physical parameters with the optimum utilization of remotely sense data along with GIS techniques. The study revealed one of the most viable sites at the flat land of natural depression of Taikabu area and has potential to serve all the municipalities of the Kathmandu Valley.

Potential and capabilities of GIS in planning and decision-making is widely known as an experimental tool, but its existence in real-world application is yet to realize. GIS originated in the field of cartography and even at today it is mainly used as a tool for map production. Number of reasons could bring forward for this shortcoming. Limited real-world applications could be a significant one among them. This paper describe an attempt to use GIS technology in Lao PDR where a study team was involved in formulating a Master Plan for national healthcare system. A database was created for the whole country with spatial and descriptive data gathered from various sources. Attempt was made to demonstrate the potential of GIS by using the database for identifying healthcare status, distribution of resources, recognizing deprived areas and locating areas for future investments based on accessibility and social status. The approach justified the investment on a GIS system and introducing the system in the planning sector from grass-root level to central level.

In an attempt to enhance the visual effect of SPOT image, this study develops a neural network algorithm to transform SPOT false color into simulated true color. The method has been tested using Landsat TM and SPOT images. The qualitative and quantitative comparisons indicate that the striking similarity can be found between the true and simulated true images in terms of the visual looks and the statistical analysis.

This paper firstly focused on introducing the current status of ITS activities in Korea. Then, possibility of RS application within the surface transportation was studied. ITS in Korea was first introduced in early ninties, since then, Korean government puts lots of efforts for flourishing it. Topics for the paper are composed of the Korean ITS Strategic Plan, ITS R&D, Metropolitan Model Deployment Initiative Projects, and RS application in ITS. One of the main findings in the process of revision of the national strategic plan for the 21$^{st}$ century was that ITS should thoroughly reflect end users’ needs in establishing its goals and objectives. For ITS R&D, Korean Government took initiatives, and drove it since 1997. In conclusion, authors suggest future application of RS within ITS in developing country.

This paper describes the development of an INS (Inertial Navigation System) integrated positioning system, which can monitor and track the firefighter's position for assisting effective fire-fighting activity and rescue services. The INS consists of highly accurate three-axis gyro sensor and three-axis accelerometer. By integrating an INS to positioning system, it is also possible to obtain the information of firefighter's physical state (e.g. standing, collapse and crouch) of posture including velocity. Consequently, this research would obviously make a contribution to effective rescue activities and safety of firefighters. Besides, this paper presents results from field tests conducted at Tokyo University demonstrating its viability and utility. We also summarize the overall system requirements and architecture, and describe the hardware and software used in the prototype system in detail.

To improve the reusability and interoperability of GIS components, we propose the registration/retrieval agents, which can search the locating of users' frequently used components in not only the GIS domain but also other spatial information technologies such as GPS, ITS, RS and FM. The registration/retrieval agents increase the reusability through the GIS component based development under distributed GIS components environment and enables the rapid setting of application on the web. Moreover, users can understand easily the information of GIS component and have the effective investment, timeliness and reliability while they have less maintenance effort by agent. In order to design and implement this system on web, HTML and ASP (Active Serve Page), and JAVA were used. In addition, the performance of this system was verified through comparing others, which are similar to.

In this paper, we present the different characteristics of NDVI fluctuation pattern between irrigated and non-irrigated area in Suphanburi province, in Central Thailand. For non-irrigated rice cultivation area, there is a strong correlation between NDVI fluctuation and peak rainfall, while there is a lower correlation with irrigated area. In this study, the 'peak detector' classifier was developed to identify the area of non-irrigated and irrigated cropping and its cropping intensity (number of crops per year). This classifier was created based on cropping characteristics such as number of crops, time or planting period of each crop and its relationship with the peak of rainfall. The classified result showed good accuracy in identification irrigated and nonirrigated rice cultivation areas.

Nepal is a country of mountains The higher order geodetic points were mostly established on the top of mountains and these points were used for the geodetic network extension. Lower order geodetic control networks were established at different times and used for the surveying and mapping activities of the country.. It has been found that the rate of convergence between north and south borders of Nepal to be 21${\pm}$2 mm each year and the rate translation of Kathmandu to 55${\pm}$3 mm/year to the plates. The most intense deformation in Nepal occurs along the belt of high mountains along its northern border res ulting in a strain contraction rate normal to the Himalayan Arc. This belt is approximately 40 km wide and extends into southern Tibet.( 13). Recently Survey Department of Nepal has lunched a program of strengthening the existing geodetic network of Nepal and re-observed the position of higher order geodetic points by using geodetic GPS receivers to evaluate their position and thus to define the precision of the control points once again. This paper describes the observation procedure and the adjustment results of the existing higher order control network of Nepal established in different time using different types of equipment and techniques; and highlights the observation procedure and the result obtained after the post processing of the GPS observation results. Attempt has been made to give the procedure and identify the methodology for the re observation of existing higher order geodetic points by using GPS receiver and post processing the observed data so that the existing higher order geodetic points are within the given accuracy standard.

Cirrus clouds observation was conducted using a lidar system in order to measure their height, thickness and optical depth at Kwangju (35$^{\circ}$10'N, 126$^{\circ}$53'), Korea in winter, December 2002, and spring March and April 2003. Cirrus clouds at high altitude can be distinguished from atmospheric aerosols location by high depolarization ratio and high altitude. Cirrus clouds were observed at 5${\sim}$12km altitudes with a high depolarization ratio from 0.2 to 0.5. Optical depth of cirrus clouds had varied from 0.28 to 1.81. Radiative effect of observed cirrus cloud on climate system was estimated to be negative net flux from ?0.24 to ?31.04 W/m$^{2}$.

In 2002 Thailand was faced with severe flooding in the North, Northeast and Central parts of the country caused by heavy rainfall of the monsoonal depression which brought about significant damages. According to the report by the Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of Agricultural and Co-operatives, the total damages were estimated to be about 6 billion bath. More than 850,000 farmers and 10 million livestock were effected. An area of 1,450,000 ha of farmland in 59 Provinces were put under water for a prolonged period. Satellite imageries were employed for mapping and monitoring the flood-inundated areas, flood damage assessment, flood hazard zoning and post-flood survey of river configuration and protection works. By integrating satellite data with other updated spatial and non-spatial data, likely flood zones can be predicted beforehand. Some examples of satellite data application to flood dis aster mitigation in Thailand during 2002 using mostly Radarsat-1 data and Landsat-7 data were illustrated and discussed in the paper. The results showed that satellite data can clearly identify and give information on the status, flooding period, boundary and damage of flooding. For comprehensive flood mitigation planning, other geo-informatic data, such as the elevation of topography, hydrological data need to be integrated. Ground truth data of the watershed area, including the water level, velocity, drainage pattern and direction were also useful for flood forecasting in the future.

Information on forest volume, forest coverage and biomass are important for developing global perspectives about CO$_{2}$ concentration changes. Forest biomass cannot be directly measured from space yet, but remotely sensed greenness can be used to estimate biomass on decadal and longer time scales in regions of distinct seasonality, as in the north. Hence, in this research, numerical methods were used to estimate forest biomass in higher northern regions. A regression model linking Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI), to forest biomass extracted from SPOT/4 VEGETATION data and PAL 8km data in regional and continental area (N40-N70) respectively. Statistical tests indicated that the regression model can be used to represent the changes of forest biomass carbon pools and sinks at high latitude regions over years 1982-2000. This study suggests that the implementation of estimation of biomass based on 8-km resolution NOAA/AVHRR PAL and SPOT-4/VEGETATION data could be detected over a range of land cover change processes of interest for global biomass change studies.

Due to rapid increase in the demand of Natural Rubber (NR) few years ago, NR price sore very higher. The rubber plantation in Thailand expanded very fast to non traditional areas with the result Thai become the biggest NR exporting country in the world. However, the average yield is still lower compared to experimental yield of RRIT (Rubber Research Institute of Thailand) or just 60 % (RRIT, 1998). This is due to many of new rubber planting areas, which are not suitable. The Thai Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives thus has set 'The complete cycle development strategies for natural rubber' in the medium-term measures by reducing the rubber planting areas by 300,000 rai (1 rai = 0.16ha) through replanting with oil palm. The aim of this study is to find out land having lowest potential for rubber production (R3) but highest for oil palm production (P1). Find areas which are unsuitable for rubber and can be replaced by oil palm in order to get a better agricultural production. The study was applied upon Krabi province, Thailand. Crops requirement, degree of limitation to crops growth, climatic data, crops yield, soil map, topographic map etc., were used to evaluate land potential for both rubber and oil palm production according to FAO framework (Sys, 1992). An Agro-ecological suitability map for rubber and oil palm were produced. This was done by mean of GIS. The database was generated and guide map for the decision makers in view of suitable crop substitution was prepared.

Land is the only immovable property that can be used, as a means for agricultural production as well as a means for mortgage for financing industrial or commercial enterprises. Spatial technologies play a key role in managing our land, water and natural resources. Cadastral data is a major component for the development of Land Information System. Therefore, systematic land registration system based on accurate and scientific cadastral map are found inevitable for poverty alleviation, good governance and women empowerment through security of their rights on property, as well as the planning and development of a sustainable environmental protection within Metropolitan city. Digital cadastral parcel is the fundamental spatial unit on which database is designed, created, maintained and operated. Availability of accurate and updated cadastral maps is a primary requisite for successful planning, policy formulating and maintenance of city utility services, which need cadastral and utility information together. Flawed cadastral maps can put land, revenue and taxation system at stake. Kathmandu the capital city of Nepal still is lacking utility maps combining cadastral information with the utility. There is an urgent need to have an effective, accurate and easy to access land revenue and utility services system within the urban areas which could be achieved after the production of reliable base maps and land registration system to guarantee land allocation and property rights which can well be achieved by digital conversion and correction of base cadastral maps. This paper highlights the drawbacks of the conventional cadastral maps and the possible advantages of digital cadastral maps over these. Also the problems, issues and implications during digital conversion and creating database of the same will be discussed.

This study explores the temporal and spatial features near 67years (1934 ?2001) and landcover change in last 14 years (1987-2001) in Shijiazhuang, China, based on 67-year time series data edited from historical maps, TM and ETM+ imageries by integrating GIS and remote sensing method. An index named Annual Growth Rate (AGR) is used to analyze the spatial features of urban sprawl, and Maximum Likelihood classification method is utilized to detect the land cover types change. At last, the relationship between urbanization and factors is analyzed.

The Remote Sensing Group of the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) has acquired SAR data of the Central Cebu Island for its research study area. The MGB is one of the proponent of DOST-NASA PACRIM II Project, which is composed of eleven (11) agencies and institutions in the Philippines, that focuses on the scientific application of radar data with the theme on hazard and natural resources management. The PACRIM II Project, being done on three-year term, is slated for completion in the year 2004. The main thrust of the project study of the MGB is the baseline environmental monitoring studies, on which the data are to be fused with some other available data from LandSAT and photogrammetry. The generated data is part of the information for the update of thematic mapping being done. The 12 ${\times}$ 60 km swath AirSAR data covers the Central Cebu Island. The highlights of conducting this research project are: Extent of Watershed Basin boundaries - identification of the tributaries that drain water supply to the metropolitan area; Monitoring of the mountain highways - identification of landslide risk prone sites as part of natural hazard monitoring on a national highway that cuts along the mountainous areas; and Coastline change assessment - monitoring the coastline activities relative to the rapid urbanization and exposure as part of coastal management. The Phase 1 of this report discusses the fusion with the ArcView generated data as baseline studies on the monitoring activities.

In order to rapidly catch up urban region’s detailed land-use or land-cover information; this research used the post-classification algorithm (Spatial Reclassification Kernel: SPARK) to create a land-use map of Taichung City. We discussed the urban land-use classification model with the IKONOS images. The conclusions may be distinguished as follows:(a) Using the Maximum-Likelihood algorithm to classify seven broad land-cover categories. The overall accuracy in this stage achieves 92.72% and Kappa coefficient will be obtained 0.91; and (b) Using the SPARK method to classify images for detect the land-use, the overall accuracy achieves higher 89.64% and Kappa coefficient will be 0.86. To conclude, the research process in this study can fully and carefully describe local land-use pattern and assist the demand of land management and resources planning reference.

IKONOS image mapping is being considered a possible replacement to the traditional mapping in many countries due to their ease of access to current data and their potential high resolution. Survey Department of His Majesty's Government completed traditional orthophoto mapping of all urban and semi-urban areas of the country. The 1:5000 monochrome orthophoto maps of Kathmandu Valley were completed in 2003. In 2002, as a test, production of a near natural colour Image Map at 1:5000 scale of a part of Kathmandu Valley based on IKONOS data was carried out. A conventional line map plotting of the same area at 1:5000 was also prepared. The objective of the pilot project was to assess the geometric accuracy and the information content of these maps. The details of the study and their results are underlined. The findings of the study helps to explain whether IKONOS image map can replace conventional orthophoto map at 1:5,000 for urban areas of Nepal like Kathmandu.

The 4 sets of environmental variables dealing with meteorology, hydrology and physiography were analyzed to generate a spatial drought risk index of Phitsanulok province of Thailand. The analysis of K-mean and discriminant were applied to the set of the selective drought variables for grouping each of spatial variable set into 4 classes. The obtained 4 classes, based on group statistics, were thus recoded in the meaning of no risk, low risk, moderate risk, and high risk. The regression coefficient between recoded classes and a set of the selective environmental variables were then applied as spatial variable weighting on thematic dataset in GIS spatial analysis. The results showed that the weighting score of drought variable was highest in meteorological variable compared to other variables.

GRAM++ is a collection of software packages for geographic information system (GIS) applications, developed indigenously at the Centre of Studies in Resources Engineering (CSRE), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Bombay. This software is now being used for a number of GIS applications that assist decision makers in taking informed decisions. Some of these applications include simulation of the spatial impact of raising height of dam and assessment of the costs and benefits; identifying sites suitable for inland aquaculture and validation with existing sites; developing resource profiles and computation of human development indices for prioritized development; land suitability analysis for agriculture applications.

The effects of JPEG2000 compression on automated DSM extraction by using the area-based matching are evaluated in this paper. The influences on DSM heights obtained via PCI Geomatics OrthoEngine module are investigated using a single stereo model of 1:5,000 scale aerial photography at image resolution of 20 ${\mu}$m. The experiment design of elevation errors are computed for a range of compression rates from 2:1 to about 100:1, and the DSM which generated from uncompressed image is used as ‘ground truth’ data for comparison. The experimental results show that the standard deviation ranged from 0.9m to 2.5m with the compression ratio from 2 to 100. It is also observed that there is no significant degradation on DSM accuracy up to the compression ratio of 33.

Like other major cities in the world, Bangkok and some other cities in Thailand are expanding rapidly. The Office of Transports and Traffic Policy and Planning had selected three cities for a study of urban change; namely, Bangkok Metropolis and vicinity ( including Nontha buri, Samut Prakan , Prathum Thani, Samut Sakhon and Nakhon Pathom), Chiang Mai and Nakhon Nayok. The main objective of the study is to monitor urban development and urban extension as well as the change of landuse from farm land to urban area during two periods by using available satellite data. LANDSAT-5 TM and SPOT-HRV panchromatic were used for the first period and LANDSAT-7 ETM+ and IRS-lD panchromatic were used for the second period with a lapsed time of 14 years. I was found that during this period Bangkok Metropolis and vicinity extended 1,222 square kilometer; Chiang Mai 68.3 square kilometer, Nakhon Nayok 5.97 square kilometer. Most landuse categories which had been changed to urban were rice paddy and mixed orchard. Some suggestion for sound urban development based on satellite data was also included.

A ground-based, C-band full polarimetric mobile Scatterometer system has been developed in Malaysia with collaboration between Malaysian Centre for Remote Sensing (MACRES) and Multimedia University (MMU). The main purpose of this system is to measure and monitor backscattering coefficient, ${\sigma }^0$, for earth terrain such as paddy fields, forest and soil surfaces. This paper describes the preliminary results on radar backscatter measurement from paddy field using the mobile C-band Scatterometer system. The measurement campaign was conducted at Sungai Burung area in April 2003. Real time data were collected using four polarization modes (HH, HV, VV and VH), at various incidence angles ranging from 0$^0$ to 60$^0$. The measurement data show consistent results as compared to other reports, which verify the capability of this Scatterometer system as a useful tool for remote sensing.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential application of TERRA-ASTER data in Thailand. ASTER VNIR, SWIR and TIR data covering greater Bangkok and Chiangmai province were processed with various techniques in the spatial domain to study the applicability to various disciplines. ASTER data was also combined with other satellite data in order to utilize multi-sensor methods. It was found that VNIR data can clearly identify urban pattern including road network and vegetation index. While SWIR and TIR data can well separate between urban and non urban area and TIR data can differentiate among thermal surfaces. Furthermore, dense urban areas such as central business area could be highlighted. Land utilization, vegetable distribution and differences of temperature distribution were investigated.

In this paper, we describe the development of a Southeast Asia environmental information web portal based on near real time MODIS Level 2 and higher level products generated from the direct broadcast data received at the Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing (CRISP). This web portal aims to deliver timely environmental information to interested users in the region. Interpreted data will be provided instead of raw satellite data to reduce operational requirements on our system, and to enable users with limited bandwidths to have access to the system.

The procurement of mobile microwave scatterometer involve the consideration to ensure vehicle and equipment selection full-filled technical requirement and safety standard in Malaysia. Designing, and modification works involve engineering methodology in determining and selecting a suitable hydraulic telescopic boom that suit a selected vehicle available from the market. The vehicle is also a delivery system for microwave remote sensing equipment and other accessories to any locations in Malaysia. Total loading to be carried by the vehicle is about 4500 kg and its overall weight must be 16,000 kg as recommended by hydraulic telescopic boom manufacturers. The telescopic boom will elevate microwave scatterometer system and antenna to a maximum height of 27 m, and can also be rotated through 360$^{\circ}$. A mechanism is incorporated in the system to enable tracking or monitoring angular movement of the hydraulic telescopic boom when positioned towards required target.

Since it's establishment Malaysian Center for Remote Sensing (MACRES) has focused on the measurements from airborne and space borne remote sensors. In the year 1999 MACRES in collaboration with Multimedia University Malaysia (MMU) began developing it's own remote sensing sensors to meet Malaysian Remote Sensing needs. MACRES adopted a very systematic approached to the development of these microwave sensors. Starting from non-imaging ground base microwave remote sensing sensors MACRES is now well into developing it's first Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar. With the capability of developing it's own sensors MACRES will profit more on the microwave remote sensing application research. This paper will demonstrate MACRES capability in developing Microwave Remote Sensing Sensors to meet Malaysian remote sensing society needs.

Recently, DGPS or RTK-GPS techniques enable us to use satellite based positioning systems with high accuracy. But in urban area, navigation systems suffer from problems such as signal blockage by high-rise buildings, multi-path problems, and so on. So we have to know numbers of visible satellites and quality of signals received at the ground level in urban area as accurate as possible. In this paper, we developed a simulation system called LoQAS [Location service Quality Assessment System, 2002, the University of Tokyo] which can simulate numbers of visible satellites and DOP values using accurate satellite orbital data and 3-D digital map. In this time, we evaluated this system and extended it to deal with reflected signals to assess multi-path problems.

The costal area where takes up over 32% in domestic teritory is considered as very importantly because it has not only economic facilities such as harbor and an industrial complex but also recreation facilities. Moreover, the tidal flat area has been used as culture ponds and salt farms because this area is occupied by various oceanic species. Also, the tidal flat area has played an important role to purify ocean pollution and maintain an ecosystem. However, the costal ecosystem has seriously threatened by domestic reclamation projects and a large-scale tide embankment during recent 10 years in Korea. This serious problem results in loosing 34%(810$km^2$) of the entire domestic costal area. In this paper, the micro-landform in the tidal flat area, which is called as Garolim bay in Korea, is classified by using Landsat TM images also verified through a filed report. Through the result of this, the tidal flat area is expected to manage efficiently especially through analyzing sediment environment and characteristic of grain size by using satellite images.

Atmospheric water vapor is a key variable in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, but it is a crucial factor to limit the accuracy of high-precision GPS positioning technique. For both issues, knowledge about the amount of water vapor is extremely important. In this study, we perform a simulation study to utilize GPS signals through a developed tomographic scheme to retrieve 3D structure of atmospheric wet refractivity, which may be assimilated into NWP models for advancing forecasting or position calculation for improving GPS positioning accuracy. For the purpose of knowing the absolute accuracy of the developed tomographic method, a well-defined temporal and spatial varying state of atmospheric profile is utilized. Under such circumstance, several factors that may influence the retrievals can be easily examined and their impacts may be clearly quantified. They include the values of the positional dilution of precision (PDOP) factors of the GPS signals, ... etc. Based upon the use of a variety spectrum of adjustable factors, many interesting findings are obtained. For example, the more is the number of the observed GPS signals the better becomes the retrievals as expected. Also, the smaller is the PDOP value the better becomes the retrievals.

The purpose of establishing GPS networks of continuously operating reference stations (CORS) is aimed to assist land surveying or crustal deformation in the early stage. However, with a fast evolving and improving path the GPS technique has been extended to accurately measure atmospheric precip itable water vapor as a core objective of many projects developed in many countries and regions such as the SuomiNet (U.S., UNAVCO), COST716 (European, COST), GEONET (Japan, GSI), ...etc. In this paper, we present the current progress of the being-set-up GPS network in Taiwan whose atmospheric profile observations mainly count on the traditional radiosonde soundings as typically seen in any other part of the world. The GPS data collected from the Taiwan dense GPS network primarily supported by Central Weather Bureau are processed using the Bernese software version 4.2. Precipitable water vapor is then derived with the auxiliary surface meteorological measurements. Time series of precipitable water are examined and analyzed. A focus on the extreme weather cases is shown as an example.

The primary uses of SWIR bands of ASTER data are to analyze geological features. In this study, we are attempting to evaluate the effect of using the narrow band A STER data for extracting information related to biophysical information of forest vegetation. ASTER and ETM+ data have been obtained simultaneously over the study area in Kyongan-River basin on May 8, 2003. Two data sets were initially processed to reduce atmospheric effects and converted to percent reflectance values, which make them comparable each other. ASTER and ETM+ reflectance were then analyzed by using the field survey data that include forest leaf area index (LAI), cover types, species composition, and stand density. Preliminary results show that ASTER reflectance were not much different to ETM+ reflectance to explain LAI.

This study a imed to analyze the effect of combined optical and radar image for the land cover classification in coastal region. The study area, Gyeonggi Bay area has one of the largest tidal ranges and has frequent land cover changes due to the several reclamations and rather intensive land uses. Ten land cover types were classified using several datasets of combining Landsat ETM+ and RADARSAT imagery. The synergic effects of the merged datasets were analyzed by both visual interpretation and an ordinary supervised classification. The merged optical and SAR datasets provided better discrimination among the land cover classes in the coastal area. The overall classification accuracy of merged datasets was improved to 86.5% as compared to 78% accuracy of using ETM+ only.

This study attempts to analyze the potential of global scale NDVI data archive to monitor regional scale droughts. Ten-days maximum value NDVI composite data of the northeast Asia region were acquired for the growing seasons from 1993 to 2003. Two NDVI-derived drought indices (SVI, VCI), reported from previous studies, were applied to the study area. Although the SVI and VCI are mainly developed for monitoring the drought condition at the agriculture crop and grasslands, it turned out that they were also effective to reveal the drought condition over the temperate mixed forest. The drought symptom lasts at least one or two months even after the normal raining begins.

Diurnal variations in the atmospheric vapor at Banchiao of Taiwan are studied by analyzing 30 min-averaged data in the summer of 1998. The surface meteorological measurements were mainly obtained from the Central Weather Bureau (CWB) of Taiwan. It is found that precipitable water (PW) is increased in the afternoon. The maximum of precipitable water appears at around 0900 LST. The diurnal range of precipitable water is larger on the days with than without rainfall events. Rainfall events often occur in the afternoon and early morning. We also examine the difference in the characteristics of the PW signatures with and without rainfall according to the occurrence of the times for the rainfall peak and the onset of rainfall.

Ocean color products derived from remote sensing satellite data are useful for monitoring the sea water quality such as the concentrations of chlorophyll, sediments and dissolved organic matter. Currently, ocean color products derived from MODIS data can be requested from NASA over the internet. However, due to the bandwidth limitation of most users in this region, and the time delay in data delivery, the products cannot be use for near-real time monitoring of sea water chlorophyll. CRISP operates a MODIS data receiving station for environmental monitoring purposes. MODIS data have been routinely received and processed to level 1B. We have adapted the higher level processing algorithms from the Institutional Algorithms provided by NASA to run in a standalone environment. The implemented algorithms include the MODIS ocean color algorithms. Seasonal chlorophyll concentration composite can be compiled for the region. By comparing the near-real time chlorophyll product with the seasonal composite, anomaly in chlorophyll concentration can be detected.

A methodology of the integrating the similar color circle search of the spectral data and segmentation of the height data is developed. The method is then applied to study areas, and the results by IKONOS, LIDAR and data fusion are verified with the ground truth, and examined in terms of the accuracy. Results show that with the data fusion the accuracy are improved by about 15% in most of the study areas. The methodology for the detection of individual tree stands by data fusion is explored, and the utility of combinatorial use of the spectral and the height information is demonstrated.

Recently, various researches in respect of the positioning technologies using satellites and the other sensors have made location-based services (LBS) more common and accurate. Consequently, concern about position information has been increasing. However, since these positioning systems only focus on user's position, it is difficult to know the user's attitude or detailed behaviors at the specific position. It is worthy to study on how to acquire such human attitude or behavior, because those information is useful to know the context of the user. In this paper, the sensor unit consisting of three dimensional accelerometer was attached to human body, and autonomously measured the perpendicular acceleration of ordinary human behaviors including activity modes such as walking, running, and transportation mode using transportation such as a train, a bus, and an elevator. Subsequently, using the classified measurement results, the method to identify the human activity modes was proposed.

This study investigated the use of airborne image data to provide estimates of within -field variability in soil properties and crop growth as an alternative to extensive field data collection. Hyperspectral and multispectral images were acquired in 2000, 2001, and 2002 for central Missouri experimental fields. Data were converted to reflectance using chemically-treated reference tarps with known reflectance levels. Geometric distortion of the hyperspectral pushbroom sensor images was corrected with a rubber sheeting transformation. Statistical analyses were used to relate image data to field-measured soil properties and crop characteristics. Results showed that this approach has potential; however, it is important to address a number of implementation issues to insure quality data and accurate interpretations.

