1. Introduction
The emergence of large language models such as GPT-3 and ChatGPT has stimulated extensive research into their potential applications in education. These models have the ability to generate human-like text, answer questions, summarize content, and engage in natural conversations, which makes them promising for creating personalized and adaptive learning experiences. However, as Ahuja et al. [2023] highlighted, the integration of AI into education requires addressing challenges related to ethics, privacy, bias, and the critical evaluation of outputs.
Although research on conversational AI in specialized domains, such as medical education, there is a lack of a comprehensive framework for evaluating ChatGPT capabilities in broader educational contexts [Huang et al., 2023; Kung et al., 2022]. As Ray [2023] emphasizes, the development of rigorous benchmarking standards for aspects such as coherence, accuracy, relevance, and ethical alignment is crucial for driving responsible innovation. However, popular benchmarks such as GLUE and SuperGLUE primarily focus on technical performance on standardized NLP tasks and overlook the critical nuances required for assessing convertsational systems.
To address these limitations, this study proposes the following three-fold objective:
Construct specialized benchmarks that reflect key attributes of conversational intelligence, such as contextual adaptation, knowledge recall, and coherent persona.
Proposed adaptive standards that incorporate ethical requirements and context-specific user expectations for conversational systems.
Developing a multidimensional evaluation framework that assesses both technical prowess and user-centric metrics using comprehensive task-based, real-world, and human evaluation datasets.
This study contributes to the development of more effective and responsible conversational AI systems for educational applications, by pursuing specific objectives. To achieve this goal, this study presents a six-layered evaluation architecture that includes feasibility, SWOT, and adaptability analyses. Furthermore, this paper provides a roadmap to advance benchmarking, standards, and assessment protocols that are tailored for ChatGPT’s unique characteristics as compared to static NLP tasks. The methodology proposed in this paper aims to continuously align evaluation criteria with the evolving challenges around ethics, bias, and human expectations, thereby nurturing the safe and trustworthy integration of AI, such as ChatGPT, within multifaceted learning contexts.
This study commences with an exploration of current benchmarks and standards, highlighting their inadequacies in assessing conversational AI. Subsequently, it presents a proposed evaluation framework comprising specialized benchmarks, adaptive standards, and reinforcement learning. The effectiveness of the framework was subsequently scrutinized through a viability analysis, ethical adaptability, and generalizability. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of the assumptions, boundary conditions, and future work necessary to ensure that the framework remains pertinent as technologies and applications evolve.
<Figure 1> Framework for Evaluating Conversational AI in Education
2. Literature Review
The study of large language models has generated significant interest, yet research on their application in education is still in its early stages [Ahuja et al., 2023]. Existing studies have investigated the use of conversational AI in limited contexts such as medical education [Huang et al., 2023; Kung et al., 2022] and English language learning [Ji et al., 2023]. However, a comprehensive evaluation framework to assess the capabilities and limitations of ChatGPT-like models in general educational settings is yet to be developed.
Current benchmarks for natural language processing (NLP) primarily focus on technical proficiency in standardized tasks such as translation, summarization, and question answering [Wang et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2023]. However, there is a dearth of benchmarks that assess a wide range of critical attributes for conversational AI systems, such as context awareness across long conversations [Chan et al., 2023], persona consistency [Ohmer et al., 2023], ability to handle ambiguity and complexity [Li et al., 2023], and bias in generated text [Zhang et al., 2023]. Furthermore, mainstream benchmarks often neglect user-centric metrics, such as perceived coherence, satisfaction, and system misuse risks, which are crucial for evaluating the real-world impact of conversational AI systems.
The importance of ethical considerations, including privacy, transparency, and algorithmic bias, as emphasized by Ahuja et al. [2023], has not received sufficient attention in current studies. Moreover, the capacity of systems, such as ChatGPT, to adapt to evolving societal norms and complex user requirements has not been adequately explored. Although various metrics have been proposed for different attributes, such as low perplexity, coherence, and human ratings [Sobania et al., 2023], integrating them into a comprehensive assessment framework would enhance the credibility of the evaluation process.
