Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (대한소아청소년정신의학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Behavioral Interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Brief Review and Guidelines With a Specific Focus on Applied Behavior Analysis

  • Kyong-Mee Chung (Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Science, Yonsei University) ;
  • Eunsun Chung (Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Science, Yonsei University) ;
  • Hoomyung Lee (Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Science, Yonsei University)
  • Received : 2023.03.21
  • Accepted : 2023.12.03
  • Published : 2024.01.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

We conducted a comprehensive review of behavioral and educational interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The most prominent type of intervention, Comprehensive Early Intervention, often referred to as Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention (EIBI), has been found to be particularly effective in improving intelligence and adaptive behaviors. The naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention, designed to enhance social and communication abilities, showed effectiveness in improving language, cognitive function, and social initiation. However, more studies are needed to examine its effectiveness. Intensive individualized intervention, which provides a tailored intervention for a specific target behavior, was effective in improving social skills and communication, as well as reducing sleep, eating, and toileting problems. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most effective method for dealing with emotional difficulties, but it has not been widely used because of the shortage of trained experts. Parent-mediated intervention (PMI) involves parents acquiring knowledge and specific skills to improve their child's functioning or reduce challenging behaviors. Speech and language therapy, sensory integration, Treatment and Education of Autistic and related Communications Handicapped Children, developmental approaches, and social stories are frequently used interventions. However, evidence of their effectiveness has yet to be well established. Based on these findings, intervention recommendations for autism include EIBI, Early Start Denver Model, intensive individualized intervention, CBT, and PMI. The choice of intervention should be tailored to the individual's needs and delivered by qualified professionals with expertise in the specific intervention.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This study was supported by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Behavior and Development Center, and the Headquarters of the National Autism and Developmental Disorders Centers.

References

  1. Hyman SL, Levy SE, Myers SM; COUNCIL ON CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES, SECTION ON DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS. Identification, evaluation, and management of children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics 2020;145:e20193447. 
  2. Skinner BF. The experimental analysis of behavior. Am Sci 1957;45:343-371. 
  3. Watson JB. Behaviorism. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press;1930. 
  4. Lovaas OI, Schreibman L, Koegel RL. A behavior modification approach to the treatment of autistic children. J Autism Child Schizophr 1974;4:111-129. 
  5. Whitman TL, Scibak JW, Reid DH. Behavior modification with the severely and profoundly retarded: research and application. New York: Academic Press;1983. 
  6. Cooper JO, Heron TE, Heward WL. Applied behavior analysis. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education;2007. 
  7. Bradshaw J, Steiner AM, Gengoux G, Koegel LK. Feasibility and effectiveness of very early intervention for infants at-risk for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. J Autism Dev Disord 2015;45:778-794. 
  8. Volkmar F, Siegel M, Woodbury-Smith M, King B, McCracken J, State M. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014;53:237-257. 
  9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Treatment and intervention services for autism spectrum disorder [Internet]. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [cited 2023 Mar 3]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/treatment.html. 
  10. Prior M, Roberts J. Early intervention for children with autism spectrum disorders: 'guidelines for good practice' 2012 [Internet]. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Social Services [cited 2023 Mar 3]. Available from: https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/08_2014/6006_-_accessible_-_early_intervention_practice_guidelines_0.pdf. 
  11. Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. Autism spectrum disorder [Internet]. Washington, DC: Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology [cited 2023 Mar 3]. Available from: https://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/autism/. 
  12. Anderson SR, Cohen I, Cohen S, Cook T, Decker L, Grant C, et al. Clinical practice guideline on assessment and intervention services for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD): 2017 update [Internet]. Albany, NY: New York State Department of Health [cited 2023 Mar 3]. Available from: https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/20152.pdf. 
  13. Autism Task Force; Washington State Department of Health. Autism guidebook for Washington State: a resource for individuals, families, and professionals [Internet]. Tumwater, WA: Washington State Department of Health [cited 2023 Mar 3]. Available from: https://www.doh.wa.gov/Portals/1/Documents/8340/970-NonDOH-AutismGd-en-L.pdf. 
  14. Maine Autism Institute for Education and Research. Maine parent guide to autism spectrum disorders. Booklet 3: resource guide for Maine families [Internet]. Orono, ME: Maine Autism Institute for Education and Research [cited 2023 Mar 3]. Available from: https://umaine.edu/autisminstitute/wp-content/uploads/sites/150/2016/02/MAIER-Parent-Booklet-3.pdf. 
  15. Lovaas OI. Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. J Consult Clin Psychol 1987;55:3-9. 
  16. Eldevik S, Hastings RP, Hughes JC, Jahr E, Eikeseth S, Cross S. Meta-analysis of early intensive behavioral intervention for children with autism. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2009;38:439-450. 
  17. Makrygianni MK, Reed P. A meta-analytic review of the effectiveness of behavioural early intervention programs for children with autistic spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord 2010;4:577-593. 
  18. Peters-Scheffer N, Didden R, Korzilius H, Sturmey P. A meta-analytic study on the effectiveness of comprehensive ABA-based early intervention programs for children with autism spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord 2011;5:60-69. 
  19. Reichow B, Wolery M. Comprehensive synthesis of early intensive behavioral interventions for young children with autism based on the UCLA young autism project model. J Autism Dev Disord 2009;39:23-41. 
  20. Reichow B, Barton EE, Boyd BA, Hume K. Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;10:CD009260. 
  21. Reichow B, Barton EE, Boyd BA, Hume K. Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD): a systematic review. Campbell Syst Rev 2014;10:1-116. 
  22. Caron V, Berube A, Paquet A. Implementation evaluation of early intensive behavioral intervention programs for children with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review of studies in the last decade. Eval Program Plann 2017;62:1-8. 
  23. Zwaigenbaum L, Bauman ML, Choueiri R, Kasari C, Carter A, Granpeesheh D, et al. Early intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder under 3 years of age: recommendations for practice and research. Pediatrics 2015;136(Suppl 1):S60-S81. 
  24. Reichow B, Hume K, Barton EE, Boyd BA. Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;5:CD009260. 
  25. Rodgers M, Marshall D, Simmonds M, Le Couteur A, Biswas M, Wright K, et al. Interventions based on early intensive applied behaviour analysis for autistic children: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Technol Assess 2020;24:1-306. 
  26. Schreibman L, Dawson G, Stahmer AC, Landa R, Rogers SJ, McGee GG, et al. Naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions: empirically validated treatments for autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2015;45:2411-2428. 
  27. Rogers SJ, Dawson G. Early start Denver model for young children with autism: promoting language, learning, and engagement. New York: Guilford Press;2010. 
  28. Fulton E, Eapen V, Crncec R, Walter A, Rogers S. Reducing maladaptive behaviors in preschool-aged children with autism spectrum disorder using the early start Denver model. Front Pediatr 2014;2:40. 
  29. Waddington H, van der Meer L, Sigafoos J. Effectiveness of the early start Denver model: a systematic review. Rev J Autism Dev Disord 2016;3:93-106. 
  30. Fuller EA, Oliver K, Vejnoska SF, Rogers SJ. The effects of the early start Denver model for children with autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis. Brain Sci 2020;10:368. 
  31. Kasari C, Freeman S, Paparella T. Joint attention and symbolic play in young children with autism: a randomized controlled intervention study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2006;47:611-620. 
  32. Wetherby AM, Guthrie W, Woods J, Schatschneider C, Holland RD, Morgan L, et al. Parent-implemented social intervention for toddlers with autism: an RCT. Pediatrics 2014;134:1084-1093. 
  33. Koegel RL, Koegel LK. Pivotal response treatments for autism: communication, social, & academic development. Baltimore, MD: 2006 Paul H Brookes Publishing;2006. 
  34. Koo BK, Chung KM. Effectiveness of an early intensive behavior intervention for infants with ASD: a preliminary study. J Korean Assoc Persons Autism 2018;18:1-30. 
  35. Cappadocia MC, Weiss JA. Review of social skills training groups for youth with Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism. Res Autism Spectr Disord 2011;5:70-78. 
  36. Bellini S, Peters JK. Social skills training for youth with autism spectrum disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2008;17:857-873. 
  37. Rao PA, Beidel DC, Murray MJ. Social skills interventions for children with Asperger's syndrome or high-functioning autism: a review and recommendations. J Autism Dev Disord 2008;38:353-361. 
  38. Williams White S, Keonig K, Scahill L. Social skills development in children with autism spectrum disorders: a review of the intervention research. J Autism Dev Disord 2007;37:1858-1868. 
  39. Gates JA, Kang E, Lerner MD. Efficacy of group social skills interventions for youth with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2017;52:164-181. 
  40. Soares EE, Bausback K, Beard CL, Higinbotham M, Bunge EL, Gengoux GW. Social skills training for autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis of in-person and technological interventions. J Technol Behav Sci 2021;6:166-180. 
  41. Wong C, Odom SL, Hume KA, Cox AW, Fettig A, Kucharczyk S, et al. Evidence-based practices for children, youth, and young adults with autism spectrum disorder: a comprehensive review. J Autism Dev Disord 2015;45:1951-1966. 
