Journal of Animal Science and Technology

Korean Society of Animal Sciences and Technology (한국축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Assessment of planting soil temperature and growing degree day impacts on silage corn (Zea mays L.) biomass

  • Moonju Kim (Institute of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Jiyung Kim (Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Mu-Hwan Jo (Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Kyungil Sung (Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Kun-Jun Han (School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, LSU AgCenter)
  • Received : 2023.06.05
  • Accepted : 2023.09.19
  • Published : 2024.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The annual forage crop production system, enclosing silage corn (Zea mays L.) and following cool-season annual forage, can enhance forage production efficiency where available land is limited for pasture production. In this forage production system, successful silage corn cultivation has a significant value due to the great yield of highly digestible forage. However, some untimely planting or harvesting of corn due to changing weather often reduces biomass and feeding values. Therefore, a study was conducted to quantify the corn silage biomass reductions by the deviations from optimum planting soil temperature and optimum growing degree day (GDD). The approximations of maximum corn production were estimated based on field trial data conducted between 1978 and 2018 with early, medium, and late-maturity corn groups. Based on weather data, the recorded planting dates and harvest dates were converted into the corresponding trials' soil temperatures at planting (STP) and the GDD. The silage corn biomass data were regressed against STP and GDD using a quadratic function. The maximum biomass point was modeled in a convex upward quadratic yield curve and the optimum STP and GDD were defined as those values at the maximum biomass for each maturity group. Optimized STP was at 16.6℃, 16.2℃, and 15.6℃ for early, medium, and late maturity corn groups, respectively, while optimized GDD at harvest was at 1424, 1363, and 1542℃. The biomass reductions demonstrated quadratic functions by the departures of STP or GDD. The 5% reductions were anticipated when STP departed from the optimum temperature by 2.2℃, 2.4℃, and 1.4℃ for early, medium, and late maturity corns, respectively; the same degree of reductions were estimated when the GDD departed by 200, 180, and 130℃ in the same order of the maturity groups. This result indicates that biomass reductions of late-maturity corn were more sensitive to the departures of STP or GDD than the early-maturity corn. Therefore, early maturing cultivars are more stable in biomass production in a silage corn-winter annual forage crop production system to enhance forage-based livestock production efficiency.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This study was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea, funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (NRF- 2023R1C1C1004618).