<Table 1> Review of Literature Evaluating ChatGPT and Conversational AI
Advances in the field of benchmarking, standards, and evaluation methodologies specifically designed to address the nuances of conversational AI systems are in their infancy. Existing academic literature has yet to develop comprehensive frameworks for assessing ChatGPT-like models across key parameters of dialogic intelligence, user centricity, ethical alignment, and real-world versatility, which are essential for the reliable integration of these systems into educational settings. This study aimed to bridge these gaps and make a meaningful contribution to the field.
3. Insights and Considerations for Evaluating ChatGPT
The development of suitable evaluation criteria presents several challenges such as coherence tracking, relevance maintenance, transparency, and responsible constraint handling. To deploy conversational AI systems, such as ChatGPT, in educational contexts, specialized frameworks that go beyond conventional methods are necessary. The unique aspects of conversational AI systems require specialized evaluation protocols, as opposed to the practices commonly used to assess static AI models. The key dimensions must be evaluated before the real-world deployment of these systems. Some of the key dimensions include the following.
3.1 Personal Consistency
The ability to exhibit and maintain a coherent personality is crucial for engaging in natural conversations; however, this is often neglected in the testing of static models. To adequately assess the efficacy of such models, it is necessary to conduct dedicated analyses that focus on the consistency of the personas, opinions, and stances expressed, rather than simply evaluating context-agnostic outputs (<Table 2>).
<Table 2> Strengths and Weakness of Personal Consistency
3.2 Contextual Adaptability
Traditional evaluation methods, which typically employ single-shot queries in isolation, are inadequate for accurately assessing conversational agents’ abilities to engage in bidirectional, contextually attuned interactions. It is essential to gauge an agent’s capacity for sustained context retention through extended multi-turn exchanges prior to deployment in real-world settings, where seamless discourse flow is paramount (<Table 3>).
<Table 3> Strengths and Weakness of Contextual Adaptability
3.3 Simulation of Naturalness
Static benchmarking using formal corpora alone insufficiently encapsulates the complexity, dialects, vagueness, and realism of free-flowing human conversations that are necessary to avoid dissonance. The use of human-in-the-loop simulations of organic conversations is vital for assessing user comfort (<Table 4>).
<Table 4> Strengths and Weakness of Simulation of Naturalness
<Table 5> Strengths and Weakness of Updated Ethical Benchmarks
3.4 Updated Ethical Benchmarks.
The potential for technical testing to disconnect from societal expectations for responsible development is a concern. It is important to evaluate and assess factors such as transparency, fairness, avoidance of exploitation, and unintended consequences regularly. This should involve consultations with a diverse range of stakeholders.
4. Proposed Evaluation Framework
The proposed architecture consists of six interconnected layers: pedagogical benchmarks, student cohort simulations, multi-turn dialogue coherence tracking, ethical alignment with responsible educational practices, learner-centric evaluations, and iterative engagement optimization protocols. This approach offers a comprehensive methodology for evaluating systems such as ChatGPT across multiple dimensions, such as learning effectiveness, inclusion, trust, and impact on student-teacher experience, prior to real-world deployment.
The framework encourages responsible progress by establishing feedback loops that continuously inform enhancements across aspects of accuracy, relevance, equity, and reliability as perceived by various learning stakeholders. Detailed information about the framework’s components and techniques is provided in the subsequent subsections.
4.1 Conversational Intelligence Benchmarks
The framework for evaluating conversational intelligence in AI-powered educational assistants is enhanced by incorporating specialized benchmarking tasks and datasets that assess crucial aspects of conversational intelligence in the context of multi-turn pedagogical dialogue. These tasks go beyond technical evaluation by examining persona consistency, contextual adaptation, reasoning, and explanation capabilities during iterative question-answering sessions.
For example, SimPedia is a benchmark that includes multi-turn explanatory dialogues on high school science topics with conversation branches based on predicting and resolving student misconceptions. This evaluation measures the ability to sustain a clear tutoring persona, trace precedents to resolve references, and provide logically coherent and relevant elaboration at successive depths tailored to implicit learner cues.
Another benchmark, TalkEx, focuses on the explanatory exchange of concepts between university-level subjects. It features bidirectional dialogue graphs with answers at varying levels of abstraction, branching based on diagnosing gaps, and adapting elucidation accordingly. The associated metrics examine persona consistency, contextual relevance, reasoning clarity, and explanation efficacy over successive dialogue turns.