  42. French L, Kennedy EMM. Annual research review: early intervention for infants and young children with, or at-risk of, autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2018;59:444-456. 
  43. Shire SY, Gulsrud A, Kasari C. Increasing responsive parent-child interactions and joint engagement: comparing the influence of parent-mediated intervention and parent psychoeducation. J Autism Dev Disord 2016;46:1737-1747. 
  44. Waddington H, Reynolds JE, Macaskill E, Curtis S, Taylor LJ, Whitehouse AJ. The effects of JASPER intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Autism 2021;25:2370-2385. 
  45. Mirenda P. Toward functional augmentative and alternative communication for students with autism: manual signs, graphic symbols, and voice output communication aids. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 2003;34:203-216. 
  46. Charlop-Christy MH, Carpenter M, Le L, LeBlanc LA, Kellet K. Using the picture exchange communication system (PECS) with children with autism: assessment of PECS acquisition, speech, social-communicative behavior, and problem behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2002;35:213-231. 
  47. Preston D, Carter M. A review of the efficacy of the picture exchange communication system intervention. J Autism Dev Disord 2009;39:1471-1486. 
  48. Ostryn C, Wolfe PS, Rusch FR. A review and analysis of the picture exchange communication system (PECS) for individuals with autism spectrum disorders using a paradigm of communication competence. Res Pract Pers Sev Disabil 2008;33:13-24. 
  49. Flippin M, Reszka S, Watson LR. Effectiveness of the picture exchange communication system (PECS) on communication and speech for children with autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis. Am J Speech Lang Pathol 2010;19:178-195. 
  50. Cuomo BM, Vaz S, Lee EAL, Thompson C, Rogerson JM, Falkmer T. Effectiveness of sleep-based interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder: a meta-synthesis. Pharmacotherapy 2017;37:555-578. 
  51. Keogh S, Bridle C, Siriwardena NA, Nadkarni A, Laparidou D, Durrant SJ, et al. Effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2019;14:e0221428. 
  52. Vriend JL, Corkum PV, Moon EC, Smith IM. Behavioral interventions for sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorders: current findings and future directions. J Pediatr Psychol 2011;36:1017-1029. 
  53. Weiskop S, Richdale A, Matthews J. Behavioural treatment to reduce sleep problems in children with autism or fragile X syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol 2005;47:94-104. 
  54. Marshall J, Ware R, Ziviani J, Hill RJ, Dodrill P. Efficacy of interventions to improve feeding difficulties in children with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Care Health Dev 2015;41:278-302. 
  55. Sharp WG, Burrell TL, Jaquess DL. The autism MEAL plan: a parent-training curriculum to manage eating aversions and low intake among children with autism. Autism 2014;18:712-722. 
  56. Ingersoll B, Dvortcsak A. Including parent training in the early childhood special education curriculum for children with autism spectrum disorders. Topics Early Child Spec Educ 2006;26:179-187. 
  57. Perez BC, Bacotti JK, Peters KP, Vollmer TR. An extension of commonly used toilet-training procedures to children with autism spectrum disorder. J Appl Behav Anal 2020;53:2360-2375. 
  58. Kroeger KA, Sorensen-Burnworth R. Toilet training individuals with autism and other developmental disabilities: a critical review. Res Autism Spectr Disord 2009;3:607-618. 
  59. Coucouvanis JA. The potty journey: guide to toilet training children with special needs, including autism and related disorders. Shawnee, KS: AAPC Publishing;2008. 
  60. Azrin NH, Foxx RM. A rapid method of toilet training the institutionalized retarded. J Appl Behav Anal 1971;4:89-99. 
  61. Matson JL, Hattier MA, Belva B. Treating adaptive living skills of persons with autism using applied behavior analysis: a review. Res Autism Spectr Disord 2012;6:271-276. 
  62. Doan D, Toussaint KA. A parent-oriented approach to rapid toilet training. Int Electron J Elem Educ 2016;9:473-486. 
  63. Richardson D. Toilet training for children with autism. Nurs Child Young People 2016;28:16-22. 
  64. Anderson JR. Acquisition of cognitive skill. Psychol Rev 1982;89:369-406. 
  65. Simon M, Wilkes-Gillan S, Chen YWR, Cordier R, Cantrill A, Parsons L, et al. Toilet training interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Res Autism Spectr Disord 2022;99:102049. 
  66. Ambler PG, Eidels A, Gregory C. Anxiety and aggression in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders attending mainstream schools. Res Autism Spectr Disord 2015;18:97-109. 
