Korean Circulation Journal

The Korean Society of Cardiology (대한심장학회)
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Frailty, Sarcopenia, Cachexia, and Malnutrition in Heart Failure

  • Daichi Maeda (Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine) ;
  • Yudai Fujimoto (Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine) ;
  • Taisuke Nakade (Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine) ;
  • Takuro Abe (Department of Cardiology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University) ;
  • Shiro Ishihara (Department of Cardiology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University) ;
  • Kentaro Jujo (Department of Cardiology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University) ;
  • Yuya Matsue (Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine)
  • Received : 2024.03.20
  • Accepted : 2024.04.10
  • Published : 2024.07.01
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Abstract

With global aging, the number of patients with heart failure has increased markedly. Heart failure is a complex condition intricately associated with aging, organ damage, frailty, and cognitive decline, resulting in a poor prognosis. The relationship among frailty, sarcopenia, cachexia, malnutrition, and heart failure has recently received considerable attention. Although these conditions are distinct, they often exhibit a remarkably close relationship. Overlapping diagnostic criteria have been observed in the recently proposed guidelines and position statements, suggesting that several of these conditions may coexist in patients with heart failure. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of these conditions is essential, and interventions must not only target these conditions individually, but also provide comprehensive management strategies. This review article provides an overview of the epidemiology, diagnostic methods, overlap, and prognosis of frailty, sarcopenia, cachexia, and malnutrition in patients with heart failure, incorporating insights from the FRAGILEHF study data. Additionally, based on existing literature, this article discusses the impact of these conditions on the effectiveness of guideline-directed medical therapy for patients with heart failure. While recognizing these conditions early and promptly implementing interventions may be advantageous, further data, particularly from well-powered, large-scale, randomized controlled trials, are necessary to refine personalized treatment strategies for patients with heart failure.

Keywords

References

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