Specialized benchmarks play a critical role in the framework by providing comprehensive, multifaceted feedback for developing conversational capabilities that align with education-centric user expectations, discourse dynamics, responsibility, and ethical development. By emphasizing core competencies, such as personalization, interpretability, and localized adaptation, these benchmarks offer a rigorous methodology for integrating AI assistants in a manner that enhances teaching and learning processes.
4.2 Simulations of Learner Engagement
The framework emphasizes the use of student cohort studies to assess the real-world impact of conversational agents on knowledge gain, motivation, and equitable accessibility. These studies involve simulations that measure metrics, such as comprehension gains, retention over time, perceived cognitive load changes, and equitable access across diverse learner groups during iterative pedagogical interactions.
For example, simulations can be used to create virtual classrooms with student archetypes that exhibit common misconceptions in a subject area. Chatbot interactions spanning easy-to-complex concepts can be used to quantify knowledge gain trajectories using pre- and post-tests, and the success of the chatbot in offloading cognitive load can be measured by tracking the successful explanation rates necessary for escalation to human tutors.
Another protocol evaluated motivation through surveys of self-efficacy, interest, and participation comfort over multiple question-driven sessions. Comparative accessibility was assessed by contrasting impressed metrics across student archetypes stratified by language proficiency, educational needs, and backgrounds. Overall, human-in-the-loop simulation protocols provide valuable evaluation lenses complementary to static testing, illuminating the strengths and weaknesses when deploying conversational technologies in situations involving sustained learner partnerships.
Insights from these simulations can provide actionable feedback for advancing conversational agents that can effectively team up with young people. By sustaining motivation, comprehension, and inclusion, the framework aims to nurture AI that respects student agency, while expanding learning possibilities.
4.3 Tracking Dialogue Effectiveness
This framework aims to evaluate the effectiveness of assistants in educational contexts by tracking the specific qualities of their dialogue. To achieve this, the framework proposes several specialized metrics that quantify the perceived coherence, continuity, relevance, and explanation fidelity during iterative question-answering sessions. These metrics included Long-term Coherence Tracking (LCT), Cumulative Relevance Index (CRI), and Explanation Satisfaction Rating (ESR). LCT traces concepts across multi-turn explanatory sequences using semantic similarity with precedence weighting, whereas CRI gauges tangential deviations by comparing turn embeddings to question phrasings. ESR surveys gather subjective ratings of clarity, completeness, and precision across elucidations. These metrics provide fine-grained, actionable feedback that targets the effectiveness of pillars that directly impact the human experience during assistive conversations. By analyzing discourse dimensions, the framework supplements static testing with insights into maintaining the engagement necessary for impactful educational applications.
4.3.1 Long-term Coherence Tracking (LCT)
The LCT measures the semantic similarity between the current dialogue turn and the previous turns. It uses precedence weighting based on the temporal distance to emphasize more recent continuity. A higher LCT indicates greater continuity in the conversational flow.
Formulation 1: LCT semantic_similarity (turnt, turnt-k) precedence_weight (k)
Where:
turnt: the current dialogue turn
turnt-k : the dialogue turn k steps back
precedence_weight(k): assigns weights based on distance
4.3.2 Cumulative Relevance Index (CRI):
CRI quantifies how well the dialogue stays on-topic relative to the original question. This is measured by the aggregate semantic similarity of each turn to the question representation. Higher CRI signals better maintenance of relevance to the initial inquiry.
Formulation 2: CRI = 1 - ∑t cosine_distance(turn_embedding, question_embedding)
Where:
turn_embeddingt: the embedding for dialogue turn t
question_embedding: the original question embedding
4.3.3 Explanation Satisfaction Rating (ESR):
ESR provides an aggregate measure of subjective explanation quality based on user ratings. The major dimensions of quality captured are the clarity of the explanation, cost-effectiveness or coverage of the concepts, and precision or exactness of explanations. Each of these can be captured and quantified through user surveys. Appropriate weights allow the configuration of the relative emphasis per quality dimension. A higher ESR indicates a better perceived quality and user satisfaction with the explanations provided during the dialogue.