RAZAKSAT is a second micro-satellite mission by Malaysian Satellite Program and is expected for launch in June 2004. Designed to orbit the earth at low-equatorial orbit, RAZAKSAT will meet Malaysia’s immediate needs to rapid data acquisition (real time and more repetitions) to address many operational issues of remote sensing applications, which require availability of current data sets. RAZAKSAT will be among the first remote sensing satellite to orbit the earth at low inclination along the equator, 9$^{\circ}$ with 685km altitude, hence, allows optimal geographical information and environment change within equatorial region be observed with a unique revisit characteristics. The satellite primary payload is MAC, a push-broom type camera with 2.5m of ground sampling distance (GSD) in panchromatic band and 5m of GSD in four multi-spectral bands. This paper describes on the variation of illumination anticipated from simulated RAZAKSAT image, examine its implication to its ground leaving radiances for major applications.

In this research, the concrete with paint film was classified using hyper-spectral remote sensing. First, spectral characteristics of concrete and concrete with some kinds of paint films were investigated with a spectrometer. Second, using reflectance and first order derivative, spectral characteristics of the normal concrete and the concrete with paint film were classified. By using hyper-spectral remote sensing, not only extraction of crack but also inspection of paint film distribution is possible.

A ground control point (GCP) is a point on the surface of Earth where image coord inates and map coordinates can be identified. The GCP is useful for the geometric correction of systematic and unsystematic errors usually contained in a remotely sensed data. Especially in case of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, it has serious geometric distortions caused by inherent side looking geometry. In addition, SAR images are usually severely corrupted by speckle noises so that it is difficult to identify ground control points. We developed a ground point extraction algorithm that has an improved capability. An application of radargrammetry to Daejon area in Korea was studied to acquire the geometric information. For the ground control point extraction algorithm, an ERS SAR data with precise Delft orbit information and rough digital elevation model (DEM) were used. We analyze the accuracy of the results from our algorithm by using digital map and GPS survey data.

This contribution reports on the potential of L-band Permanent Scatterer technique for the detection and monitoring of ground subsidence. We present the use of PS in the abandoned mining area, Korea. Discrete and temporarily stable natural reflectors or permanent scatterers (PS) can be identified from long temporal series of interferometric SAR images. This subset of image pixels can be exploited successfully for high accuracy differential measurements (Ferretti et al., 2000).

In this paper, ground penetrating radar (GPR), which has the capability to detect non metal and plastic mines, is proposed to detect and discriminate antipersonnel (AP) landmines. The time domain GPR - Impulse radar and frequency domain GPR - SFCW (Stepped Frequency Continuous Wave) radar is utilized for metal and non-metal landmine detection and its performance is investigated. Since signal processing is vital for target reorganization and clutter rejection, we implemented the MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) algorithm for the signal processing of SFCW radar data and SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) processing method for the signal processing of Impulse radar data.

The Earthquake Case Study and Disasters Information System based on GIS (MapECDIS 2002 for Windows), sponsored by Science and Technique Ministry of CHINA, is a GIS system developed to provide a tool for the government and the public to query and comprehend the disaster information (since 2221BC) and case study results (since 1966) of destructive earthquakes occurred in China. The system is expected to be useful for the earthquake forecast practice, the seismology research and earthquake disasters research as an applied assistant tool. The design idea and main functions of the system are introduced in the paper.

This study focuses on examing the feasibility of differential SAR interferometry (DInSAR) in the Northeastern Kyungsang Basin, Korea. Major faults in the Kyungsang Basin such as Yangsan fault, Dongrae fault, and Ulsan fault had developed during Cretaceous, and the activeness of these faults is still controversial in Korean geology community. We attempt to measure displacements in the study area by applying DInSAR techniques to JERS-1 SAR data sets. Some surface displacements are recognized by DInSAR method at Young-il Bay in which the POSCO Company locates, although the displacements may not be directly associated with geologic structures. We also discuss atmospheric effects for the techniques used.

We apply the radar interferometry technique to JERS-1 SAR data sets for detection of slow surface deformation occurred in Mt. Baekdu for a 6-year period (from 1992 to 1998). A series of interferograms has been constructed, and they indicated slow uplift deformation around the volcano. However, it is not conclusive because most interferometric fringes correlate with topographic elevation. It is necessary to remove trophospheric effects in the future works.

$CO_2$ uptake of vegetation is one of the important variables in order to estimate photosynthetic activity, plant growth and carbon budget estimations. The objective of this research was to develop a new estimation method of $CO_2$ uptake of vegetation based on airborne hyperspectral remote sensing measurements in combination with a photosynthetic rate curve model. In this study, a compact airborne spectrographic imager (CASI) was used to obtain image over a field that had been set up to study the $CO_2$ uptake of corn on August 7, 2002. Also, a field survey was conducted concurrently with the CASI overpass. As a field survey, chlorophyll a content, photosynthetic rate curve, Leaf area, dry biomass and light condition were measured. The developed estimation method for $CO_2$ uptake consists of three major parts: a linear mixture model, an enhanced big leaf model and a photosynthetic rate curve model. The Accuracy of this scheme indicates that $CO_2$ uptake of vegetation could be estimated by using airborne hyperspectral remote sensing data in combination with a physiological model.

The CC's main objective is to manage and control the various operation of the MSC camera. The CC has capability to control the various camera operation modes such as INIT mode, WAIT mode, STANDBY mode, READY IMAGING, DEFAULT READY IMAGING, IBIT and IMAGING mode as well as to manage the interface of the PMU. This paper also shows not only the design concepts in the both of the hardware and the operational software, but also the implementation results for the various CC functions.

The aim of this study is to assess the integrated use of different features extracted from spaceborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data and optical data for land cover classification. Special attention is given to the discriminatory characteristics of the features derived from the multisource data sets. For the evaluation of the features , the statistical maximum likelihood decision rule and neural network classification are used and the results are compared. The performance of each method was evaluated by measuring the overall accuracy. In all cases, the performance of the first method was better than the performance of the latter one. Overall, the research indicated that multisource data sets containing different information about backscattering and reflecting properties of the selected classes of objects can significantly improve the classification of land cover types.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the Pi-SAR data for land cover discrimination using a standard method. For this purpose, the original polarization and Pauli components of the Pi-SAR X-band and L-band data are used and the results are compared. As a method for the land cover discrimination, the traditional method of statistical maximum likelihood decision rule is selected. To increase the accuracy of the classification result, different spatial thresholds based on local knowledge are determined and used for the actual classification process. Moreover, to reduce the speckle noise and increase the spatial homogeneity of different classes of objects, a speckle suppression filter is applied to the original Pi-SAR data before applying the classification decision rule. Overall, the research indicated that the original Pi-SAR polarization components can be successfully used for separation of different land cover types without taking taking special polarization transformations.

The aim of this study is to describe the problems and solutions for creating a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) mosaic covering the total territory of Mongolia and highlight the role of the available SAR database for updating different thematic layers stored in a geographical information system (GIS).

MSC(Multi-Spectral Camera) system is a remote sensing instrument to obtain high resolution ground image. MSC system includes main control unit, called SBC(Single Board Computer). SBC controls all the sub-units of MSC system and communicates with spacecraft bus. The software developed for SBC should be reliable and autonomous to support various kinds of imaging missions. It is being developed using VxWorks real-time operating system to manage all tasks for all units efficiently. In this paper, the characteristics of the embedded software on the MSC system will be presented. It covers the hardware related characteristics like the BSP(Board Support Package), device driver and code patch mechanism.

SBC(Single Board Computer) is being developed for MSC(Multi-Spectral Camera) on KOMPSAT-2(Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite). SBC controls all the units of MSC system and gets commands and sends telemetry to and from spacecraft bus via 1553 communication channel. Due to the fact that SBC does very important roles for MSC system operation and SBC operates with 100% duty cycle, SBC is designed to have high reliability. SBC which has Intel 80486 as a main processor includes eight serial communication channels, one mil-std-1553 interface channel and several discrete interfaces. SBC incorporates 2Mbyte radiation hardened SRAM(Static Random Access Memory) and 1Mbyte flash memory. There are also PIC(Programmable Interrupt Controller), counter, WDT(Watch Dog Timer) in the SBC. In this paper, the design result of the SBC is presented.

Change detection technology, which discovers the change information on the surface of the earth by comparing and analyzing multi-temporal satellite images, can be usefully applied to the various fields, such as environmental inspection, urban planning, forest policy, updating of geographical information and the military usage. In this paper, we introduce a change detection system that can extract and analyze change elements from high-resolution satellite imagery as well as low- or middle-resolution satellite imagery. The developed system provides not only 7 pixelbased methods that can be used to detect change from low- or middle-resolution satellite images but also a float window concept that can be used in manual change detection from highresolution satellite images. This system enables fast access to the very large image, because it is constituted by OGC grid coverage components. Also new change detection algorithms can be easily added into this system if once they are made into grid coverage components.

KOMPSAT-2 provides two different imaging methods, direct imaging and playback imaging. For playback imaging operation KOMPSAT-2 has a storage device called DCSU (Data Compression & Storage Unit) to hold images taken before. Compression function is necessary to save memory space and data transmission time to ground station. There are several parameters for compression like compression ratio. Due to DCSU architectural characteristics and KOMPSAT-2 operational limitations, there are some restrictions on selecting compression parameters. This paper will provide selecting guides on compression parameters.

Remote sensing data processing and analysis system can be developed based on the Grid Coverage Specification and this kind of system is also can be easily interoperate with GIS systems conforming OpenGIS specification. This paper proposes a method to implement easily and quickly the new grid coverages that provide new operations, or services, by reusing the existing grid coverage components, which is based on the fact that the pipeline constructed by grid coverages can be represented in one grid coverage. This method complements easily the deficiency of the existing grid coverage components and enables quick implementation of the new grid coverage that provides complex processing operations.

MSC(Multi-Spectral Camera) which is a unique payload for KOMPSAT-2, comprises main three subsystems of PMU(Paylaod Management Unit), EOS(Electro -Optical Subsystem) and PDTS(Payload Data Transmission Subsystem). The PMU, as a main controller of MSC, performs major tasks such as interfacing with S/C(Space Craft), controlling the MSC operation, distributing and controlling of operating power to all MSC including thermal unit, etc. In this paper the H/W configurations as well as the functions of PMU are introduced and possible changes for the future development are suggested.

In this paper, we investigated a method for feature - based classification to develop software which is suitable to the classification of high resolution satellite imagery . So, we developed related algorithm and designed user interfaces of convenience, considering various elements require for the feature - based classification. The software was tested with eCognition software which is unique commercial software for feature - based classification.

The information about transactions of real estate has tended to be not open. Therefore, it has been difficult for individuals to judge the proper price of each real estate. In the course of time several studies have been conducted on proposing criterions for judging the proper price of real estates. As to office buildings and apartments, it is proved techniques required for making criterions have been achieved to a certain extent. Therefore, this research aims to make methods that propose to consumers reliable criteria for judging the proper price of detached houses. The methods are based on hedonic price method and micro-level spatial elements peculiar to detached houses are considered.

In MSC(Multi-spectral camera ), the incoming light is converted to electronic analog signals by the CCD(charge coupled device) detectors. The analog signals are amplified, biased and converted into digital signals (pixel data stream) in the FPE(Focal plane electronics ). The digital data is transmitted to the PMU for pre-processing to correct for nonuniformity, to partially reorder the pixel stream and to add header data for identification and synchronization In this paper, the video data streams is described in terms of hardware.

The CCD (Charge coupled device) detector that is used to convert the light into electronic data is very important component in satellite camera. A Linear CCD Spectral detector shall be used in the MSC (Multi-Spectral Camera, to obtain data for high-resolution images) Payload. In this paper, the design concept of the CCD detector control module in the MSC CEU (Camera electronic unit) system which will be a payload on KOMPSAT is described in terms of H/W (clock speed and accuracy).

The processes of regional scales in the East Korean coastal waters were investigated by analysis of the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images taken by the European Research Satellites ERS-1, ERS-2 and Envisat. More than 500 quick look frames taken in 1991-2003 were examined to detect the frames with clearly surface expressions of oceanic phenomena. 26 ERS-1/2 SAR and 11 Envisat wide swath Advanced SAR (ASAR) frames were selected and obtained from the European Space Agency in a form of the precision high-resolution images. The following oceanic phenomena and processes were evident in the radar imagery through the Korean costal waters: fronts, currents, eddies, internal waves, island and ship wakes, oil pollution, etc. They manifested themselves in the field of sea surface roughness, their scale ranged from several tens meters to about 100 km. The most common morphology of these phenomena was a series of contrast dark or light curvilinear lines and bands. The joint analysis of the discussed SAR images with other satellite and in situ data supported and enhanced our interpretation of SAR signatures.

This study investigated interannual variations in Northeastern Asian vegetation activity inferred from NOAA/AVHRR data during 1984 to 1993. Firstly, original NOAA/AVHRR data was radiometrically and atmospherically corrected in order to produce a consistent and calibrated time series NDVI by eliminating the effect of atmospheric effects and sensor degradation. Next, the NDVI data was analyzed to detect terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change. A larger increase in growing season NDVI magnitude was observed in Northeastern Asia. Especially, vegetation activity is increasing in north part of Northeastern Asia. However, satellite drift and eruption effect have affect on interannual NDVI variations and it has affected the result in some degree. To improve accuracy of the result, it is necessary to correct these effects.

