Journal of Forest and Environmental Science

Institute of Forest Science, kangwon National University (강원대학교 산림과학연구소)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Improving Technologies for the Future Development of Pistachio Plantations in Tajikistan

  • Khuseinov Saidshokh (Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Graduate School, Korea University) ;
  • Jieun Ahn (Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Graduate School, Korea University) ;
  • Nam Jin Noh (Divison of Forest Science, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Yowhan Son (Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Graduate School, Korea University)
  • Received : 2024.02.23
  • Accepted : 2024.03.11
  • Published : 2024.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

As a phreatophyte, pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is widely grown in water-limited conditions and recognized as an economically valuable crop in semi-arid regions. In Tajikistan, pistachio grows naturally and artificially in 79,000 ha, but the nut yield is very low due to less-developed plantation technologies. In this study, differences in pistachio plantation technologies of the major pistachio-producing countries and Tajikistan were analyzed to suggest ways to improve plantation technologies in Tajikistan. In the major pistachio-producing countries such as Iran, the United States and Turkey, seedlings of high nut-yielding varieties are grafted before planting. As a result, annually 349-4,479 kg ha-1 of nuts are harvested in those countries. On the other hand, Tajikistan annually produces only 0.6-3.7 kg ha-1. While seven suitable high nut-yielding varieties (Albina, Dangarinka, