Structural Engineering and Mechanics

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

CO2 emission optimization of composite floor systems with cellular beams via metaheuristics algorithms

  • Gabrieli Fontes Silva (Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo) ;
  • Moacir Kripka (Civil Engineering Graduate Program, Federal University of Technology-Parana) ;
  • Elcio Cassimiro Alves (Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo)
  • Received : 2023.09.11
  • Accepted : 2024.02.15
  • Published : 2024.03.10
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In this study, the optimization of the composite floor system with cellular beams is investigated. The objective function is the minimization of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and the optimal solution is defined by 19 design variables for the beam's topology, beams fabricated process, steel deck characteristics, columns. The requirements of the ultimate and serviceability state limits are considered for the composite floor system design. The program is developed within the MATLAB platform. A number of the benchmark test problems of composite floor systems with full web beams are optimized with cellular beams to verify the reduction of total CO2 emission. The optimum results are obtained by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Bonobo Algorithm (BO). A comparison of the performance of these algorithms shows that the BO algorithm has a higher search capability and results in better solutions than PSO and GA algorithms in the optimization of the composite floor system with the cellular beams and the use of cellular beams can reduce the total CO2 emissions of the floor above 20%.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank CAPES for the support given to the postgraduate program in civil engineering at UFES, CNPq for the research grant provided to the second author, and FAPES for the research grant provided to the third author.