Spatial image processing software requires various user interactions to make a plan, prepare necessary data such as images, vectors, ancillary data and user-defined data, execute functions according to pre-defined procedures, analyze and store the results. In this manner, overall processes are controlled by user interactions. In this paper, we propose visual modeler which has the automated spatial image processing technique to minimize user interactions and re -use repeatable procedure. The proposed visual modeler is designed to use inter-operable components proposed by OpenGIS consortium as well as conventional COM components.

In this research, GIS based evaluation methods were applied to habitats of Japanese black bear (Ursus thibetanus japonicus Schlegel) in northern Honshu. The study area was divided into 828 small watershed units , and five GIS indexes, Vegetation Type（V.T.）, Extent of Forest Cover (E.F.C.) Slope Incline (S.I), Average Altitude (A.A.) and Road Density(R.D.), were used to evaluate each watershed unit in terms of suitability as black bear habitat. In addition, Interspersion and Juxtaposition spatial indices were calculated for each watershed unit. The results clearly identified the regions with the most suitable habitats, indicating that this methodology is suitable for application to various environmental planning efforts, such as regional development master plans, project-specific environmental impact assessments, species management plans and biodiversity conservation plans.

This paper proposed a practical method for building detection and extraction using airborne laser scanning data. The proposed method consists mainly of two processes: low and high level processes. The major distinction from the previous approaches is that we introduce a concept of pseudogrid (or binning) into raw laser scanning data to avoid the loss of information and accuracy due to interpolation as well as to define the adjacency of neighboring laser point data and to speed up the processing time. The approach begins with pseudo-grid generation, noise removal, segmentation, grouping for building detection, linearization and simplification of building boundary , and building extraction in 3D vector format. To achieve the efficient processing, each step changes the domain of input data such as point and pseudo-grid accordingly. The experimental results shows that the proposed method is promising.

Imagery and gridded data can be used as the sources of extracting important information and data layers in utilizing GIS. The existing metadata standard to distribute and to utilize the geographic information are mainly concentrated at the vector data and do not provide metadata components for imagery and gridded data. In this study, metadata components for imagery and gridded data have been investigated. Firstly, existing international metadata standards such as ISO and domestic standards of TTA have been analyzed. Based on th results, the draft metadata for imagery and gridded data have been proposed as the extensions of domestic metadata standard distribution. The draft metadata could contribute to build the basic standards to access and utilize proper imagery and gridded data fit to various application field, and this will be fundamental bases for activating GIS in public and private sectors.

Some of satellites such as IKONOS don't provide the orbital elements so that we can’ utilize the physical sensor model. Therefore, Rational Function Model(RFM) which is one of mathematical models could be a feasible solution. In order to improve 3D geopositioning accuracy of IKONOS stereo imagery, Rational Polynomial Coefficients(RPCs) of the RFM need to be updated with Ground Control Points(GCPs). In this paper, a method to improve RPCs of RFM using GCPs and 3D cube is proposed. Firstly, the image coordinates of GCPs are observed. And then, using offset values and scale values of RPC provided, the image coordinates and ground coordinates of 3D cube are initially determined and updated RPCs are computed by the iterative least square method. The proposed method was implemented and analyzed in several cases: different numbers of 3D cube layers and GCPs. The experimental results showed that the proposed method improved the accuracy of RPCs in great amount.

This study purposes to present strategic forest planning that can support the identification of forest resources and the maximum uses of forest functions through FMIS combining GIS, RS and LP. Forest information such as compartment structure and forest road was entered into GIS to construct FMIS. Remotely sensed data were used to land cover classification, and then geographical attributes were identified. New grouping unit, so called 'arvest unit' was introduced as the forest management unit. Strategic forest planning based on the 'arvest unit' was proposed that considered together the economic, environmental aspect of forest.

We performed a validation study of the MODIS active fire detection algorithm using high resolution SPOT image as the reference data set. Fire with visible smoke plumes are detected in the SPOT scenes, while the hotspots in MODIS data are detected using NASA's new version 4 fire detection algorithm. The detection performance is characterized by the commission error rate (false alarms) and the omission error rate (undetected fires). In the Sumatra and Kalimantan study area, the commission rate and the omission rate are 27% and 34% respectively. False alarms are probably due to recently burnt areas with warm surfaces. False negative detection occur where there are long smoke plumes and where fires occur in densely vegetated areas.

The needs of 3-D data have been increasing for various applications like visualization, 3-D modeling, planning and management as well as entertainment. Mobile mapping has become a quick and practical means for acquiring necessary 3-D data for above-mentioned applications. A mobile mapping system mainly consists of two main components, viz. data acquisition devices and positioning devices. The data acquisition devices consist of CCD cameras or/and laser scanners. The positioning devices consist of GPS, INS, Odometer (shaft encoder) and some other referencing devices. The overall accuracy of mobile mapping system depends on the accuracy of positioning devices and their integrated output. Though, GPS is the main input device for the position information, the signal is not available for the computation of position all the times in urban area. The GPS satellites are normally obstructed by high-rise buildings. Thus it is very important to understand the accuracy of such a system in different environments and means to solve such problems. We have developed a mobile mapping system called VLMS (Vehicle-borne Laser Mapping System), which consists of CCD Cameras, Laser scanners, GPS, INS and Odometer. In this paper, we will present and discuss the accuracy of this system with data acquired in different environments (open area, urban area, tunnel, express way etc) by analyzing the data with respect to other existing digital data.

The FGI is an integral component of the MSC test equipment and is situated in a slot along the ISA bus of the test equipment PC. The main function of the FGI is an interface between the MSC image data via hotlink interface and Frame Grabber. The FGI has two independent receiving channels that allow the board to receive image data arriving. The FGI also includes two transmission channels with hotlink transmitters. Additionally, the FGI is capable of generating digital video test patterns to test the NUC.

Gidra speaking people living in Wonnie area of western province in Papua New Guinea are traditionally dependent on hunting and gathering. Sago is the main staple food and the vegetation consists of rain forest (Bua) and trees with savannah grass (Yap). The population density is very low and the people are very little affected by modernization. This study is an attempt to look at the people-resource interaction in the area for the past thirty years based on aerial photographs and various satellite data. The study showed the trends of yap versus bua distribution as well as the location of garden and Sago grove areas, which is important for studying the livelihood of the people.

The methods of the geometric reconstruction and sensor calibration of satellite linear pushbroom images are investigated. The model of the sensor used is based on the SPOT model that is developed by Kraiky. The satellite trajectory is a Keplerian trajectory in the approximation. Four orbit parameters, longitude of the ascending node(${\omega}$), inclination of the orbit plan(I), latitude argument of the satellite(W) and distance between earth center and satellite, are used for the camera modeling. Time-dependent orbit parameters are expressed by quadratic polynomials. SPOT-5 images have been used for validation tests. The results are that the RMSE acquired from 20 GCPs is 1.763m and the RMSE of 5 checking points 2.470m. Because the ground resolution of SPOT-5 is 2.5m, the result obtained in this study has a good accuracy. It demonstrates that the sensor model developed by this study can be used to reconstruct the geometry of satellite image using pushbroom camera.

Geometric corrections are required to compensate skew effects, earth rotation effects and so on. Parameters for geometric modeling can be acquired from the metadata information. These parameters allow to locate on ground every pixel of acquired images. In this paper, we tested the precision of geometric modeling of linear pushbroom images, acquired by SPOT 3 and 5 using the satellite orbit information itself without additional external data. The result acquired from examination to recovery the geometry of image using 30 GCPs have about 650m RMSE in SPOT 3 and about 170m RMSE in SPOT 5.

The GMS geometric correction method with highspeed and high accuracy is needed. In this paper, a selection method of residual errors for the GMS geometric correction using GCPs (ground control points) is described. Namely, it is a technique for limiting the number of residual error acquisition using GCPs in each block to reduce the processing time. As the result, since the processing time was about 7.0 minutes on conventional geometric correction and about 5.6 minutes on the proposed method, it was shown that the processing time of about 1.4 minutes was shortened.

There are two datasets to estimate the area-mean and time-mean precipitation rate. For one, an array of surface rain gauges represents a series of rods that have to the time axis of the volume. And another data is that of a remote sensing make periodic overpasses at a fixed interval such as radar. The problem of optimally combining data from surface rain gauge data and remote sensed data is considered. In order to combining remote sensed data with Automatic Weather Station (AWS), we use optimal weighting method, which is similar to the method of [2]. They had suggested optimal weights that minimized value of the mean square error. In this paper, optimal weight is evaluated for the cases such as Changma, summer Monsoon, Typhoon and orographic rain.

Recently 3D city models are required for many applications such as urban microclimate, transportation navigation, landscape planning and visualization to name a few. The existing 3D city models mostly target on modeling buildings, but vegetation also plays an important role in the urban environment. To represent a more realistic urban environment through the 3D city model, in this research, an investigation is conducted to extract the position of trees from high resolution IKONOS imagery along with Airborne Laser Scanner data. Later, a tree growth model is introduced to simulate the growth of trees in the identified tree-positions.

Recently, the ground-based laser profiler is used for acquisition of 3D spatial information of a rchaeological objects. However, it is very difficult to measure complicated objects, because of a relatively low-resolution. On the other hand, texture mapping can be a solution to complement the low resolution, and to generate 3D model with higher fidelity. But, a huge cost is required for the construction of textured 3D model, because huge labor is demanded, and the work depends on editor's experiences and skills . Moreover, the accuracy of data would be lost during the editing works. In this research, using the laser profiler and a non-calibrated digital camera, a method is proposed for the automatic generation of 3D model by integrating these data. At first, region segmentation is applied to laser range data to extract geometric features of an object in the laser range data. Various information such as normal vectors of planes, distances from a sensor and a sun-direction are used in this processing. Next, an image segmentation is also applied to the digital camera images, which include the same object. Then, geometrical relations are determined by corresponding the features extracted in the laser range data and digital camera’ images. By projecting digital camera image onto the surface data reconstructed from laser range image, the 3D texture model was generated automatically.

In Asian countries, paddy field is indispensable for our lives not only as a source of food but also ecosystem, hydrology, landscape, culture and global warming. In this sense it is necessary to get the detailed spatial distribution of paddy field in Asian region. Remote sensing seems to be the most appropriate tool to estimate paddy field. In this study, two Terra/ASTER images acquired on different date were used to get a map of paddy field with different planting. ASTER's 15-m resolution was found to be enough to be recognize individual paddy field . Paddies with different planting stages were divided into five types using their spectral patterns. As a result a map of paddies with different planting was obtained with tolerably high accuracy.

Five new satellite image interpretation modules are developed. The modules are for: 1) construction of a realistic color image, 2) feature recognition by intensity filtering, 3) removal of spurious spots by next -neighbor count comparison, 4) deviation-amplification filtering, and 5) feature recognition by spectral distribution pattern. The modules were applied to a set of IKONOS images of 8 x 8 km area of the city of Daejeon, Korea, to recognize the distribution of various features such as water resources, playgrounds, forests, etc.

Taipei Watershed Management Bureau (WRATB) is a government agency entitled for water resources protection at two major watersheds in order to provide drinking water for about four millions population in Taipei on a sustainable basis. At WRATB, there are two major public sewage treatment facilities which can convert sewage in each watershed into an acceptable state before they were discharged into rivers. More than 82% of household wastewater have been collected and treated by the two public sewage systems. However, households at remote area still need more effective sewage management prescriptions. The objective of this paper is to implement geographic information systems in order to provide more effective approaches that sewage management can be easier and cost effective. ArcIMS was implemented for Internet browsing and map server of those sewage facilities on personal computers, laptop computers. In the open field, ArcPAD was implemented with personal digital assistant (PDA) such that compact flash type's global positioning systems (GPS) and digital camera can be utilized with PDA. All sewage facilities digital files were convert into ArcMap format files. MapObjects and visual BASIC were used to create sewage application modules to meet every single technician personal flavor. ASP.NET was implemented for Internet database manipulations of all sewage databases. Mobile GIS was the key component of GIS applications in the open field for sewage management on a basis of house by house. Houses at remote area, which can not cover by the two public sewage systems, were managed by PDA and laptop computers with GPS and digital camera. Sewage management at Taipei Watershed Management Bureau is easier both in the open field and in the office. Integration of GPS, GIS, and PDA makes sewage management in the open field much easier. ArcIMS, MapObjects, ASP.NET and visual BASIC make sewage management can be done in the office and over Internet.