References

  1. Kim WH, Shin JS, Lim YC, Seo S, Kim KY, Lee JK. Study on the promising double cropping system of summer and winter forage crop in paddy field. J Korean Grassl Sci. 2005;25:233-8. https://doi.org/10.5333/KGFS.2005.25.4.233
  2. Kim JD, Kim DA, Lee JK, Kim JG, Kang WS. Effect of planting date and hybrid on forage yield and quality of corn for silage. II. Fiber component and digestibility of ear, stover and whole plant. J Korean Grassl Sci. 1999;19:221-32.
  3. Lee SM. Effects of ridging times on agronomic characteristics, yield and feed value of corn hybrid for silage in paddy field cultivation. J Korean Grassl Forage Sci. 2012;32:265-74. https://doi.org/10.5333/KGFS.2012.32.3.265
  4. Lee HJ, Joo YH, Lee SS, Paradipta DHV, Han OK, Ku JH, et al. Effect of the sowing and harvesting dates on the agronomic characteristics and feed value of corn and sorghum×sorghum hybrid in Youngnam Mountain area. J Korean Soc Grassl Forage Sci. 2019;39:53-60. https://doi.org/10.5333/KGFS.2019.39.2.53
  5. Peng J, Kim M, Kim Y, Jo M, Nejad JG, Lee B, et al. Detecting the climate factors related to dry matter yield of whole crop maize. Korean J Agric For Meteorol. 2015;17:261-9. https://doi.org/10.5532/KJAFM.2015.17.3.261
  6. Schneider EC, Gupta SC. Corn emergence as influenced by soil temperature, matric potential, and aggregate size distribution. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 1985;49:415-22. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1985.03615995004900020029x
  7. Abendroth LJ, Elmore RW, Boyer MJ, Marlay SK. Corn growth and development. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University; 2011. Extension publication PMR1009. .
  8. Lauer JG, Carter PR, Wood TM, Diezel WG, Wiersma DW, Rand RE, et al. Corn hybrid response to planting date in the northern corn belt. Agron J. 1999;91:834-9. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1999.915834x
  9. Stewart S, Kitchen N, Yost M, Conway LS, Carter P. Planting depth and within-field soil variability impacts on corn stand establishment and yield. Agrosyst Geosci Environ. 2021;4:e20186. https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20186
  10. Angel JR, Widhalm M, Todey D, Massey R, Biehl L. The U2U corn growing degree day tool: tracking corn growth across the US Corn Belt. Clim Risk Manag. 2017;15:73-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2016.10.002
  11. Lewis AL, Cox WJ, Cherney JH. Hybrid, maturity, and cutting height interactions on corn forage yield and quality. Agron J. 2004;96:267-74. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.2670
  12. Cai R, Yu D, Oppenheimer M. Estimating the spatially varying responses of corn yields to weather variations using geographically weighted panel regression. J Agric Resour Econ. 2014;39:230-52.
  13. Bryant HT, Blaser RE, Hammes RC Jr, Huber JT. Evaluation of corn silage harvested at two stages of maturity. Agron J. 1966;58:253-5. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1966.00021962005800030003x
  14. Ferreira G, Brown AN. Environmental factors affecting corn quality for silage production. In: da Silage T, Santos EM, editors. Advances in silage production and utilization. Reijka: IntechOpen; 2016. p. 39-51.
  15. Zopollato M, Sarturi JO. Optimization of the animal production system based on the selection of corn cultivars for silage. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Forage Quality and Conservation; 2009; Piracicaba, Brazil. p. 73-90.
  16. Baier W, Robertson GW. The performance of soil moisture estimates as compared with the direct use of climatological data for estimating crop yields. Agric Meteorol. 1968;5:17-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-1571(68)90020-4
  17. Bal MA, Coors JG, Shaver RD. Impact of the maturity of corn for use as silage in the diets of dairy cows on intake, digestion, and milk production. J Dairy Sci. 1997;80:2497-503. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76202-7
  18. Lee HJ, Lee HW. Forage crop. Seoul: Korea National Open University; 1993; p. 215-34.
  19. Lee SM, Lee JH. Effects of seeding dates and growth periods on the growth characteristics, dry matter yield and feed value of corn for silage in paddy field. J Anim Sci Technol. 2010;52:441-8. https://doi.org/10.5187/JAST.2010.52.5.441
  20. McWilliams DA, Berglund DR, Endres G. Corn growth and management: quick guide. Fargo, ND: North Dakota State University Extension; 1999.Report No.: A-1173.
  21. Pioneer Hi-Bred International. Pioneer forage manual: a nutritional guide. Des Moines, IA: Pioneer Hi-Bred International; 1990. p. 18-20.
  22. Box GEP, Wilson KB. On the experimental attainment of optimum conditions. In: Kotz S, Johnson NL, editors. Breakthroughs in statistics: methodology and distribution. New York, NY: Springer; 1992. p. 270-310.
  23. Bas D, Boyaci IH. Modeling and optimization I: usability of response surface methodology. J Food Eng. 2007;78:836-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.11.024
  24. Kim M, Kim JY, Sung K. The optimum seeding and harvesting dates of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor L.) via optimum moving response surface methodology. Grassl Sci. 2021;67:3-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/grs.12279
  25. Son BY, Kim JT, Lee JS, Baek SB, Kim WH, Kim JD. Comparison of growth characteristics and yield of silage corn hybrids by different planting dates at paddy and upland field. J Korean Grassl Forage Sci. 2010;30:237-46. https://doi.org/10.5333/KGFS.2010.30.3.237
  26. Choi GJ, Lim YC, Yoon SH, Ji HC, Lee SH, Jung MW, et al. Effect of rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) infection rate on forage productivity of corn variety in middle district of Korea. J Korean Soc Grassl Forage Sci. 2017;37:44-9. https://doi.org/10.5333/KGFS.2017.37.1.44
  27. Chung ES, Jo MH, Kim JK, Nam DW, Jin SJ, Jang SY, et al. Agronomic and silage traits of corn over time. J Korean Soc Grassl Forage Sci. 2010;30:325-32. https://doi.org/10.5333/KGFS.2010.30.4.325
  28. Park C, Moon J, Cha EJ, Yun WT, Choi Y. Recent changes in summer precipitation characteristics over South Korea. J Korean Geogr Soc. 2008;43:324-36.
  29. Kim M, Chemere B, Sung K. Effect of heavy rainfall events on the dry matter yield trend of whole crop maize (Zea mays L.). Agriculture. 2019;9:75. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9040075
  30. Verheye W. Growth and production of maize: traditional low-input cultivation. In: Verheye WH, editor. Land use, land cover and soil sciences, Oxford: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS),UNESCO-EOLSS; 2010. p. 1-24.
  31. Chemere B, Kim M, Peng J, Kim B, Sung K. Detecting dry matter yield trend of whole crop maize considering the climatic factors in the Republic of Korea. Grassl Sci. 2019;65:116-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/grs.12220
  32. Bello OB, Abdulmaliq SY, Ige SA, Mahamood J, Oluleye F, Azeez MA, et al. Evaluation of early and late/intermediate maize varieties for grain yield potential and adaptation to a southern guinea savanna agro-ecology of Nigeria. Int J Plant Res. 2012;2:14-21. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.plant.20120202.03
  33. Hanway JJ. How a corn plant develops. Ames, IA: Iowa Agricultural and Home Economics Experiment Station Publications, Iowa State University; 1966. Special Report No.: 38.
  34. McWilliams DA. Corn growth and management quick guide. 2020 rev. ed. Fargo, ND: NDSU Extension, North Dakota State University; 2020. Report No.: A-1173.