References

  1. Alievi, J.J., Santoro, J.F. and Kripka, M. (2022), "Optimized sizing of reinforced concrete structural elements considering the effect of carbonation", Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais, 15. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-41952022000600004. 
  2. Arama, Z.A., Kayabekir, A.E., Bekdas, G. and Geem, Z.W. (2020), "CO2 and cost optimization of reinforced concrete cantilever soldier piles: A parametric study with harmony search algorithm", Sustain., 12(15), 5906. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12155906. 
  3. Arpini, P.A.T., Loureiro, M.C., Breda, B.D., Calenzani, A.F. and Alves, E.C. (2021), "Optimum design of a composite floor system considering environmental and economic impacts", Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais, 15, e15302.  https://doi.org/10.20297/JSCI.2021.15.3.205
  4. Associacao Brasileira de Normas Tecnicas (2008), Projeto de Estruturas de Aco e de Estruturas Mistas de Aco e Concreto de Edificios-Procedimento, ABNT NBR 8800. 
  5. Barbosa, H.J. and Lemonge, A.C. (2008), "An adaptive penalty method for genetic algorithms in constrained optimization problems", INTECH Open Access Publisher. 
  6. Bekdas, G., Nigdeli, S.M., Kim, S. and Geem, Z.W. (2022), "Modified harmony search algorithm-based optimization for eco-friendly reinforced concrete frames", Sustain., 14(6), 3361. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063361. 
  7. Cakiroglu, C., Islam, K., Bekdas, G., Kim, S. and Geem, Z.W. (2021), "CO2 emission optimization of concrete-filled steel tubular rectangular stub columns using metaheuristic algorithms", Sustain., 13(19), 10981. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910981. 
  8. Camp, C.V. and Assadollahi, A. (2013), "CO2 and cost optimization of reinforced concrete footings using a hybrid big bang-big crunch algorithm", Struct. Multidisc. Optim., 48(2), 411-426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-013-0897-6. 
  9. Camp, C.V. and Huq, F. (2013), "CO2 and cost optimization of reinforced concrete frames using a big bang-big crunch algorithm", Eng. Struct., 48, 363-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.09.004. 
  10. Das, A.K. and Pratihar, D.K. (2022), "Bonobo optimizer (BO): an intelligent heuristic with self-adjusting parameters over continuous spaces and its applications to engineering problems", Appl. Intel., 52(3), 2942-2974. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-021-02444-w 
  11. de Medeiros, G.F. and Kripka, M. (2014), "Optimization of reinforced concrete columns according to different environmental impact assessment parameters", Eng. Struct., 59, 185-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.10.045. 
  12. Dunant, C.F., Drewniok, M.P., Orr, J.J. and Allwood, J.M. (2021), "Good early stage design decisions can halve embodied CO2 and lower structural frames' cost", Struct., 33, 343-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.04.033. 
  13. Erlacher, G., Calenzan, A.F.G. and Alves, E.C. (2023), "Topological optimization of composite trusses considering CO2 emission via metaheuristics algorithms", Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais, 16, e16606. 
  14. Fernandez-Ceniceros, J., Fernandez-Martinez, R., Fraile-Garcia, E. and Martinez-de-Pison, F.J. (2013), "Decision support model for one-way floor slab design: A sustainable approach", Autom. Constr., 35, 460-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2013.06.002. 
  15. Fiorotti, K.M., Silva, G.F., Calenzani, A.F.G. and Alves, E.C. (2023), "Optimization of steel beams with external pretension, considering the environmental and financial impact", Asian J. Civil Eng., 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-023-00715-0. 
  16. Garcia-Segura, T. and Yepes, V. (2016), "Multiobjective optimization of post-tensioned concrete box-girder road bridges considering cost, CO2 emissions, and safety", Eng. Struct., 125, 325-336. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.07.012. 
  17. Gerdau. Perfis Estruturais Gerdau: Tabela de Bitolas. Available at: https://www2.gerdau.com.br/catalogos-and-manuais. 
  18. Goodarzimehr, V., Topal, U., Das, A.K. and Vo-Duy, T. (2023), "Bonobo optimizer algorithm for optimum design of truss structures with static constraints.", Struct., 50, 400-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.02.023. 
  19. Guimaraes, S.A., Klein, D., Calenzani, A.F.G. and Alves, E.C. (2022), "Optimum design of steel columns filled with concrete via genetic algorithm: Environmental impact and cost analysis", REM-Int. Eng. J., 75, 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672021750034. 
  20. Hicks, S.J. and Lawson, R.M. (2011), "Design of composite beams with large web openings", SCI Publication, 355. 
  21. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007), "Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the fourth assessment report on Intergovernmental Panel on climate change. Climate change", Synthesis Report, Geneva, Switzerland. 
  22. Kaplan, G., Bayraktar, O.Y. and Bayraktar, T. (2023), "Optimization of without SCM concrete exposed to seawater according to minimum cost and CO2 emissions: Sustainable design with ABC algorithm", Mater. Today Commun., 35, 105657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.105657. 
  23. Kaveh, A. and Ardalani, S. (2016), "Cost and CO2 emission optimization of reinforced concrete frames using enhanced colliding bodies algorithm", Asian J. Civil Eng. (Bhrc), 17(6), 831-858.  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48012-1_17
  24. Kaveh, A. and Ghafari, M.H. (2016), "Optimum design of steel floor system: Effect of floor division number, deck thickness and castellated beams", Struct. Eng. Mech., 59(5), 933-950. http://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2016.59.5.933. 
  25. Kaveh, A., Mottaghi, L. and Izadifard, R.A. (2022), "Optimization of columns and bent caps of RC bridges for cost and CO2 emission", Periodica Polytechnica Civil Eng., 66(2), 553-563. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.19413. 
  26. Kayabekir, A.E., Bekdas, G. and Nigdeli, S.M. (2021), "Optimum design of reinforced concrete T-Beam considering environmental factors via flower pollination algorithm", Int. J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 13(4), 166-178. https://doi.org/10.24107/ijeas.1037908. 
  27. Lanikova, I., Stepanek, P. and Simunek, P. (2014), "Optimized design of concrete structures considering environmental aspects", Adv. Struct. Eng., 17(4), 495-511. https://doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.17.4.495. 
