Acknowledgement
We extend our heartfelt gratitude to Drs. Dan Turner and Liron Birimberg-Schwartz for providing their meticulous guidance and invaluable insights in interpreting and applying the revised Porto criteria to Korean patients.
References
- Mitchell PJ, Rabau MY, Haboubi NY. Indeterminate colitis. Tech Coloproctol 2007;11:91-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10151-007-0337-y
- Chandradevan R, Hofmekler T, Mondal K, Harun N, Venkateswaran S, Somineni HK, et al. Evolution of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease unclassified (IBD-U): incorporated with serological and gene expression profiles. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018;24:2285-90. https://doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izy136
- Subramanian S, Ekbom A, Rhodes JM. Recent advances in clinical practice: a systematic review of isolated colonic Crohn's disease: the third IBD? Gut 2017;66:362-81. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312673
- Joossens S, Reinisch W, Vermeire S, Sendid B, Poulain D, Peeters M, et al. The value of serologic markers in indeterminate colitis: a prospective follow-up study. Gastroenterology 2002;122:1242-7. https://doi.org/10.1053/gast.2002.32980
- Meucci G. What is the incidence, prevalence, and natural history of indeterminate colitis? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008;14 Suppl 2:S159-60. https://doi.org/10.1002/ibd.20594
- Benchimol EI, Fortinsky KJ, Gozdyra P, Van den Heuvel M, Van Limbergen J, Griffiths AM. Epidemiology of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of international trends. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;17:423-39. https://doi.org/10.1002/ibd.21349
- Sykora J, Pomahacova R, Kreslova M, Cvalinova D, Stych P, Schwarz J. Current global trends in the incidence of pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2018;24:2741-63. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v24.i25.2741
- Kim SH, Park Y, Kim SP, Lee SH, Oh SH, Yang SK, et al. Shift to a younger age and regional differences in inflammatory bowel disease in Korea: using healthcare administrative data. Dig Dis Sci 2022;67:5079-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-021-07328-0
- IBD Working Group of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents: recommendations for diagnosis--the Porto criteria. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005;41:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.MPG.0000163736.30261.82
- Levine A, Koletzko S, Turner D, Escher JC, Cucchiara S, de Ridder L, et al. ESPGHAN revised porto criteria for the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014;58:795-806. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000000239
- Ledder O, Sonnino M, Birimberg-Schwartz L, Escher JC, Russell RK, Orlanski-Meyer E, et al. Appraisal of the PIBD-classes criteria: a multicentre validation. J Crohn's Colitis 2020;14:1672-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa103
- Lee WS, Arai K, Alex G, Treepongkaruna S, Kim KM, Choong CL, et al. Management and monitoring of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease in the Asia-Pacific region: a position paper by the Asian Pan-Pacific Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (APPSPGHAN) PIBD Working Group: surgical management, disease monitoring, and special considerations. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023;38:510-22.