Formulation 3: ESR = α × clarity_rating + β × completeness_rating + γ × precision_rating
Where:
clarity_rating: Explanation Clarity Score (based on clarity ratings)
completeness_rating: Completeness Score (based on completeness ratings)
precision_rating: Precision Score (based on precision ratings)
4.4 Ethical Alignment Standards (EAS)
The EAS framework prioritizes responsible integration by adhering to ethical rules and utilizing pedagogical best practices. To accomplish this, the framework establishes flexible criteria that are regularly revised through inclusive procedures including many education participants. These standards include current expectations in areas such as privacy, openness, personalization, fairness, and accountability.
As an illustration, the suggested guidelines require that learning interaction data be stored in an encrypted manner and that protocols be implemented to prevent misuse by means of aggregation and anonymization. The framework also highlights the need for explanation criteria, which necessitate the provision of interpretable audit trails for query responses to maintain transparency. In addition, the methodology addresses algorithmic fairness by reducing biases among different demographic groups, thereby ensuring equal access to services for learners from disadvantaged backgrounds. The requirements also encompass procedures for addressing student-teacher feedback, assuring the presence of human supervision.
The ability to update ethical standards helps increase the acceptance and ongoing relevance of assistive systems. This fosters trust by maintaining the principles that are of the best interest to the public. The framework uses participatory methods that involve consulting stakeholders to ensure that progress aligns with changing societal expectations. This self-reflective, cooperative approach encourages balance and avoids imposing support methods that are unsuitable for the learning environment.
4.5 Learner-Centric Metrics
The suggested paradigm highlights the significance of assessing conversational AI systems in educational settings. In order to achieve this objective, various methods have been devised to assess user happiness, trust, and acceptance. These methods include conducting user studies, administering feedback questionnaires, and observational studies. These methods aim to offer a more detailed comprehension of the system’s efficacy by examining responses to subjective inquiries regarding perceived usefulness, satisfaction, trust, and acceptance.
Furthermore, the framework formulates measures to evaluate the efficiency of the system. The Pedagogical Impact Rating (PIR) quantifies the reported improvements in students’ motivation, engagement, and comprehension that arise from using the system. The Trust Index (TI) is a statistic that evaluates the overall dependability, data privacy guarantees, and transparency of the system. Furthermore, comparative preference testing was employed to assess the relative performance of various versions of the system, such as voice and text interfaces, by considering their rated efficacy and qualitative feedback.
Incorporating learner-centric criteria is crucial for enhancing the thoroughness and breadth of evaluating conversational AI systems in education. This framework focuses on specific indicators that identify potential obstacles to adoption. It offers practical feedback that can be utilized to enhance the system and optimize its compatibility with young individuals.
Formulation 4: PIR = ⍺ × MG + β × ER + γ × CG
Where:
MG − Reported motivation gains
ER − Engagement rating
CG − Comprehens
α, β, γ − Weights for each component
Formulation 5: TI = δ × RI + 𝜖 × DP + ζ × TR
Where:
RI − Rated reliability index
DP − Data privacy score
TR − Transparency rating
δ, 𝜖, ζ − Weights for each component
4.6 Iterative Evaluation Protocol
The framework uses active learning and reinforcement techniques to make assistants more conversational, personalized, and effective in delivering content. These techniques are based on the dynamic responses of the learners.
4.6.1 Active learning
Active learning techniques involve interactive questioning to encourage learners to explore topics related to the curriculum. When people participate in co-creative activities, they tap into their natural motivations, making them even more interested and invested in the process. Adaptive questioning protocols help to identify areas where knowledge is lacking and offer suggestions for further learning through additional explanatory materials. Methods such as opt-in annotations are used to acquire labels that can be used to expand personalized question banks, which in turn helps maintain user engagement. In general, active learning helps us adapt to different ways of expressing ourselves, and allows learners to have a say in how they receive help.
4.6.2 Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement learning techniques are used to adapt to conversational styles. This involves reinforcing coherent, relevant, and logically clear explanations. Feedback signals such as aggregated ratings and dialogue success metrics were used to determine the effectiveness of these explanations. By mapping performance to different levels of style attributes, we can specifically target areas for improvement. This could involve increasing the warmth of a persona to boost motivation or simplify language to enhance comprehension. Bandit-based content ordering is a method that helps determine the best sequence and level of complexity to keep people engaged without overwhelming them mentally. We expand horizontal connections by following learners’ interests. Reinforcement learning helps educators to safely try different teaching methods to find the most effective and engaging approaches.