Water quantity and quality monitoring at Taipei Watershed Management Bureau (WRATB) is not only a daily business but also a long term job. WRATB is responsible for providing high quality drinking water to about four millions population in Taipei. The quality of drinking water provided by WRATB is among one of the best in Taiwan. The total area is 717 square kilometers. The water resource pollution is usually divided into two categories, point source pollution and nonpoint source pollution. Garbage disposal is the most important component of the point source pollution, especially those by tourist during holidays and weekends. Pesticide pollution, fertilizer pollution, and natural pollution are the major contributions for nonpoint source pollution. The objective of this paper is to implement remote sensing, geographic information systems, and global positioning systems to monitor water quantity and water quality at WRATB. There are 12 water quality monitoring stations and four water gauge stations at WRATB. The coordinates of the 16 stations were determined by GPS devices and created into the base maps. MapObjects and visual BASIC were implemented to create application modules for water quality and quantity monitoring. Water quality of the two major watersheds at WRATB was put on Internet for public review monthly. The GIS software, ArcIMS, can put location maps and attributes of all 16 stations on Internet for general public review and technical implementations at WRATB. Inquiry and statistic charts automatic manipulations for the past 18 years are also available. Garbage disposal by community and tourist were also managed by GIS and GPS. The storage, collection, and transportation of garbage were reviewed by ArcMap file format. All garbage cart and garbage can at WRATB can be displayed on the base maps. Garbage disposal by tourist during holidays and weekends can be managed by a PDA with a GPS device and a digital camera. Man power allocation for tourist garbage disposal management can be done in an integration of GIS and GPS. Monitoring of water quality and quantity at WRATB can be done on Internet and by a PDA.

Variations in soil physical and chemical properties can affect agricultural productivity and the environmental implications of crop production. These variations are present and may be important at regional, field, and sub-field (precision agriculture) scales. Because traditional measurements are time-consuming and expensive, reflectance-based estimates of soil properties such as texture, organic matter content, water content, and nutrient status are attractive. Soil properties have been related to reflectance measured with laboratory, in-field, airborne, and satellite sensors. Both multispectral and hyperspectral instruments have been used, with both natural and artificial illumination. Varying levels of accuracy have been obtained, with the best results (r > 0.95) using hyperspectral reflectance data to estimate soil organic matter and water content.

ROCSAT-2 mission is to daily image over Taiwan and the surrounding area for disaster monitoring, land use, and ocean surveillance during the 5-year mission lifetime. The satellite will be launched in December 2003 into its mission orbit, which is selected as a 14 rev/day repetitive Sun-synchronous orbit descending over (120 deg E, 24 deg N) and 9:45 a.m. over the equator with the minimum eccentricity. National Space Program Office (NSPO) is developing a ROCSAT-2 Image Processing System (IPS), which aims to provide real-time high quality image data for ROCSAT-2 mission. A simulated ROCSAT-2 image, based on Level 1B QuickBird Data, is generated for IPS verification. The test image is comprised of one panchromatic data and four multispectral data. The qualification process consists of four procedures: (a) QuickBird image processing, (b) generation of simulated ROCSAT-2 image in Generic Raw Level Data (GERALD) format, (c) ROCSAT-2 image processing, and (d) geometric error analysis. QuickBird standard photogrammetric parameters of a camera that models the imaging and optical system is used to calculate the latitude and longitude of each line and sample. The backward (inverse model) approach is applied to find the relationship between geodetic coordinate system (latitude, longitude) and image coordinate system (line, sample). The bilinear resampling method is used to generate the test image. Ground control points are used to evaluate the error for data processing. The data processing contains various coordinate system transformations using attitude quaternion and orbit elements. Through the qualification test process, it is verified that the IPS is capable of handling high-resolution image data with the accuracy of Level 2 processing within 500 m.

Satellite and aerial images are very useful means to monitor ecological and environmental situation. Nowadays more and more officials at Ministry of Environment in Korea need to access and use these image data through networks like internet or intranet. However it is very hard to manage and service these image data through internet or intranet, because of its size problem. In this paper very large image data service system for Ministry of Environment is constructed on web environment using image compression and web based image processing technology. Through this system, not only can officials in Ministry of Environment access and use all the image data but also can achieve several image processing effects on web environment. Moreover officials can retrieve attribute information from vector GIS data that are also integrated with the system.

To detect dust-loaded air-mass over land and ocean, we propose an index, which is essentially the difference in Rayleigh-corrected reflectance between 412 and 443 nm bands of SeaWiFS. Radiative transfer simulations are conducted to show that the index is linearly related to the optical thickness of modeled dust-contaminated aerosol while showing insensitivity against non-absorbing model aerosols. Asian SeaWiFS data set of 2001 spring is used to produce daily composite imagery of the index, which compares well with TOMS Aerosol Index and with predicted aerosol optical thickness predicted by CFORS chemical weather forecast.

The extraction of earthquake damage from remote sensed imagery requires high spatial resolution and temporal effectiveness of acquisition of imagery. The analog photographs and visual interpretation were taken traditionally. Now it is possible to acquire damage information from many commercial high resolution RS satellites. The key techniques are processing velocity and precision. The authors developed the automatic / semiautomatic image process techniques including feature enhancement, and classification, designed the emergency Earthquake Damage and Losses Evaluate System based on Remote Sensing (RSEDLES). The paper introduced the functions of RSEDLES as well as its application to the earthquakes occurred recently.

The wavelet and semivariogram analysis method are used to identify the city landscape and farmland landscape pattern on the 1m resolution IKONOS images. The results prove that wavelet method is a potential way for landscape pattern analysis. Compared to semivariogram analysis, Wavelet analysis can not only detect the overall spatial pattern, but also find multi-scale and direction structures. In this experiment, the wavelet analysis results indicate: (1) the city landscape image is mainly composed of three level structures whose spatial pattern characters appear at 2m, 16m, 128m and 256m accordingly; (2) the farmland landscape is mainly two scale spatial patterns appearing at the 2m, 128m and 256m. IKONOS Remote sensing, with the high spatial and spectral information, is a powerful tool that can use in many ecological systems research and sustainable management.

The usual technique of correction and positioning of film image of RS require enough control points to provide the geographic coordinate. Some distortion and error caused by earth curvature and terrain and photograph tilt can't be eliminated by these ways. In this paper a set of technique of systemic correction and positioning of remote sensing image base on orbit parameter is described, some questions in its realization and their solvent also included.

People's Republic of China is one of the most rapidly developing countries in the world today. There is a great demand on highly actual and accurate spatial information of the whole country, especially of West China which becomes the focus of development of the Chinese government right now and in the next years, but where still not enough topographic maps are available. This raises great challenges to the surveying and mapping community in China. Facing the new challenges the Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping (CASM) started its pioneer work early 2002 to explore new techniques and technologies available today toward increasing the map productivity. With import of a CCNS/AEROcontrol system in November 2002 the first DGPS/IMU-based photogrammetric project in China was successfully accomplished jointly by CASM and the Germany-based companies IGI and Techedge. Two photogrammetric blocks of 1:4,000 and 1:20,000 photo scale, respectively, were flown in Anyang, China. Direct georeferencing and integrated sensor orientation were conducted. Results achieved were proven by using ground check points and compared with those of aerial triangulation. Orthophotos generated based on direct georeferencing shows the high efficiency and quality, and thus proved the promise of the new technology. Furthermore several DGPS/IMU-based photogammetric projects was accomplished one by one and a big project of more than 100,000 km2 in the Inner Mongolia will be started in August 2003. The paper presents experiences with DGPS/IMU-based photogrammetry in China. Results achieved in concrete projects are shown and evaluated. Politic and technical specialties in China are discussed. Conclusions outline the potential of DGPS/IMU-based photogrammetric production in China.

With speediness of economy, the structure of land use has taken lots of change. How can we quickly and exactly obtain detailed land use/cover change information, and then we know land resource amount, quality, distributing and change direction. More and more high resolution satellite systems are under development. So we can make good use of RS data, existed GIS data and GPS data to extract change information and update map. In this paper a fully automated approach for detecting land use/cover change using remote sensing data with object-oriented classification based on GIS data, GPS data is presented (referring to Fig.1). At same time, I realize integrating raster with vector methods of updating the basic land use/land cover map based on 3S technology and this is becoming one of the most important developing direction in 3S application fields; land-use and cover change fields over the world. It has been successful applied in two tasks of The Ministry of Land and Resources P.R.C and taken some of benefit.

Dust-storm is one of the heaviest hazardous weather which frequently affects most part of northern China in spring. Satellite multi-spectral observations can provide significant information for detecting and quantitative determining the property of dust-storm . An algorithm to monitor dust-storm automatically was developed based on satellite observation. The algorithm utilizes split widows technique and spectral classification technique and also developed a new dust remote sensing product Infra -red Difference Dust Index (IDDI) proxy dust-loading dataset using GMS-5.

Kojima Lake in Okayama prefecture is a freshing reservoir constructed adjacent to the oldest reclaimed land in Japan. This lake has a serious water quality problem because two urban rivers are flowing into it. In the present study, unsupervised classification was performed at intervals of several years using Landsat MSS data in the past 15 years. After geometric correction of these data, MSS data corresponding geographically to the field observation data were extracted and subjected to the multivariate analysis. Water quality distribution in the lake was estimated using the regression equation obtained as a result. In addition, two - dimensional and three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed and compared with the distribution obtained from the satellite images. Behavior of the reservoir flows is complicated and water quality distribution varies greatly with the flows. Here, I report the results of analysis on three factors, field observation, numerical simulation and satellite images.

This study aims to extract maximum geological information using the ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer) images of a part of south India. The area chosen for this study is characterized by rock types such as Migmatite, Magnetite Quartzite, Charnockite, Granite, dykes, Granitoid gneiss and Ultramafic rocks, and minerals such as Bauxite, Magnesite, Iron ores, Calcite etc. Advantage was taken of the characteristic reflectance and absorption phenomenon in the VNIR, SWIR and TIR bands for these rocks and minerals, and they were mapped in detail. Image processing methods such as contrast stretching, PC analysis, band ratios and fusion were used in this study. The results of the processing matched with the field details and showed additional details, thus demonstrating the usefulness of ASTER (especially the SWIR bands) data for better geological mapping.

We are studying large-scale irrigation projects of 100,000 ha to 1,000,000 ha in the world with emphasis on their historical courses of development, geographical conditions, water managements, planting conditions and landuse changes. Recent advancement in GIS/remote sensing techniques has enabled us to proceed studies in this field in more details. Here, we describe the results of analysis on distribution of irrigation canals, three-dimensional shape of the irrigation area and planting conditions of agricultural products investigated last year in Gezira irrigation project, Sudan, using Landsat 7 ETM data and DEM supplied by USGS.

The Earth's total magnetic field was extracted from on board TAM (Three Axis Magnetometer) observations of KOMPSAT-1 satellite between June 19th and 21st, 2000. In the pre-processing, the TAM's telemetry data were transformed from ECI (Earth Centered Inertial frame) to ECEF (Earth Centered Earth Fixed frame) and then to spherical coordination, and self-induced magnetic field by satellite bus itself were removed by using an on-orbit magnetometer data correction method. The 2-D wavenumber correlation filtering and quadrant-swapping method were applied to the pre-processed data in order to eliminate dynamic components and track-line noise, respectively. Then, the spherical harmonic coefficients are calculated from KOMPSAT-1 data. To test the validity of the TAM's geomagnetic field, Danish/NASA/French ${\phi}$rsted satellite's magnetic model and IGRF2000 model were used for statistical comparison. The correlation coefficient between ${\phi}$rsted and TAM is 0.97 and IGRF and TAM is 0.96. It was found that the data from on board magnetometer observations for attitude control of Earth-observing satellites can be used to determinate the Earth's total magnetic field and that they can be efficiently used to upgrade the global geomagnetic field coefficients, such as IGRF by providing new information at various altitudes with better temporal and spatial coverage.

This paper presents the results of Landsat-TM imagery applications for detecting spatial variations of the water environments in the Saemankeum (STLR) project areas. The simulated tidal flow patterns from a two -dimensional hydro - dynamic model and water quality data from STRL project were used for relationships with the satellite data. Unsupervised classification of the tidal water body reflects the overall flow patterns at a flooding tide. Regressive equations for water quality parameters were derived and used for supervised classifications. The results were found to be useful to synoptically evaluate the water environments during the construction stages of the STLR project.

Mean radiative forcing efficiencies (${\Delta}$F/${\Delta}{\tau}_{0.5}$) over East Asia range from -65 to -95 W m$^{-2}$ at the surface while -20 to -40 W m$^{-2}$ at TOA under clear-sky conditions. These aerosol direct radiative forcings over East Asia are similar to other experimental results for different regions, i.e., the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) and the Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing Observational Experiment (TARFOX), from which radiative forcing efficiencies of -75 Wm$^{-2}$ and -70 Wm$^{-2}$ for the Indian Ocean and the East Coast of the United States are reported. Nevertheless, the differences in aerosol parameters and relatively large STD values with regard to spatiotemporal variations suggest that the impact of aerosol on ARF over East Asia is more significant than previously recognized for other regions and should be continuously observed to determine the relation between increasing aerosols and associated radiative forcings in the region.

Internal wave with a soliton-like, large amplitudes within several kilometers, is frequently observed in the sea surface caused by tidal rectification due to sill or rough topographic changes. Internal waves can perturb current and density field, initiate bottom sediment re -suspension and mix nutrients to photic zone. Previous studies indicate that the appearance of internal wave in the Lombok Strait have been detected in SAR image data. This paper studies effect of internal wave in the Lombok Strait to chlorophyll distribution in the surrounded areas using SeaWiFS and ERS SAR images data during 1996-2001 periods. The preliminary result concludes that the internal waves presumably affect phytoplankton distribution spreading southeastward in the coast off Bali Island. The distribution of phytoplankton at southern coastline off Bali Island when internal wave occurred is elongated and distributed further to westward (from 8.8$^{\circ}$ to 10.7$^{\circ}$LS) than the area when internal wave did not occur on August 2000 (from 9.25$^{\circ}$ to 10.25$^{\circ}$LS) as shown in figure 3. It shown that the surface phytoplankton concentration near coastal area, i.e. from 8.8$^{\circ}$ to 9.25$^{\circ}$ LS, increased when internal wave is occurred.