  28. Lee, M.S., Hong, K. and Choi, S.W. (2016), "Genetic algorithm based optimal structural design method for cost and CO2 emissions of reinforced concrete frames", J. Comput. Struct. Eng. Inst. Korea, 29(5), 429-436. https://doi.org/10.7734/COSEIK.2016.29.5.429. 
  29. Mergos, P.E. (2018), "Contribution to sustainable seismic design of reinforced concrete members through embodied CO2 emissions optimization", Struct. Concrete, 19(2), 454-462. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201700064. 
  30. Mergos, P.E. (2018), "Seismic design of reinforced concrete frames for minimum embodied CO2 emissions", Energy Build., 162, 177-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. enbuild.2017.12.039. 
  31. METFORM (2006), Plataforma de aco Metform, Manual Tecnico: Especificacoes para Projeto, Manuseio e Montagem de Steel Deck. 
  32. Mottaghi, L., Izadifard, R.A. and Kaveh, A. (2021), "Factors in the relationship between optimal CO2 emission and optimal cost of the RC frames", Periodica Polytechnica Civil Eng., 65(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.16790. 
  33. Negrin, I.A. and Chagoyen, E.L. (2022), "Economic and environmental design optimisation of reinforced concrete frame buildings: A comparative study", Struct., 38, 64-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.01.090. 
  34. Nesheim, S., Mela, K., Malo, K.A. and Labonnote, N. (2022), "Optimization framework for cost and carbon emission of timber floor elements", Eng. Struct., 252, 113485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113485. 
  35. Park, H.S., Kwon, B., Shin, Y., Kim, Y., Hong, T. and Choi, S.W. (2013), "Cost and CO2 emission optimization of steel reinforced concrete columns in high-rise buildings", Energi., 6(11), 5609-5624. https://doi.org/10.3390/en6115609. 
  36. Park, H.S., Lee, H., Kim, Y., Hong, T. and Choi, S.W. (2014), "Evaluation of the influence of design factors on the CO2 emissions and costs of reinforced concrete columns", Energy Build., 82, 378-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.07.038. 
  37. Paya-Zaforteza, I., Yepes, V., Gonzalez-Vidosa, F. and Hospitaler, A. (2008), "Multiobjective optimization of concrete frames by simulated annealing", Comput.-Aid. Civil Infrastr. Eng., 23, 596-510. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8667.2008.00561.x. 
  38. Paya-Zaforteza, I., Yepes, V., Hospitaler, A. and Gonzalez-Vidosa, F. (2009), "CO2-optimization of reinforced concrete frames by simulated annealing", Eng. Struct., 31(7), 1501-1508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.02.034. 
  39. Poitras, G.L.G.C.G., Lefrancois, G. and Cormier, G. (2011), "Optimization of steel floor systems using particle swarm optimization", J. Constr. Steel Res., 67(8), 1225-1231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2011.02.016. 
  40. Rahman, S.M., Handler, R.M. and Mayer, A.L. (2016), "Life cycle assessment of steel in the ship recycling industry in Bangladesh", J. Clean. Prod., 135, 963-971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.014. 
  41. Sanchez-Garrido, A.J., Navarro, I.J. and Yepes, V. (2022), "Multi-criteria decision-making applied to the sustainability of building structures based on Modern Methods of Construction", J. Clean. Prod., 330, 129724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.12972. 
  42. Santoro, J.F. and Kripka, M. (2020), "Minimizing environmental impact from optimized sizing of reinforced concrete elements", Comput. Concrete, 25(2), 111. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2020.25.2.111. 
  43. Sproesser, G., Chang, Y.J., Pittner, A., Finkbeiner, M. and Rethmeier, M. (2015), "Life cycle assessment of welding technologies for thick metal plate welds", J. Clean. Prod., 108, 46-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.121. 
  44. Tapia, C. and Padgett, J.E. (2016), "Multi-objective optimisation of bridge retrofit and post-event repair selection to enhance sustainability", Struct. Infrastr. Eng., 12(1), 93-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2014.995676. 
  45. Tormen, A.F., Pravia, Z.M.C., Ramires, F.B. and Kripka, M. (2020), "Optimization of steel-concrete composite beams considering cost and environmental impact", Steel Compos. Struct., 34(3), 409-421. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.34.3.409. 
  46. UN Environment and International Energy Agency (2021), "Towards a zero-emission, efficient, and resilient buildings and construction sector", Global Status Report. 
  47. Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change (2022), Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Cambridge University Press. 
  48. Worldsteel Association (2022), LCI Data for Steel Products.
  49. Xu, K., Kang, H., Wang, W., Jiang, P. and Li, N. (2021), "Carbon emission estimation of assembled composite concrete beams during construction", Energi., 14(7), 1810. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071810. 
  50. Yeo, D. and Gabbai, R.D. (2011), "Sustainable design of reinforced concrete structures through embodied energy optimization", Energy Build., 43(8), 2028-2033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.04.014. 
  51. Yeo, D. and Potra, F.A. (2015), "Sustainable design of reinforced concrete structures through CO2 emission optimization", J. Struct. Eng., 141(3), B4014002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000888. 
  52. Yepes, V., Gonzalez-Vidosa, F., Alcala, J. and Villalba, P. (2012), "CO2-optimization design of reinforced concrete retaining walls based on a VNS-threshold acceptance strategy", J. Comput. Civil Eng., 26(3), 378-386. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000140. 
  53. Yepes, V., Marti, J.V. and Garcia-Segura, T. (2015), "Cost and CO2 emission optimization of precast-prestressed concrete U-beam road bridges by a hybrid glowworm swarm algorithm", Auto. Constr., 49, 123-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2014.10.013. 
  54. Yepes-Bellver, L., Brun-Izquierdo, A., Alcala, J. and Yepes, V. (2022), "CO2-optimization of post-tensioned concrete slab-bridge decks using surrogate modeling", Mater., 15(14), 4776. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15144776. 
  55. Yoon, Y.C., Kim, K.H., Lee, S.H. and Yeo, D. (2018), "Sustainable design for reinforced concrete columns through embodied energy and CO2 emission optimization", Energy Build., 174, 44-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.06.013. 
  56. Yucel, M., Nigdeli, S.M. and Bekdas, G. (2022, June), "Generation of sustainable models with multi-objective optimum design of reinforced concrete (RC) structures", Struct., 40, 223-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.04.020.