  67. Menezes M, Harkins C, Robinson MF, Mazurek MO. Treatment of depression in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Res Autism Spectr Disord 2020;78:101639. 
  68. Sukhodolsky DG, Bloch MH, Panza KE, Reichow B. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with high-functioning autism: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2013;132:e1341-e1350. 
  69. Sofronoff K, Attwood T, Hinton S, Levin I. A randomized controlled trial of a cognitive behavioural intervention for anger management in children diagnosed with Asperger syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord 2007;37:1203-1214. 
  70. Lickel A, MacLean WE Jr, Blakeley-Smith A, Hepburn S. Assessment of the prerequisite skills for cognitive behavioral therapy in children with and without autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2012;42:992-1000. 
  71. Rotheram-Fuller E, MacMullen L. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for children with autism spectrum disorders. Psychol Sch 2011;48:263-271. 
  72. Kasari C, Gulsrud A, Paparella T, Hellemann G, Berry K. Randomized comparative efficacy study of parent-mediated interventions for toddlers with autism. J Consult Clin Psychol 2015;83:554-563. 
  73. Bearss K, Burrell TL, Stewart L, Scahill L. Parent training in autism spectrum disorder: what's in a name? Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2015;18:170-182. 
  74. Lee JD, Meadan H. Parent-mediated interventions for children with ASD in low-resource settings: a scoping review. Rev J Autism Dev Disord 2021;8:285-298. 
  75. Smith T, Iadarola S. Evidence base update for autism spectrum disorder. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2015;44:897-922. 
  76. Karst JS, Van Hecke AV. Parent and family impact of autism spectrum disorders: a review and proposed model for intervention evaluation. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2012;15:247-277. 
  77. Oono IP, Honey EJ, McConachie H. Parent-mediated early intervention for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Evid-Based Child Health 2013;8:2380-2479. 
  78. Nevill RE, Lecavalier L, Stratis EA. Meta-analysis of parent-mediated interventions for young children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism 2018;22:84-98. 
  79. Rogers SJ, Estes A, Lord C, Vismara L, Winter J, Fitzpatrick A, et al. Effects of a brief early start Denver model (ESDM)-based parent intervention on toddlers at risk for autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012;51:1052-1065. 
  80. Vismara LA, Rogers SJ. Coaching parents of young children with autism. In: Siller M, Morgan L, editors. Handbook of parent-implemented interventions for very young children with autism. Cham: Springer;2018. p.191-208. 
  81. Rogers SJ, Estes A, Vismara L, Munson J, Zierhut C, Greenson J, et al. Enhancing low-intensity coaching in parent implemented early start Denver model intervention for early autism: a randomized comparison treatment trial. J Autism Dev Disord 2019;49:632-646. 
  82. Zhou B, Xu Q, Li H, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Rogers SJ, et al. Effects of parent-implemented early start Denver model intervention on Chinese toddlers with autism spectrum disorder: a non-randomized controlled trial. Autism Res 2018;11:654-666. 
  83. Vismara LA, Young GS, Rogers SJ. Telehealth for expanding the reach of early autism training to parents. Autism Res Treat 2012;2012:121878. 
  84. Rooks-Ellis D, Howorth SK, Kunze M, Boulette S, Sulinski E. Effects of a parent training using telehealth: equity and access to early intervention for rural families. J Child Educ Soc 2020;1:141-166. 
  85. Vismara LA, McCormick CE, Wagner AL, Monlux K, Nadhan A, Young GS. Telehealth parent training in the early start Denver model: results from a randomized controlled study. Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl 2018;33:67-79. 
  86. Nam BR, Lee SH. The effects of mother mediated joint attention-focused play on precursors of joint attention and joint attention behaviors of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. J Korean Assoc Persons Autism 2014;14:21-45. 
  87. Lee HM, Chung KM. Effects of an early start Denver model-based parent training for parents of children with autism: a preliminary study. J Korean Assoc Persons Autism 2020;20:23-49. 
  88. Lim HS, Kim EK. Effects of parent-mediated pivotal response training on social communicative behaviors of preschooler with autism spectrum disorder. J Emot Behav Disord 2013;29:121-148. 
  89. Bearss K, Johnson C, Smith T, Lecavalier L, Swiezy N, Aman M, et al. Effect of parent training vs parent education on behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015;313:1524-1533. 
  90. Tarver J, Palmer M, Webb S, Scott S, Slonims V, Simonoff E, et al. Child and parent outcomes following parent interventions for child emotional and behavioral problems in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Autism 2019;23:1630-1644. 