In this paper, a framework for creating road network from road edges is proposed. The present framework mainly includes two modules: road modeler and network generator. Road modeler creates the road polygons from the original road edges, and network generator performs converting road polygons to road network with good connectivity at all intersections. A prototype system is also built, and some experimental results are also presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.

Debris flows associated with landslides occur as one of the most devastating natural disasters that threat Taiwan. Typically, three essential factors are needed simultaneously to trigger debris flow, namely sufficient soils and rocks, favorable slope, and abundant water. Among the three essentials, the slope is natural and static without external forcing, while the landslide is generally induced by earthquake or rainfall events, and the water is produced by heavy rainfall events. In this study, we analyzed the landslides triggered by the typhoons Herb (1996) and typhoon Troaji (2001). It is concluded that the statistical data are useful to quantify the threshold of the potential landslide area. Then, the possibility to prevent the debris flow occurrence may be increased.

This study proposes a single-channel satellite remote sensing algorithm for retrieving aerosol optical thickness over global ocean using FY-1C/1D data. An efficient lookup table (LUT)method is adopted in this algorithm to generate apparent reflectance in channel 1 and channel 2 of FY-1C/1D over ocean. The algorithm scale the apparent reflectance in cloud-free conditions to aerosol optical thickness using a state-of-art radiative transfer model 6S with input of the relative spectral response of channel 1 and 2 of FY-1C/1D. Monthly mean composite maps of the aerosol optical thickness have been obtained from FY-1C/1D global area coverage data between 2001 and 2003. Aerosol optical thickness maps can show the major aerosol source which are located off the west coast of northern and southern Africa, Arabian Sea and India Ocean. These result is very similar to other satellite sensors such as AVHRR and MODIS in the location area of heavy aerosol optical thickness over global ocean. The algorithm have been used to FY-1D operational performance and it is the first operational aerosol remote sensing product in China.

Cloud's properties can be showed on different spectral channel. The 0.65${\mu}$m reflectance is mainly function of cloud optical thickness and reflectance of 1.6${\mu}$m is sensitive to cloud phase and particle size distribution. So we can use multi-spectral information to analysis cloud's microphysical properties.

Based on twelve observational stations low meteorological visibility (LMV) data during November 2002 to April 2003, the spatial distribution of LMV over Hongkong area (113.8$^{\circ}$ E-114.4$^{\circ}$ E, 22.1$^{\circ}$ N-22.4$^{\circ}$ N) is studied, using a PCA method. Optical spectrum of NOAA-16 associated with LMV shows that the significant effect factors correlated with LMV in the leading mode are the difference or rate between the visible and near-IR channels and single visible channel. A successful retrieval of LMV is done and a regression equation with a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.67 is obtained.

To protect the digital image, video and audio from non-authorized use, the digital watermarking technology has received a great attention in the field of multimedia in recent years . An overview of the development of watermark techniques is given in the current paper followed by a discussion of potential application of spatial domain, transform domain watermark techniques in remote sensing images copyright protection and verification in different forms of processed images.

In the edge detection of RS image, the useful detail losing and the spurious edge often appear. To solve the problem, we use the dyadic wavelet to detect the edge of surface features by combining the edge detecting with the multi-resolution analyzing of the wavelet transform. Via the dyadic wavelet decomposing, we obtain the RS image of a certain appropriate scale, and figure out the edge data of the plane and the upright directions respectively, then work out the grads vector module of the surface features, at last by tracing them we get the edge data of the object therefore build the RS image which obtains the checked edge. This method can depress the effect of noise and examine exactly the edge data of the object by rule and line. With an experiment of a RS image which obtains an airport, we certificate the feasibility of the application of dyadic wavelet in the object edge detection.

In this paper, we present a new algorithm for high dimensional data reduction based on wavelet decomposition and Genetic Algorithm (GA). Comparative results show the superiority of our algorithm for dimensionality reduction and accuracy improvement.

This paper presents a geological remote sensing information extraction system, the aim of which is to provide practical models and powerful tools to extract geological information from remote sensing images for geological exploration applications. After reviewing and analyzing the existing methods for geological information extraction, we developed more than ten models to enhance and extract geological information, such as alteration information, linear features and special lithological characters. The system is developed based on Erdas Imagine using its programming language. It has been successfully used in the 'reat Investigation of Land and Natural Resources of China' program.

Striping is a main factor for imaging spectroradiometer data, which is obtained by multi-sensor scanning on spacecraft. The reason causing stripes and the development of striping removal methods are simply described in this paper, particularly, the principle of Matching Empirical Distribution Functions is introduced in detail. By using this method, some experiments are done to destripe imaging spectrometer data of SZ-3. The result shows that the method of Matching Empirical Distribution Functions is available for destirping Imaging spectroradiometer data of SZ-3, and the quality of image is improved obviously. This will help to process the future similar instruments data.

By use of RS and GIS, the QuickBird image and geographic map were used for the survey of the foreshore resources of Shanghai. The image was processed and interpreted. The distribution maps of sea dike, foreshore, vegetation, soil, hydraulic structures, landscape, topography, and so on were extracted in manual classification. These data have been integrated into the information management system for the shoreline and foreshore. It plays an important role in the evolvement analysis of the shoreline and foreshore.

There is a growing demand on remotely sensed and GIS data services in modern society. However, conventional WEB applications based on client/server pattern can not meet the criteria in the future . Grid computing provides a promising resolution for establishing spatial information system toward future applications. Here, a new architecture of the distributed environment for remotely sensed data processing based on the middleware technology was proposed. In addition, in order to utilize the new environment, a problem had to be algorithmically expressed as comprising a set of concurrently executing sub-problems or tasks. Experiment of the algorithm was implemented, and the results show that the new environmental can achieve high speedups for applications compared with conventional implementation.

Climatic characteristic and changes of snow cover over the Northern Hemisphere, Eurasian, North America and the Tibet Plateau are studied based on data of the Northern Hemisphere snow cover area observed by Satellite remote sensing from 1966 to 2003. Meanwhile, the seasons' distribution charts of the Asian snow cover are made, they provide the climatic background of snow cover. In addition, the influences of snow cover on the climate, especially on the monsoon are analysed briefly, and some significance results are concluded.

This paper presents the results of research and analysis with the satellite-derived snow data. It provides the main climatic characteristics of snow cover in China and shows the variation and distribution of snow in regions of Xinjiang, Inter Mongolia and Tibet plateau. The study reveals the vicissitude periods of winter snow cover in Tibetan Plateau by using wavelet analysis with the data from 1980 to 2001. It has about 10 years large period and 3-5 years small period. The analysis shows that the extension of snow increased in recent years in Xinjiang. The results of analysis proves the relationship between winter snow cover in Tibetan Plateau and next summer precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. They have good correlation.

Owing to the higher temporal resolution, meteorological satellite data is widely used to monitor the disasters happened on the earth's surface. However, the precision of identifying disaster information is limited by the poor spatial resolution. As known, GIS technology is good at processing and analyzing the geographic information. The result shows, integrating with GIS technology, the ability of monitoring forest fire using meteorological satellite data has been greatly improved.

Based on the Leaf Area Index (LAI) data derived from remote sensing information and eco-climate data, the responses of regional ecosystem variations in seasonal and interannual scales to the East Asian monsoon are studied in this paper. It is found that the vegetation ecosystems of eastern China are remarkably correlated with the East Asian monsoon in seasonal and interannual scales. In the seasonal timescale, the obvious variations of the vegetation ecosystems occur with the development of the East Asian monsoon from the south in the spring to the north in the autumn. In the interannual scale, high LAI appears in the strong East Asian monsoon year, whereas low LAI is related to the weak East Asian monsoon year. These further lead to the characteristic of 'onsoon-driven ecosystem' in the eastern China monsoon region, which can be revealed by LAI.

Tarim River is the biggest inland river in China, its problem of eco-environment is worsening in the lower reach. For keeping this trend within limits, the measure of emergent water transportation to the lower reach was taken. In this paper, the remote sensing technology will be applied to the analysis of eco-environment effect after water transportation. The result is: the vegetation index and cover ratio increased but not markedly, the eco-environment situation can't been improved obviously up to now. It is some effective but temporary . The continuity, quality and quality of water source for the Tarim River must been ensured.

The absolute area of wetland accounts for 0.3% of the whole Beijing. We have studied the current environmental situations of Beijing's wetland and the changes in the key wetland supported by Remote Sensing(RS) technology. The result shows that the areas of wetland are reducing year by year and the quality of ecological environment is dropping year by year. At last, we analyze the factors that influence the change of wetland and propose some constructive suggestions according to current problems existing in Beijing's wetland.

The EO-1 spacecraft, launched November 21, 2000 into a sun synchronous orbit behind Landsat 7, hosts advanced technology demonstration instruments, whose capabilities are currently being assessed by the user community for future missions. A significant part of the EO-1 program is to perform data comparisons between Hyperion, ALI and Landsat 7 ETM+. In this paper, a comparison of forest classification results from Hyperion, ALI, and the ETM+ of Landsat-7 are provided for Wangqing Forest Bureau, Jilin Province, Northeast China. The data have been radiometrically corrected and geometrically resampled. Feature selection and statistical transforms are used to reduce the Hyperion feature space from 86 channels to 14 features. Classes chosen for discrimination included Larch, Spruce, Oak, Birch, Popular and Mixed forest and other landuses. Classification accuracies have been obtained for each sensor. Comparison of the classification results shows : Hyperion classification results were the best, ALI's were much better than ETM+.

Oil Field Geographical Information System (OFGIS) manages multiple spatial data, attribute data, and topographic data, which include almost every kind of ground info rmation and underground information. Subsystems managed by OFGIS include petroleum exploration subsystem (PESS), petroleum development and engineering subsystem (PDESS), petrochemical subsystem (PCSS), petroleum storage and transportation subsystem (PSTSS), petroleum sale subsystem (PSSS), etc. A basic OFGIS framework consists of oil field infrastructure coverage (OFIC), oil field specialized information coverage (OFSIC) and oil field synthesis and decision service coverage (OFSDSC). Basic function of OFGIS includes database management, geographic information management, spatial information processing and application.

This paper is dedicated to studying the quantitative analysis method with remote-sensing data in shallow geological structure reconstruction by the example of TM data in western China. A new method of computing attitude of geological contacts from remote-sensing data is developed and assessed. We generate several geological profiles with remotely derived measurements to constrain the shallow geological structure reconstruction in three dimensions.

The Bernstein polynomial is one of the classic algorithms of panoramic images mosaic for shading into process applying in Virtual Reality modeling. Nevertheless, it is proven that the algorithm has its own limitation and weakness in applications. This paper was given the improved algorithm using Sinusoidal function for image mosaic. In order to put the new algorithm into image processing software as a flexible and general tool, it was further developed an extension for graduation image fusion and multi-images mosaic.

According to the evolutive theory of saline, combined with field survey data, the authors have discussed the theoretical model of recording past climatic change of Luobupo saline. After interpreted and analyzed the causes of the ringy image, the authors have mapped high resolution climatic changing graph of Luobupo saline during past 2000 years by using remote sensing method. Contrast to the known results, it is proved that the research results have comparability and continuity. The resolution of special climatic event can reach in one year, and in general, the resolution of climatic change can reach in ten to twenty years.

As to many conventional segmentation approaches , spatial autocorrelation, perhaps being the first law of geography, is always overlooked. Thus, the corresponding segmentation results are always not so satisfying, which will further affect the subsequent image processing or analyses. In order to improve segmentation results, a geostatistic based segmentation approach with the consideration of spatial autocorrelation hidden in remote-sensing images is proposed in this article. First, by calculating the mean variance between each pair of pixels at given different lag distances, information like the size of typical targets in the scene can be obtained, and segmentation thresholds are calculated accordingly. Second, an initial region growing segmentation approach is implemented. Finally, based on the segmentation thresholds obtained at the first step and the initial segmentation results, the final segmentation results are obtained using the same region growing approach by taking the local mutual best fitting strategy. From the experiment results, we found the approach is rather promising. However, there still exists some problems to be settled, and further researches should be conducted in the future.

An elliptical basis function (EBF) network is proposed in this study for the classification of remotely sensed images. Though similar in structure, the EBF network differs from the well-known radial basis function (RBF) network by incorporating full covariance matrices and uses the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate the basis functions. Since remotely sensed data often take on mixture -density distributions in the feature space, the proposed network not only possesses the advantage of the RBF mechanism but also utilizes the EM algorithm to compute the maximum likelihood estimates of the mean vectors and covariance matrices of a Gaussian mixture distribution in the training phase. Experimental results show that the EM-based EBF network is faster in training, more accurate, and simpler in structure.