- Arai K, Kunisaki R, Kakuta F, Hagiwara SI, Murakoshi T, Yanagi T, et al. Phenotypic characteristics of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease in Japan: results from a multicenter registry. Intest Res 2020;18:412-20. https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2019.00130
- DeRoche TC, Xiao SY, Liu X. Histological evaluation in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf ) 2014;2:178-92. https://doi.org/10.1093/gastro/gou031
- Xin W, Brown PI, Greenson JK. The clinical significance of focal active colitis in pediatric patients. Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27:1134-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000478-200308000-00011
- Shetty S, Anjarwalla SM, Gupta J, Foy CJ, Shaw IS, Valori RM, et al. Focal active colitis: a prospective study of clinicopathological correlations in 90 patients. Histopathology 2011;59:850-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.04019.x
- McHugh JB, Gopal P, Greenson JK. The clinical significance of focally enhanced gastritis in children. Am J Surg Pathol 2013;37:295-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0b013e31826b2a94
- Bousvaros A, Antonioli DA, Colletti RB, Dubinsky MC, Glickman JN, Gold BD, et al. Differentiating ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease in children and young adults: report of a working group of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007;44:653-74. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e31805563f3
- Brown IS, Smith J, Rosty C. Gastrointestinal pathology in celiac disease: a case series of 150 consecutive newly diagnosed patients. Am J Clin Pathol 2012;138:42-9. https://doi.org/10.1309/AJCPE89ZPVJTSPWL
- Birimberg-Schwartz L, Zucker DM, Akriv A, Cucchiara S, Cameron FL, Wilson DC, et al. Development and validation of diagnostic criteria for IBD subtypes including IBD-unclassified in children: a multicentre study from the pediatric IBD porto group of ESPGHAN. J Crohn's Colitis 2017;11:1078-84. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx053
- Everhov AH, Sachs MC, Malmborg P, Nordenvall C, Myrelid P, Khalili H, et al. Changes in inflammatory bowel disease subtype during follow-up and over time in 44,302 patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 2019;54:55-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365521.2018.1564361
- Ong C, Aw MM, Liwanag MJ, Quak SH, Phua KB. Rapid rise in the incidence and clinical characteristics of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease in a South-East Asian cohort in Singapore, 1994-2015. J Dig Dis 2018;19:395-403. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-2980.12641
- Thurgate LE, Lemberg DA, Day AS, Leach ST. An overview of inflammatory bowel disease unclassified in children. Inflamm Intest Dis 2019;4:97-103. https://doi.org/10.1159/000501519
- Rinawi F, Assa A, Eliakim R, Mozer-Glassberg Y, Nachmias Friedler V, Niv Y, et al. The natural history of pediatric-onset IBD-unclassified and prediction of Crohn's disease reclassification: a 27-year study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2017;52:558-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365521.2017.1282008
- Prenzel F, Uhlig HH. Frequency of indeterminate colitis in children and adults with IBD - a metaanalysis. J Crohn's Colitis 2009;3:277-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crohns.2009.07.001
- Burakoff R. Indeterminate colitis: clinical spectrum of disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2004;38 (5 Suppl 1):S41-3. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mcg.0000123991.13937.7e
- Malaty HM, Abraham BP, Mehta S, Thibodeaux C, Ferry GD. The natural history of ulcerative colitis in pediatric population: a 20 year population-based study. Gastroenterology 2011;140 (5 Suppl 1):S-512-3.
- Malaty HM, Mehta S, Abraham B, Garnett EA, Ferry GD. The natural course of inflammatory bowel disease-indeterminate from childhood to adulthood: within a 25 year period. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2013;6:115-21. https://doi.org/10.2147/CEG.S44700
- Day AS, Ledder O, Leach ST, Lemberg DA. Crohn's and colitis in children and adolescents. World J Gastroenterol 2012;18:5862-9. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i41.5862
- Jakobsen C, Paerregaard A, Munkholm P, Faerk J, Lange A, Andersen J, et al. Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: increasing incidence, decreasing surgery rate, and compromised nutritional status: a prospective population-based cohort study 2007-2009. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;17:2541-50. https://doi.org/10.1002/ibd.21654
- Kappelman MD, Rifas-Shiman SL, Kleinman K, Ollendorf D, Bousvaros A, Grand RJ, et al. The prevalence and geographic distribution of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:1424-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2007.07.012
- Jang J, Lee SH, Jeong IS, Cho J, Kim HJ, Oh SH, et al. Clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes of pediatric ulcerative colitis: a single-center experience in Korea. Gut Liver 2022;16:236-45. https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl20337
- Kim HJ, Oh SH, Kim DY, Lee HS, Park SH, Yang SK, et al. Clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes of paediatric Crohn's disease: a single-centre experience. J Crohn's Colitis 2017;11:157-64. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw146
- Mahdi BM. A review of inflammatory bowel disease unclassified --indeterminate colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol Res 2012;1:241-6.