Nutrition Research and Practice

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Consumption of poly-γ-glutamate-vitamin B6 supplement and urinary microbiota profiles in Korean healthy adults: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled intervention study

  • Jungmin Park (Imported Food Safety Digital Planning Team, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety) ;
  • Inkyung Baik (Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Science and Technology, Kookmin University)
  • Received : 2024.02.21
  • Accepted : 2024.07.05
  • Published : 2024.10.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), a natural polymer found in fermented soybean products, has been reported to play a prebiotic role in the gut. This intervention study investigated the effects of γ-PGA-containing supplement consumption on urinary microbiota in healthy adults because of limited data on such investigation. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A 4-week parallel trial including 39 male and female Korean adults, who were free of chronic diseases and infection, was designed as a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. A total of 30 participants completed the study wherein the intervention group (n = 17) received a mixture supplement containing 600 mg/day of γ-PGA and 100 mg/day of vitamin B6, while the control group (n = 13) received a placebo. Paired datasets (baseline and endpoint data) of microbiota profiles, which were constructed via urinary assays of microbe-derived extracellular vesicles, were analyzed and compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Only the intervention group yielded significant results for the Bray-Curtis and Jaccard dissimilarity indices between baseline and endpoint data (P < 0.05). In the phylum-level analysis of microbial composition, the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (FB ratio) tended to decrease from baseline in the intervention group; however, it increased in the control group. Differences between the baseline and endpoint FB ratios were significant between the two groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study's findings suggest that γ-PGA-vitamin B6 supplementation potentially alters the microbial community composition of a host. Further investigation into the biological consequences of commensal microbiota alteration by γ-PGA-containing supplement consumption is warranted.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (RS-2024-00336637).