Improvement of the classification accuracy is one of the major concerns in the field of remote sensing application research in recent years. Previous research shows that the accuracy of the conventional classification methods based only on the original spectral information were usually unsatisfied and need to be refined by manual edit. This present paper describes a method of combining the image processing, ancillary data (such as digital elevation model) and expert knowledge (especially the knowledge of local professionals) to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the satellite image classification in hilly land. Firstly, the Landsat TM data were geo-referenced. Secondly, the individual bands of the image were intensitynormalized and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) image was also generated. Thirdly, a set of sample pixels (collected from field survey) were utilized to discover their corresponding DN (digital number) ranges in the NDVI image, and to explore the relationships between land use type and its corresponding spectral features . Then, using the knowledge discovered from previous steps as well as knowledge from local professionals, with the support of GIS technology and the ancillary data, a set of conditional statements were applied to perform the TM imagery classification. The results showed that the integration of image processing and spatial analysis functions in GIS improved the overall classification result if compared with the conventional methods.

On the basis of comprehensive analysis and summarization of the image fusion algorithms provided by PCI Geomatica software, deficiencies in image fusion processing functions of this software are put forwarded in this paper. This limitation could be improved by further developing PCI Geomatica on the user’ side. Five effective algorithms could be added into PCI Geomatica. In this paper, the detailed description of how to customize and further develop PCI Geomatica by using Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0, PCI SDK Kit and GDB technique is also given. Through this way, the remote sensing imagery fusion functions of PCI Geomatica software can be extended.

In this article, a new remote sensing image fusion model based on modified Kohonen networks is given. And a new fusion rule based on modified voting rule was established. Select Shaoxing City as the study site, located at Zhejiang Province, P.R.China. The fusion experiment between Landsat TM data (30m) and IRS-C Pan data (5.8m) was performed using the given fusion method. The fusion results show that the new method can gain better result in apply ing to the lower hill area, and the whole classification accuracy was 10% higher than the basic Kohonen method. The confusion between the woodlands and the waterbodies was also diminished.

In microwave remote sensing, the Fresnel reflectance formula is widely used in the sea surface emissivity modeling. As an essential contribution to microwave remote sensing, a new formula on the Fresnel reflectance has been derived based on our understanding of the complex index of refraction and continuity condition of E-M waves at the interface between two mediums. The proposed formula can be used to obtain the emissivity of sea surface, which is useful to retrieve sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity and the brightness temperature. Considering Bragg-resonant scatter, it is useful for the calculation of the normalized radar cross-section, and the retrieval of sea surface wind either.

An internal wave observation experiment by SAR in South China Sea is described. Two scenes of Radarsat ScanSAR images were acquired. Internal solitary waves are found in all the two images. It is concluded that these internal waves are generated in Bashi channel. Relationship between internal wave generation and tide is studied based on analyzing of tidal data of Legaspi in Philippine. Using ocean environmental data of this sea area internal waves’ amplitude and wave speed are detected by SAR images.

In this paper, the interferometric coherence was estimated and the amplitude intensity was extracted using the repeat-pass interferometric data, acquired by European Remote Sensing Satellite 1 and 2. Then discrimination and classification of surface land types in Zhangjiakou test site, Hebei Province were carried out based on the coherence estimation and the intensity extraction. Seven types of land were discriminated and classified, including in two different types of meadows, woodland, dry land, grassland, steppe and water body. The backscatter and coherence characteristics of these land types on the multi-temporal images were analyzed, and the change of surface features with time series was also discussed.

In this paper, theoretical channels model of Synthetic Aperture Radiometer is presented. Based on this model, how amplitude imbalance, phase imbalance and mutual coupling between the different channels effect brightness temperature image retrieving is analyzed. The computer simulation results are also presented to find out the cause of the along-track streaks usually appeared in the retrieved brightness temperature image. In addition, a new system calibration approach is introduced to solve this problem.

Genetic algorithms (GA) is a well known technique that is capable of handling multiobjective functions and discrete constraints in the process of numerical optimization. Together with the Pareto ranking scheme, more than one possible solution can be obtained despite the imposed constraints and multi-criteria design functions. In view of this unique capability, the design of the log-periodic dipole antenna array (LPDA) using this special feature is proposed in this paper. This method also provides gain, front-back level and S parameter design tradeoff for the LPDA design in broadband application at no extra computational cost.

In the paper, a method making use of the characteristics of Dyad Green Function (DGF) and Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem to get the brightness temperature of layered medium is introduced. Based on the approach and the measured data of multi-channel radiometer and Least Square Method (LSM), the thickness of lunar soil can be retrieved. These methods are significant to study on materials on lunar surface.

A set of microwave remote sensing data collected with the newly developed UMass Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (IWRAP) during the 2002 Atlantic Hurricane Season was analyzed to further our understanding of the effect of precipitation on scatterometer wind vector retrieval. Coincident surface wind speed and precipitation measurements were provided by the UMass Simultaneous Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR). The differences between the wind estimations from IWRAP and SFMR under precipitation conditions of 0-100mm/hr and wind speed of 0-60m/s was calculated, from which the effect of precipitation on the wind vector retrieval using scatterometry is analyzed qualitatively.

As non-isothermal mixed pixel is widely existed, the pixel-mean temperature cannot adequately represent the actual thermal state of land surface. The row crop was chosen as target to discuss the problem of component temperature retrieval. At first, the matrix model was found to express the thermal radiant directionality of the target. Then correlation of multi-angle infrared radiance was analyzed. In order to increase the retrieving accuracy, we chose the retrievable parameters and established the iterative method combining with inverse matrix to retrieve component temperature. It was proved by field experiment that the method could improve the retrieving accuracy and stability remarkably.

A new method, called dynamic space projection method that is suitable to remote sensing image, is adopted to encrypt GCP (ground control point) datum in this paper. The essence of this method is to encrypt enough GCP by using a few known GCP in order to realize the precise correction of remote sensing image. By making use of the method to the GCP datum encrypting and precise geometric correction of TM image and SPOT image, the precision of encrypted GCP is less than one pixel, the precision of precisely corrected image is less than two pixels.

Conventional methods investigating soil Hg contamination are time-consuming and expensive. A quicker method is developed to predict soil Hg content with convolved HyMap, ASTER, and TM spectra. The prediction accuracy for each sensor is satisfactory and similar. It suggests that low spectral resolution is not a limitation for predicting soil Hg content. Correlation analysis reveals that Hg -sorption by iron oxides is the mechanism by which to predict spectrally featureless Hg with reflectance spectra. Future study with field measurements and remote sensing data is recommended.

The importance of Fundamental Geographical Information Framework for Digital City (FGFDC) is analysed, it provides all city agencies and units with uniform geographic references. Six kind of data are chosen as the core data sets of a FGDC, a web-based distributed mechanism is constructed to promote data sharing among different agencies. Elementary functional requirements of FGDC are analyzed, so that it can serve as a common distributed urban GIS. A practical FGFDC is developed for Yangzhou Development Administrative Region, and an 3D visualization system is developed within this framework.

NASA, NSF and USGS jointly conducted a LIDAR survey over several sites in the Antarctic Dry Valleys and its vicinity, acquiring numerous surface points by NASA's Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) conical laser scanning altimetry system. The data set have high blunder ratio, and the conical scanning pattern resulted large variation of the point densities. Hence, to reduce the undesirable effects due to these characteristics and process the huge number of points with reasonable time and resources, we developed a novel approach to generate large-scale and high-resolution DEMs in robust, efficient and nearly automatic manners. Based on this approach we produced DEMs and then verified them with reference data.

Satellite and aerial remote sensing (RS) techniques have been provided to collect spatial data globally over the last few decades. However in developing countries such as China, there is still an urgent need for low cost and high resolution RS data. As an emerging RS platform, commercial Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) integrated with state-of-the-art sensors and information technologies has the potential to become a low cost tool to meet application demands. In this paper, the architecture of UAV RS operation system is mentioned. Moreover, key technologies in UAV RS system are analyzed and current work is reported.

Detection of sea fog by remote sensing with spectroscopic analysis method and structural analysis method is introduced in this paper. On this base, designing principles and frame of weatherproof detection system of sea fog by remote sensing are systemically explained. Using GMS5 and NOAA visible and infrared channel data, progresses of sea fog on yellow sea on April 17,18, 2001 is monitored which accord with the observing.

Remote sensing has been widely used in the exploration of groundwater. In this paper, on the establishment of empirical function between ground water and soil moisture content 6S code is used to reduce uncertainties in the remote sensing of groundwater. Then ground water levels are calculated using 6S corrected and uncorrected ETM+ image along with isochronous meteorological information. Greater correspondence between field examined and satellite monitoring data is obtained from corrected image than from the uncorrected image.

This paper analyzes the advantage of the XML, and studies the simple feature object model and Geography Markup Language that proposed by the Open GIS Consortium (OGC). We discussed the means of encoding the geographical data based on XML.

The arid regions of western China are currently the focus of extensive exploration and development. This paper reports on recent experience gained by Chinese and Canadian project team members in the use of a variety of Earth observation satellite imagery for oil exploration and environmental assessment exercises in the Kuche area of Xinjiang. Through careful archival data selection and more recent data acquisition schemes, we have established several time series of MODIS, Landsat and Radarsat imagery in order to obtain a better understanding for daily, seasonal as well as decadal changes of the natural environment as well as man-made environmental features.

In this research, we presented a data integration, which integrates ultra high resolution images and complementary data for 3D building reconstruction. In our method, as the ultra high resolution image, Three Line Sensor (TLS) images are used in combination with 2D digital maps, DSMs and both of them. Reconstructed 3D buildings, correctness rate and the accuracy of results were presented. As a result, optimized combination scheme of data sets , sensors and methods was proposed.

When and Where, What kind of agricultural products will be produced and provided for the market? It is a commercial requirement, and also an academic questions to remote sensing technology. Crop physiology analysis and growth monitoring are important elements for precision agriculture management. Remote sensing technology supplies us more selections and available spaces in this dynamic change study by producing images of different spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions. Especially, the hyperspectral remote sensing should do play a key role in crop growth investigation at national, regional and global scales. In the past five years, Chinese academy of sciences and Japan NTT-DATA have made great efforts to establish a prototype information service system to dynamically survey the vegetable planting situation in Nagano area of Japan mainly based on remote sensing data. For such concern, a flexible and light-duty flight system and some practical data processing system and some necessary background information should be rationally made together. In addition, some studies are also important, such as quick pre-processing for hyperspectral data, Multi-temporal vegetation index analysis, hyperspectral image classification in support of GIS data, etc. In this paper, several spectral data analysis models and a designed airborne platform are provided and discussed here.

The objective of this paper is to determine the suitable spectral bands for monitoring growth status change during a long period. The long-term ground-level reflectance spectra as well as LAI and biomass were obtained in xiaotangshan area, Beijing, 2001. The narrow-band NDVI type spectral indices by all possible two bands were calculated their correlation coefficients R$^2$ with biomass and LAI. The best NDVIs must have higher R$^2$ with both biomass and LAI. The reasonable band centers and band widths were determined by a systematically increasing bandwidth centered over a wavelength. In addition, the first 19 bands of MODIS were simulated and investigated. Each developed spectral indices was then validated by the biomass and LAI time series using the generalized vector angle. It turned out that six new NDVI type indices within 750-1400nm were developed. NDVI(811_10,957_10) and NDVI(962_10,802_10) performed best. No satisfactory conventional NDVI formed by red and NIR bands were found effective. MODIS_NDVI(band19, band17) and MODIS_NDVI(band19, band2) were much better than MODIS_NDVI(band2,band1) for growth monitoring.

This paper focuses on the image correction under few GCPs, utilizes the collinearity equation, and builds up this mathematics model of space backside resection based on condition adjustment. Then calculates the adjusted elements of exterior orientation by iteration algorithm, and evaluates the precision. And demonstrates the high-precision, affection and wide-supplying-perspective of this model.

KOMPSAT-1 (KOrea Multi-Purpose SATellite ? 1) EOC (Electro Optic Camera) raw images are radiometrically corrected on ground based on the characteristics of EOC. They consist of each CCD (Charge?Coupled Device) pixel’s calibration slope which was measured on ground, electrical gains which are applied to amplify for increasing output pixel counts. Currently, radio-metrically corrected EOC images with calibration slope have still shown defective features by residual stripes. So, it should be compensated by adjusting the calibration slope. In this paper, the adjustment of current calibration slope for de-striping EOC images is addressed and test results are shown.

The application of simulated KOMPSAT-2 imagery to monitor graveyards is to be developed. Positions calculated from image were compared with those obtained from Geographic Positioning System. With 24 checkpoints, the position of graveyards showed within 5-meter range. Unsupervised classification, supervised classification, and objected-orientation classification algorithms were used to extract the graveyard. Unsupervised classification with masking processes based on National topographic data gives the best result. The graveyards were categorized with four types in field studies while the two types of graveyards were shown in descriptive statistics. Cluster Analysis and discriminant analysis showed the consistency with two types of tombs. It was hard to get a specific spectral signature of graveyards, as they are covered with grasses at different levels and shaded from the surrounding trees. The slopes and aspects of location of graveyards did not make any difference in the spectral signatures. This study gives the basic spectral characteristics for further development of objected-oriented classification algorithms and plausibility of KOMPSAT-2 images for management of mountainous areas in the aspect of position accuracy and classification accuracy.