In general, the goal is to encourage users to remain engaged and continuously improve the system to ensure that it remains relevant. This approach helps prevent the system from getting stuck in a limited perspective and considers only one point of view when making updates. By constantly adapting and improving the support that we provide based on the specific needs expressed by individuals, we can ensure that we are always serving the best interests of the public as we move forward.
5. Evaluating Framework Efficacy
Assessing the fitness of conversational AI to enhance teaching learning requires a multi-faceted analysis spanning feasibility, adoption, and ethical considerations within school contexts. Evaluating real-world viability warrants the study of scalability for concurrent users, integration with existing tools such as LMSs, and benchmarking across diverse topics.
User acceptance depends on aligning assistants with the styles and needs of students and teachers. Surveys, interviews, and usage analysis inform design choices fostering perceived helpfulness, trust, accessibility, and guiding iteration-matching expectations. Comparisons determine modalities, such as voice vs. text interfaces, that are better suited to learning scenarios.
Responsible development mandates the preservation of human discretion over curriculum quality and student data privacy, as assistance permeates instructions. Impact is appraised by gauge.
Influence on comprehension, motivation, and equitable support accessibility. Oversight procedures combat the risks of student profiling and foster transparency.
Convoluting efficacy metrics offers insights to help advance assistants in amplifying learning outcomes without disrupting teaching effectiveness or agency. By emphasizing user centricity, adaptable tools respecting constraints can responsibly expand help availability, benefiting diverse minds. Evaluations inform nurturing human-AI symbiosis, improving accessible, personalized, and engaging education.
5.1 Feasibility Analysis
Evaluating the feasibility of education necessitates gauging viability across dimensions spanning technical readiness, economic rationale, and integration with institutional operations.
5.1.1 Technical Feasibility
Technological feasibility metrics evaluate the readiness of infrastructure and processes to harness benefits while minimizing disruptions. It evaluates the computational requirements for simulation protocols, specialized metrics, and multilayered assessment workflows relative to the available infrastructure. Scalability testing examined the performance of concurrent users across learner cohorts and subjects. Interoperability assessment studies integrate smoothness with existing education tools such as LMSs, student data systems, and administrative software.
Evaluating technical feasibility requires analyzing the computational needs of assessment protocols relative to infrastructure capabilities. Key metrics include:
Formulation 6: ConcurrencySupport = Max (ActiveUsers)
Formulation 7: Scalability = Avg. ResponseLatency IncreasingUsers
Concurrency support and simulation lags quantify the load capacities to avoid degraded experiences during scaled evaluations and preparation. A high integration complexity signifies the need for more gradual adoption, allowing smoothing alignments with legacy systems.
5.1.2 Cost Benefit Analysis
Financial justification metrics examine the rationales for institutional commitments by weighing projected improvements in key indicators, such as motivation and personalized support against expenses, such as development, training, and support. Cost scenarios aid optimal targeting of specific learning scenarios forecasted to provide the highest dividends.
Economic feasibility weighs expenses for development and maintenance against projected improvements in metrics, such as
Formulation 8: Projected AdoptionRate = Expected Adoption Target Users
Assistance offloading for instructors provides returns on investment quantifying:
Formulation 9: Assistance Offload Reduction
\(\begin{align}(\frac{\text {Instructor Assistance Time}}{\text {Total Time}})\end{align}\)
Cost scenarios provide resource commitment rationalization for user groups and use intensities.
5.1.3 Operational Feasibility
Operational preparedness metrics determine areas that require procedural adaptations to accommodate changing roles and reporting needs. New oversight protocols may be needed to preserve transparency, as assistance permeates the instructions. Training and changing management cushions can help prevent abrupt culture shocks. Analyzing operational feasibility requires investigating policy update needs, alignment with reporting procedures, and gauging workflow reconfigurations through metrics such as,
Formulation 10: Work flow Disruption = Changed: Institution: Procedures
5.2 Adaptability Analysis
Education is a highly individualized experience that presents unique challenges and needs at various stages. To accommodate diverse cohorts better, it is essential to incorporate customizable student models, adaptable interface modalities, and multiple explanation modes. Additionally, configurable weightings in composite metrics enable the fine-tuning of evaluations and incentives to drive personalization innovations that align with the articulated needs. In the ever-evolving world of education, it is crucial to have evaluation frameworks that include built-in upgrade pathways to seamlessly integrate emerging advancements without causing disruptions.