References

  1. Shih IL, Van YT. The production of poly-(gamma-glutamic acid) from microorganisms and its various applications. Bioresour Technol 2001;79:207-25.
  2. Tanimoto H, Fox T, Eagles J, Satoh H, Nozawa H, Okiyama A, Morinaga Y, Fairweather-Tait SJ. Acute effect of poly-gamma-glutamic acid on calcium absorption in post-menopausal women. J Am Coll Nutr 2007;26:645-9.
  3. Lee SW, Park HJ, Park SH, Kim N, Hong S. Immunomodulatory effect of poly-γ-glutamic acid derived from Bacillus subtilis on natural killer dendritic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014;443:413-21.
  4. Oyunbileg E, Jun N, Yoon D, Baik I. Effects of poly-gamma-glutamic acid on inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers in sleep-restricted rats. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2018;16:399-404.
  5. Araki R, Fujie K, Yuine N, Watabe Y, Maruo K, Suzuki H, Hashimoto K. The possibility of suppression of increased postprandial blood glucose levels by gamma-polyglutamic acid-rich natto in the early phase after eating: a randomized crossover pilot study. Nutrients 2020;12:915.
  6. Garcia-Garcia C, Baik I. Effects of poly-gamma-glutamic acid and vitamin B6 supplements on sleep status: a randomized intervention study. Nutr Res Pract 2021;15:309-18.
  7. Jin HE, Choi JC, Lim YT, Sung MH. Prebiotic effects of poly-gamma-glutamate on bacterial flora in murine gut. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017;27:412-5.
  8. Umeda K, Ikeda A, Uchida R, Sasahara I, Mine T, Murakami H, Kameyama K. Combination of poly-γ-glutamic acid and galactooligosaccharide improves intestinal microbiota, defecation status, and relaxed mood in humans: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group comparison trial. Biosci Microbiota Food Health 2023;42:34-48.
  9. Liang X, Dai N, Sheng K, Lu H, Wang J, Chen L, Wang Y. Gut bacterial extracellular vesicles: important players in regulating intestinal microenvironment. Gut Microbes 2022;14:2134689.
  10. Samra M, Nam SK, Lim DH, Kim DH, Yang J, Kim YK, Kim JH. Urine bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles and allergic airway diseases in children. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019;178:150-8.
  11. Park JY, Kang CS, Seo HC, Shin JC, Kym SM, Park YS, Shin TS, Kim JG, Kim YK. Bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles in urine as a novel biomarker for gastric cancer: integration of liquid biopsy and metagenome analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2021;13:4687.
  12. Grange C, Dalmasso A, Cortez JJ, Spokeviciute B, Bussolati B. Exploring the role of urinary extracellular vesicles in kidney physiology, aging, and disease progression. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023;325:C1439-50.
  13. Kaisanlahti A, Salmi S, Kumpula S, Amatya SB, Turunen J, Tejesvi M, Byts N, Tapiainen T, Reunanen J. Bacterial extracellular vesicles - brain invaders? A systematic review. Front Mol Neurosci 2023;16:1227655.
  14. Ministry of Health and Welfare, The Korean Nutrition Society. 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2020. 
  15. Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Current Status of Functional Ingredients for Health Functional Food in Korea. Cheongju: Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; 2016. 
  16. Shin C, Baik I. Bacterial extracellular vesicle composition in human urine and the 10-year risk of abdominal obesity. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2023;21:233-42.
  17. Sommer F, Anderson JM, Bharti R, Raes J, Rosenstiel P. The resilience of the intestinal microbiota influences health and disease. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017;15:630-8.
  18. Manichanh C, Rigottier-Gois L, Bonnaud E, Gloux K, Pelletier E, Frangeul L, Nalin R, Jarrin C, Chardon P, Marteau P, et al. Reduced diversity of faecal microbiota in Crohn's disease revealed by a metagenomic approach. Gut 2006;55:205-11.
  19. Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, Cantarel BL, Duncan A, Ley RE, Sogin ML, Jones WJ, Roe BA, Affourtit JP, et al. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 2009;457:480-4.
  20. Lambeth SM, Carson T, Lowe J, Ramaraj T, Leff JW, Luo L, Bell CJ, Shah VO. Composition, diversity and abundance of gut microbiome in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Obes 2015;2:1-7.
  21. Chen LL, Abbaspour A, Mkoma GF, Bulik CM, Ruck C, Djurfeldt D. Gut microbiota in psychiatric disorders: a systematic review. Psychosom Med 2021;83:679-92.
  22. Wang Z, Wang Z, Lu T, Chen W, Yan W, Yuan K, Shi L, Liu X, Zhou X, Shi J, et al. The microbiota-gut-brain axis in sleep disorders. Sleep Med Rev 2022;65:101691.
  23. Spychala MS, Venna VR, Jandzinski M, Doran SJ, Durgan DJ, Ganesh BP, Ajami NJ, Putluri N, Graf J, Bryan RM, et al. Age-related changes in the gut microbiota influence systemic inflammation and stroke outcome. Ann Neurol 2018;84:23-36.
  24. Crovesy L, Masterson D, Rosado EL. Profile of the gut microbiota of adults with obesity: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020;74:1251-62.
  25. Morwani-Mangnani J, Giannos P, Belzer C, Beekman M, Eline Slagboom P, Prokopidis K. Gut microbiome changes due to sleep disruption in older and younger individuals: a case for sarcopenia? Sleep (Basel) 2022;45:zsac239.
  26. Poroyko VA, Carreras A, Khalyfa A, Khalyfa AA, Leone V, Peris E, Almendros I, Gileles-Hillel A, Qiao Z, Hubert N, et al. Chronic sleep disruption alters gut microbiota, induces systemic and adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in mice. Sci Rep 2016;6:35405.
  27. Gottesmann C. GABA mechanisms and sleep. Neuroscience 2002;111:231-9.
  28. Yu X, Ye Z, Houston CM, Zecharia AY, Ma Y, Zhang Z, Uygun DS, Parker S, Vyssotski AL, Yustos R, et al. Wakefulness is governed by GABA and histamine cotransmission. Neuron 2015;87:164-78.
  29. Sarasa SB, Mahendran R, Muthusamy G, Thankappan B, Selta DR, Angayarkanni J. A brief review on the non-protein amino acid, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA): its production and role in microbes. Curr Microbiol 2020;77:534-44. 
  30. Park KB, Oh SH. Enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid production in Chungkukjang by applying a Bacillus subtilis strain expressing glutamate decarboxylase from Lactobacillus brevis. Biotechnol Lett 2006;28:1459-63.
  31. Yoon DW, Baik I. Oral administration of human-gut-derived Prevotella histicola improves sleep architecture in rats. Microorganisms 2023;11:1151.
  32. Yang J, Shin TS, Kim JS, Jee YK, Kim YK. A new horizon of precision medicine: combination of the microbiome and extracellular vesicles. Exp Mol Med 2022;54:466-82.