  91. Lindgren S, Wacker D, Suess A, Schieltz K, Pelzel K, Kopelman T, et al. Telehealth and autism: treating challenging behavior at lower cost. Pediatrics 2016;137(Suppl 2):S167-S175. 
  92. Kirkpatrick B, Louw JS, Leader G. Efficacy of parent training incorporated in behavioral sleep interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder and/or intellectual disabilities: a systematic review. Sleep Med 2019;53:141-152. 
  93. Johnson CR, Turner KS, Foldes E, Brooks MM, Kronk R, Wiggs L. Behavioral parent training to address sleep disturbances in young children with autism spectrum disorder: a pilot trial. Sleep Med 2013;14:995-1004. 
  94. Shin HY, Chung KM. Effects of behavioral parent training for parents of children with developmental disabilities: comparison of theory-based training and practice-based training. Kor J Clin Psychol 2014;33:221-242. 
  95. Chung KM, Lee Y, Park S, Suh YJ. The effect of behavioral parent training on problem behaviors of persons with DD and collateral effects on mothers: a single-group pre-post treatment design. Kor J Clin Psychol 2021;40:352-364. 
  96. Park HO, Kim JH. The effects of parental education program focused on problem behavior of infants with developmental disabilities. J Dev Disabil 2021;25:83-105. 
  97. Binns AV, Smyth R, Andres A, Lam J, Oram Cardy J. Looking back and moving forward: a scoping review of research on preschool autism interventions in the field of speech-language pathology. Autism Dev Lang Impair 2021;6:23969415211033171. 
  98. Ebbels SH, McCartney E, Slonims V, Dockrell JE, Norbury CF. Evidence-based pathways to intervention for children with language disorders. Int J Lang Commun Disord 2019;54:3-19. 
  99. Case-Smith J, Weaver LL, Fristad MA. A systematic review of sensory processing interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism 2015;19:133-148. 
  100. Sandbank M, Bottema-Beutel K, Crowley S, Cassidy M, Dunham K, Feldman JI, et al. Project AIM: autism intervention meta-analysis for studies of young children. Psychol Bull 2020;146:1-29. 
  101. Greenspan SI, Wieder S. Developmental patterns and outcomes in infants and children with disorders in relating and communicating: a chart review of 200 cases of children with autistic spectrum diagnoses. J Dev Learn Disord 1997;1:87-142. 
  102. Sussman F, Lewis RB. More than words: a guide to helping parents promote communication and social skills in children with autism spectrum disorder. Toronto: Hanen Centre;1999. 
  103. Carter AS, Messinger DS, Stone WL, Celimli S, Nahmias AS, Yoder P. A randomized controlled trial of Hanen's 'more than words' in toddlers with early autism symptoms. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2011;52:741-752. 
  104. Humphrey N, Parkinson G. Research on interventions for children and young people on the autistic spectrum: a critical perspective. J Res Spec Educ Needs 2006;6:76-86. 
  105. Virues-Ortega J, Julio FM, Pastor-Barriuso R. The TEACCH program for children and adults with autism: a meta-analysis of intervention studies. Clin Psychol Rev 2013;33:940-953. 
  106. Sanz-Cervera P, Fernandez-Andres I, Pastor-Cerezuela G, Tarraga-Minguez R. The effectiveness of TEACCH intervention in autism spectrum disorder: a review study. Pap Psicol 2018;39:40-50. 
  107. Qi CH, Barton EE, Collier M, Lin YL, Montoya C. A systematic review of effects of social stories interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl 2018;33:25-34. 
  108. Wahman CL, Pustejovsky JE, Ostrosky MM, Santos RM. Examining the effects of Social StoriesTM on challenging behavior and prosocial skills in young children: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Topics Early Child Spec Educ 2022;41:267-279. 
  109. Laugeson EA, Frankel F, Gantman A, Dillon AR, Mogil C. Evidence-based social skills training for adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: the UCLA PEERS program. J Autism Dev Disord 2012;42:1025-1036. 
  110. Green J, Charman T, McConachie H, Aldred C, Slonims V, Howlin P, et al. Parent-mediated communication-focused treatment in children with autism (PACT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010;375:2152-2160. 
  111. Edwards GS, Zlomke KR, Greathouse AD. RUBI parent training as a group intervention for children with autism: a community pilot study. Res Autism Spectr Disord 2019;66:101409. 
  112. Cannon L, Kenworthy L, Alexander KC, Werner MA, Anthony L. Unstuck and on target! An executive function curriculum to improve flexibility for children with autism spectrum disorders. Baltimore, MD: Brookes Publishing;2011.