Interannual variability in the patterns of satellitederived pigment concentrations, sea-level height anomaly, sea surface temperature anomaly, and zonal wind anomaly are observed during the 2002-2003 El Ni${\tilde{n}}$o. The largest spatial extent of the phytoplankton bloom was recovery from El Ni${\tilde{n}}$o over the equatorial Pacific. The evolution towards a warm episode (El Ni${\tilde{n}}$o) started from spring of 2002 and continued during January 2003, while equatorial Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly (SSTA) remained greater than +1$^{\circ}$C in the central equatorial Pacific. The EOS (Earth Observing System) and OSMI (Ocean Scanning Multispectral Imager) data are used for detection of dramatic changes in the patterns of pigment concentration during El Ni${\tilde{n}}$o.

In this study, as the passing of a year, the changes of tidal flat area in Seohan Bay, North Korea was monitored through using Landsat ETM Data and the ancient topological map. The map to present tidal flat distribution characteristic based on the ancient topographical map (1918) was constructed as GIS DB. In addition, a tidal flat distribution map was estimated by using the satellite images with unsupervised classification method. Even though it is difficult to approach to study area, it was possible to gain the data and to monitor the change of the coast tidal flat by comparing to area change yielded.

This presentation summarizes the development of the integration information search system for a Test-bed area located in Daejeon. It will be used for the validation of software components developed for the high resolution satellite image processing. The system development utilizes the Java programming language and implements the web browse capabilities to search, manage, and augment the satellite image data, the Ground Control Point(GCP) data, the spectral information on land cover types, the atmospheric data, and the topographical map.

Ultra Wideband is a new technology from commercial or civilian application viewpoint. It uses already allocated radio spectrum without causing significant interference to other users. It uses very low power, which is below the thermal noise of the receiver and is inherently difficult to detect by un-intentional users. Since, FCC approved the regulation for the commercial use of UWB in February 2002, the development of UWB technology is drastically gaining momentum. However, the technology itself is not new. It has already been used in military applications. UWB has three basic areas of applications, which are communication, positioning and imaging (UWB Microwave). The main commercial application will be for communication since it has very high data transfer rate for short distance. It can also be used for both indoor and outdoor 3-D positioning. Another important application is imaging like microwave remote sensing. An UWB sensor can pass through doors and walls and hence detect the objects inside the room. In this paper, we will introduce about UWB technology along with it’s various possible applications. We will also present some models to generate UWB signal and it’s analysis using signal-processing tools.

It will be a real good news for the people who were lost their hometown by the construction of a large dam to be restored to the former state. Focused on Cheung-Pyung around where most part were flooded by the Chungju large Dam founded in early 1980s, we used Remote Sensing Technique in this study in order to restore topographical features before the flood with 3 dimensional effects. We gathered comparatively good satellite photos and remotely sensed digital images, then we made a new color image from these and the topographical map which had been made before the flood. This task was putting together two kinds of different timed images. And then, we generated DEM including the outskirts of that area as harmonizing current contour lines with the map. That could be a perfect 3D image of Cheung-Pyung around before when it had been flood by making perspective images from all directions, north, south, east and west, for showing there in three dimensions. Also, flying simulation we made for close visiting can bring us to experience their real space at that time.

In our contribution, the new idea of parking/moving discrimination is proposed by using Three Line Scanner Imagery. The framework of our study consists of three main stages: preprocessing, vehicle detection and parking/moving detection respectively. First two stages of framework have been done in our previous work. Parking/ Moving Discrimination algorithm have been developed by using generic vehicle characteristics and some principle of photogrammetry. By using detected vehicles from our previous work, stopping/moving vehicles are able to discriminate. Moving vehicle is detected by detecting generic moving vehicle in TLS, inter-band gap. Stopping vehicle is verified by 3 dimensional viewing of Stereoscopic measurement. Finally, the conceptual framework has been done and the result will been realized soon.

Agricultural areas in the north region of Bangladesh suffer from water shortages during the dry season as well as dry spells in the monsoon period. The Teesta Barrage was constructed in 1990 to provide supplemental irrigation water during the monsoon period. After completion of the project high yielding variety of crops were introduced more in the project area. Due to this reason unforeseen needs of irrigation water during the dry season has emerged. This study reviews the current irrigation status and related constraints to a full development of the project and provides suggestions for future improvement of the project. Also suggested is to apply remote sensing technique for the management of the system as a whole. Use of remote sensing technique for the management of irrigation water resources is a new approach in Bangladesh. Application of such a powerful tool will provide better management options for large-scale irrigation projects in the country.

Very decisive progress was made in advancing fundamental POL-IN-SAR theory and algorithm development during the past decade. This was accomplished with the aid of airborne & shuttle platforms supporting single -to-multi-band multi-modal POL-SAR and also some POL-IN-SAR sensor systems, which will be compared and assessed with the aim of establishing the hitherto not completed but required missions such as tomographic and holographic imaging. Because the operation of airborne test-beds is extremely expensive, aircraft platforms are not suited for routine monitoring missions which is better accomplished with the use drones or UAVs. Such unmanned aerial vehicles were developed for defense applications, however lacking the sophistic ation of implementing advanced forefront POL-IN-SAR technology. This shortcoming will be thoroughly scrutinized resulting in the finding that we do now need to develop most rapidly POL-IN-SAR drone-platform technology especially for environmental stress-change monitoring with a great variance of applications beginning with flood, bush/forest-fire to tectonic-stress (earth-quake to volcanic eruptions) for real-short-time hazard mitigation. However, for routine global monitoring purposes of the terrestrial covers neither airborne sensor implementation - aircraft and/or drones - are sufficient; and there -fore multi-modal and multi-band space-borne POL-IN-SAR space-shuttle and satellite sensor technology needs to be further advanced at a much more rapid phase. The existing ENVISAT with the forthcoming ALOSPALSAR, RADARSAT-2, and the TERRASAT will be compared, demonstrating that at this phase of development the fully polarimetric and polarimetric-interferometric modes of operation must be viewed and treated as preliminary algorithm verification support modes and at this phase of development are still not to be viewed as routine modes.

A prototype of OGC Web Map Service and Web Feature Service is developed by NEC Aerospace Systems, Ltd. under the contract from NASDA and RESTEC. The server provides satellite imagery data taken by JERS-1 and ADEOS satellite, via OGC interfaces to the client. The related features are also available to the client through the Internet with OGC interfaces. The imagery, map and feature data is handled layer by layer at the client. OGC Web Map Service and Web Feature Service interoperability capability and applicability to Digital Asia Network are demonstrated.

The World Health Organisation has identified ‘Fluorosis’as a serious bone disease caused by groundwater. Though the fluoride content in groundwater is a natural phenomenon, when the permissible limit of fluoride is exceeded the consequences may be fatal. This study is identified areas of high fluoride content in the Dharmapuri district of India, which is one of the major districts severely affected by fluorosis (WHO). The approach to this problem is by using GIS as a tool to locate areas of high risk. Ground Water samples collected from 35 randomly located wells (open / bore wells) in the district were analysed for fluoride content. The results were compared with the standards of WHO (World Health Organisation ), ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research ), BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard) and PHE (Public Health Engineering) and interpolated using IDW and spline methods using Arcview GIS 3.2 a. A computer based automated information system was developed in Arcview Avenue 3.2a, so as to enable the user to visit the risk areas at his desktop and to remediate measures as and when required.

This paper presents a geological remote sensing information extraction system, the aim of which is to provide practical models and powerful tools to extract geological information from remote sensing images for geological exploration applications. After reviewing and analyzing the existing methods for geological information extraction, we developed more than ten models to enhance and extract geological information, such as alteration information, linear features and special lithological characters. The system is developed based on Erdas Imagine using its programming language. It has been successfully used in the ‘Great Investigation of Land and Natural Resources of China’ program.

The ASTER TIR (thermal infrared radiometer) sensor has 5 spectral bands over 8 to 12 ${\mu}$m region. Rock type classification using the ASTER TIR nighttime data was performed in the Erta Ale range of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Erta Ale range is the most important axial volcanic chain of the Afar region. The petrographic diversity of lava erupted in this area is very important, ranging from magnesian transitional basalt to rhyolites. We tried to classify the rock types based on the spectral behavior of each volcanic rock types in thermal infrared range and estimated SiO$_{2}$ content with emission data by the ASTER TIR.

This study reports the surface temperature pattern of the Tokyo Metropolitan area using the ASTER surface temperature product. The product is an image processed by applying temperature-emissivity separation to atmospheric corrected infrared thermal radiance of the land surface, then converted to surface temperature by using Planck's function. Daytime and nighttime observation in a cold season and a warm season were used in this study. As a result, 1) contrast between urban and suburban, 2) extraction of heating area in urban, 3) measurement of cooling effect of green space were achieved.

In this study, plastic detection technique was developed, applying remote sensing technology as a method to extract plastic wastes, which is one of the big causes of concern contributing to environmental destruction. It is possible to extract areas where plastic (including polypropylene and polyethylene) wastes are prominent, using ASTER data by taking advantage of its absorptive characteristics of ASTER/SWIR bands. The algorithm is applicable to define large industrial wastes disposal sites and areas where plastic greenhouses are concentrated. However, the detection technique with ASTER/SWIR data has some research tasks to be tackled, which includes a partial secretion of reference spectral, depending on some conditions of plastic wastes and a detection error in a region mixed with vegetations and waters. Following results were obtained after making comparisons between several detection methods and plastic wastes in different conditions; (a)'spectral extraction method' was suitable for areas where plastic wastes exist separated from other objects, such as coastal areas where plastic wastes drifted ashore. (single plastic spectral was used as a reference for the 'spectral extraction method') (b)On the other hand, the 'spectral extraction method' was not suitable for sites where plastic wastes are mixed with vegetation and soil. After making comparison of the processing results of a mixed area, it was found that applying both 'separation method' using un-mixing and ‘spectral extraction method’ with NDVI masked is the most appropriate method to extract plastic wastes. Also, we have investigated the possibility of reducing the influence of vegetation and water, using ASTER/TIR, and successfully extracted some places with plastics. As a conclusion, we have summarized the relationship between detection techniques and conditions of plastic wastes and propose the practical application of remote sensing technology to the extraction of plastic wastes.

classification of the satellite images provides information about land cover and/or land use. Quality of the classification result depends mainly on the spatial and spectral resolutions of the images. In this study, image fusion in terms of resolution merging, and band integration with multi-source of the satellite images; Landsat ETM+ and Ikonos were carried out to improve classification. Resolution merging and band integration could generate imagery of high resolution with more spectral bands. Precise image co-registration is required to remove geometric distortion between different sources of images. Combination of unsupervised and supervised classification of the fused imagery was implemented to improve classification. 3D display of the results was possible by combining DEM with the classification result so that interpretability could be improved.

Image matching is fundamental process to identify conjugate points on the stereo images. However, standard methods or general solutions for matching problem have not been found yet, in spite of long history. Quality of the matching basically depends on uniqueness of the matching entity and robustness of the algorithm. In this study, conjugate points were extracted by implementing interest operator, then area based matching method was applied to the topographical characteristics of the gray value as the matching entities. The matching entities were utilized based on the concept of the intrinsic image.

Hyperion, as hyperspectral data, is carried on NASA’s EO-1 satellite, can be used in more subtle discrimination on forest cover, with 224 band in 360 ?2580 nm (10nm interval). In this study, Hyperion image is used to investigate the effects of topography on the classification of forest cover, and to assess whether the topographic correction improves the discrimination of species units for practical forest mapping. A publicly available Digital Elevation Model (DEM), at a scale of 1:25,000, is used to model the radiance variation on forest, considering MSR(Mean Spectral Ratio) on antithesis aspects. Hyperion, as hyperspectral data, is corrected on a pixel-by-pixel basis to normalize the scene to a uniform solar illumination and viewing geometry. As a result, the approach on topographic effect normalization in hyperspectral data can effectively reduce the variation in detected radiance due to changes in forest illumination, progress the classification of forest cover.

The satellite remote sensing data is good in order to grasp the wide natural environment. The purpose of study is that it examines spectral reflection characteristic and vegetation index by the utilization of the plant energy ( chlorophyll ) for examining the reliability of satellite data and grasps the transition of the natural environment using the result. According to result of analysis, there were NDVI and mutual relationship on chlorophyll, and luminance compensation of NDVI was effective for all area. In vegetation transition, there were no luminance compensation and relation, and there was a decrease of vegetation in area in south and north. The reason was a result by the artificial and natural effect. This analysis is an effective method in order to confirm the change of specific vegetation.

The aim of this paper was mainly to interpret the real information-missing patch of image by using the kriging interpolation technology of spatial statistics. The TM Image of the Jingouling Forest Farm of Wangqing Forestry Bureau of Northeast China on 1 July 1997 was used as the tested material in this paper. Based on the classification for the TM image, the information pixel-missing patch of image was interpolated by the kriging interpolation technology of spatial statistics theory under the image treatment software-ERDAS and the geographic information system software-Arc/Info. The interpolation results were already passed precise examination. This paper would provide a method and means for interpreting the information-missing patch of image.

Multitemporal approaches using sequential data acquired over multiple years are essential for satisfactory discrimination between many land cover classes whose signatures exhibit seasonal trends. At any particular time, the response of several classes may be indistinguishable. Using the estimates of periodogram which are obtained from sequential images, the periodicity of the process have been incorporates into multitemporal classification. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was computed for seven-day composites of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) imagery over the Korean peninsula for 1996 - 2000 using a dynamic technique.