Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology

The Korean Society of Clinical Neurophysiology (대한임상신경생리학회)
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Functional neuroanatomy of the vestibular cortex and vestibular stimulation methods for neuroimaging studies

  • Seung-Keun Lee (Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital) ;
  • Eek-Sung Lee (Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital)
  • Received : 2023.09.26
  • Accepted : 2023.11.08
  • Published : 2024.04.30
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Abstract

The vestibular cortex is a distributed network of multisensory areas that plays a crucial role in balance, posture, and spatial orientation. The core region of the vestibular cortex is the parietoinsular vestibular cortex (PIVC), which is located at the junction between the posterior insula, parietal operculum, and retroinsular region. The PIVC is connected to other vestibular areas, the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices, and the premotor and posterior parietal cortices. It also sends projections to the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem. The PIVC is a multisensory region that integrates vestibular, visual, and somatosensory information to create a representation of head-in-space motion, which is used to control eye movements, posture, and balance. Other regions of the vestibular cortex include the primary somatosensory, posterior parietal, and frontal cortices. The primary somatosensory cortex is involved in processing information about touch and body position. The posterior parietal cortex is involved in integrating vestibular, visual, and somatosensory information to create a representation of spatial orientation. The frontal cortex is involved in controlling posture, and eye movements. The various methods used to stimulate the vestibular receptors in neuroimaging studies include caloric vestibular stimulation (CVS), galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS), and auditory vestibular stimulation (AVS). CVS uses warm or cold water or air to stimulate the semicircular canals, GVS uses a weak electrical current to stimulate the vestibular nerve, and AVS uses high-intensity clicks or short tone bursts to stimulate the otolithic receptors.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (Nos. 2019R1F1A1062752) and was supported by the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund.

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