5.2.1 Updatable Benchmarks:
As teaching modalities and curriculum content change, new benchmarks are required for reliability. Open participatory design allows the expansion of test case matching developments, such as personalized assessments and smart content. Version control and notification protocols aid in smooth upgrades.
Formulation 11: Update: Latency = Time (New: Version: Release)
A lower latency indicates a more rapid adaptation to the evolving testing needs. As teaching tools and content modernize with technology, reliability necessitates continuously updated benchmarks to evaluate new modalities, such as smart content and personalized assessments. Open participatory design allows the expansion of test-case-matching developments.
5.2.2 Adaptable Standards:
Ethical expectations surrounding learning technologies evolve and mature over time. Participatory amendment pathways must be established to ensure compliance with these standards, considering norms related to equitable accessibility and student data privacy. These pathways must also include provisions for restrictions and consent as risks may arise that necessitate their implementation.
Formulation 12: Compliance: Overheads = Resources (Policy: Adaptation)
Lower overheads imply smoother adaption to changing regulations regarding data privacy, ethical use, etc. Societal expectations of equitable accessibility, transparency, and responsible use mature over time. Updatable policies aligned with emerging concerns foster wider trust and acceptance. Participatory design allows adaptive standards to respect the constraints of learning environments where risks magnify owing to learner vulnerabilities.
5.2.3 Configurable Metrics:
Multifaceted metrics that quantify impact dimensions should modularly reconfigure the relative weightings in composite scores based on contextual priorities. This allows for the tuning of desired outcomes as needs evolve.
Formulation 13: Personalization: Latency = Time (Update: Student: Models)
5.3 Limitations and Assumptions
While a robust methodology is evaluated through multidimensional protocols, the scope is used to enhance contextual adaptation and reduce evaluative friction before actualizing dividends at scale.
5.3.1 Technological Assimilation
Effective assimilation necessitates calibration of technical interventions in school ecosystems. Factors such as variable LMS landscapes, procurement equitability, on-boarding bandwidth, and decentralized control require gradual escalations and balancing evidence gathering with agile implementations to improve fit.
5.3.2 Sociocultural Resonance
Responsible innovation requires understanding learning cultural pain points, co-designing tools resonating with pedagogical styles, and sustaining student-teacher agency. For instance, benchmarking should reward explanatory clarity over terse correctness and incentivize assistants to adopt Socratic approaches to amplify critical thinking.
5.3.3 Global Accessibility:
Equitable progress remains constrained without multilingual, multidialectal, or contextual benchmarking covering representative demographic, geographic, and developmental procurement ranges. Computational constraints necessitate judicious test case prioritization guided by adoption potential and visibility.
5.3.4 Maintenance Sustainability
The framework itself warrants ongoing support for continually expanding standards, upgrading personalized components, and monitoring robustness against gaming. Sustenance through private partnerships risks consumer lock-in, whereas public funding impacts scalability. Hybrid models that balance openness, innovation incentives, and access partnerships merit further exploration.
6. Conclusion
This paper presented a comprehensive evaluation framework comprising specialized benchmarks, adaptive standards alignment, and intelligent assessment techniques for responsible innovation and integration of conversational AI systems, such as ChatGPT, into education.
By critically surveying the limitations of prevailing evaluation practices detached from the nuances of interactive learning scenarios, a multidimensional methodology was proposed that harnesses user-centric simulations, discourse dimension quantifiers, and ethical compliance audits. The feasibility, SWOT analysis, and participatory design principles underpin reliability across core facets spanning technical readiness, adoption risks, and updatability for sustaining relevance during education transformation.
Key contributions include illuminating evaluation gaps for conversational intelligence, outlining real-world performance quantification protocols beyond static testing, and laying innovation pathways that uphold student rights during assimilation of assistive technologies. While the scope remains for enhancing generalization, the framework offers an architecture for accumulating insights guiding responsible progress.
As learning technologies advance, questions about climatization with pedagogical objectives and constraints retain significance in unleashing their potential while minimizing risks. This necessitates continuous collaborative redressal by research communities and stakeholders. The proposed evaluation paradigm signifies the initial steps towards such priority alignments, fostering progress centered on human values of agency, understanding, and upliftment.
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