Acknowledgement
This research was supported by grants from the Yangyoung Foundation.
References
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety notification No. 2024-4. Cheongju: Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; 2024. p. 3-20, 83-288.
- Ko YS, Kim EM, Lee HS. A study of dietary intake of total sugars by elementary students in Jeju province. J Nutr Health 2015; 48(1): 81-93.
- Touger-Decker R, Van Loveren C. Sugars and dental caries. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78(4): 881S-892S.
- Jung S. The analysis of the risk factors for dental caries in Korean children and adolescents: a crosssectional study. J Korean Acad Oral Health 2023; 47(2): 65-72.
- Magriplis E, Michas G, Petridi E, Chrousos GP, Roma E, Benetou V, et al. Dietary sugar intake and its association with obesity in children and adolescents. Children (Basel) 2021; 8(8): 676.
- Prada M, Saraiva M, Garrido MV, Serio A, Teixeira A, Lopes D, et al. Perceived associations between excessive sugar intake and health conditions. Nutrients 2022; 14(3): 640.
- Chung CE. Association of total sugar intakes and metabolic syndrome from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2002. J Nutr Health 2007; 40 Suppl: 29-38.
- Rippe JM, Angelopoulos TJ. Sugars, obesity, and cardiovascular disease: results from recent randomized control trials. Eur J Nutr 2016; 55(Suppl 2): 45-53.
- Debras C, Chazelas E, Srour B, Kesse-Guyot E, Julia C, Zelek L, et al. Total and added sugar intakes, sugar types, and cancer risk: results from the prospective NutriNet-Sante cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112(5): 1267-1279.
- Malik VS, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages and cardiometabolic health: an update of the evidence. Nutrients 2019; 11(8): 1840.
- Rippe JM, Angelopoulos TJ. Sugars and health controversies: what does the science say? Adv Nutr 2015; 6(4): 493-503.
- Khan TA, Tayyiba M, Agarwal A, Mejia SB, de Souza RJ, Wolever TMS, et al. Relation of total sugars, sucrose, fructose, and added sugars with the risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and doseresponse meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Mayo Clin Proc 2019; 94(12): 2399-2414.
- Ministry of Health and Welfare, The Korean Nutrition Society. 2020 Dietary reference intakes for Koreans: energy and macronutrients. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2020. p. 62.
- World Health Organization. Guideline: sugars intake for adults and children. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. p. 16-17.
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. The 25th food & drug statistical yearbook. Cheongju: Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; 2023. p. 302-304.
- Yeon S, Kweon S, Oh K. The daily dietary sugar intake in Korea, 2018. Public Health Wkly Rep 2020; 13(7): 359-366.
- Lee HY, Heo SJ, Yoon TH, Lee YA, Lee MY, Oh JM, et al. An in-depth analysis study on intake of nutrients among Korean. Cheongju: National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation; 2019.
- Lee HS, Kwon SO, Yon MY, Kim DH, Lee JY, Nam JW, et al. Dietary total sugar intake of Koreans: based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2008-2011. J Nutr Health 2014; 47(4): 268-276.
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Sugar intake among Koreans below WHO recommendations: one in three children and adolescents aged 6-18 exceeds limits [Internet]. Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; 2023 Jun 29 [updated 2023 Jun 29; cited 2024 Mar 1]. Available from: https://www.mfds.go.kr/brd/m_99/view.do?seq=47404&srchFr=&srchTo=&srchWord=%EB%8B%B9&srchTp=1&itm_seq_1=0&itm_seq_2=0&multi_itm_seq=0&company_cd=&company_nm=&Data_stts_gubun=C9999&page=2.
- DiFrancesco L, Fulgoni VL 3rd, Gaine PC, Scott MO, Ricciuto L. Trends in added sugars intake and sources among U.S. adults using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2018. Front Nutr 2022; 9: 897952.
- Kweon S, Park JY, Park M, Kim Y, Yeon SY, Yoon L, et al. Trends in food and nutrient intake over 20 years: findings from the 1998-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Epidemiol Health 2021; 43: e2021027.
- Langlois K, Garriguet D. Sugar consumption among Canadians of all ages. Health Rep 2011; 22(3): 23-27.
- Gibson S, Francis L, Newens K, Livingstone B. Associations between free sugars and nutrient intakes among children and adolescents in the UK. Br J Nutr 2016; 116(7): 1265-1274.
- Bae YJ, Choi KA, Kim YM, Choi MK. Assessment of sugar and sodium contents and their intakes in snack food groups-a focus on cookies, nuts, fruits, dairy products, and beverages. J East Asian Soc Diet Life 2022; 32(4): 263-272.
- Kim WS, Han YH. Consumption and purchasing behavior of beverages among college students in urban areas. Korean J Hum Ecol 2020; 29(2): 241-253.
- Kim SH. Yearly trend of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and nutritional status by SSB intake level in Korean middle school students using the 2007-2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Korean Home Econ Educ Assoc 2021; 33(1): 63-79.
- Kim SH. Food group and dietary nutrient intakes by sugar-sweetened beverage intake level in Korean high school students using the data from 2007-2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Korean Home Econ Educ Assoc 2021; 33(2): 95-113.
- Han G. Status of beverage and water intake among adults in Korea - data from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2019 -. Korean J Food Nutr 2021; 34(5): 430-440.
- Shin JW, Kim SY, Yoon JH. Status of coffee intake in South Korea: analysis of 2007-2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Korean J Community Living Sci 2016; 27(1): 83-93.
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Sugars factsheet [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2022 [updated 2022 Sep 16; cited 2024 May 11]. Available from: https://www.who.int/.
- Chatelan A, Rouche M, Kelly C, Fismen AS, Pedroni C, Desbouys L, et al. Tax on sugary drinks and trends in daily soda consumption by family affluence: an international repeated cross-sectional survey among European adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117(3): 576-585.
- National Food Safety Information Service. Food safety policy research report - current status of sugar reduction initiatives in major countries (focused on sugar tax) [Internet]. National Food Safety Information Service; 2017 [updated 2017 Dec 27; cited 2024 May 11]. Available from: https://www.foodinfo.or.kr/portal/bbs/detailBBSArticle.do.
- Yoon EK. Current status of Korean sugar intake and reduction policy. Food Ind Nutr 2018; 23(2): 10-13.
- Kim DH, Yeo WJ, Lee JY, Park SJ, Yeon MY, Lee SH, et al. The 3rd master plans for national nutrition management. Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2022 Feb. Report No. 11-1352000-003319-01.
- Collin LJ, Judd S, Safford M, Vaccarino V, Welsh JA. Association of sugary beverage consumption with mortality risk in US adults: a secondary analysis of data from the REGARDS study. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2(5): e193121.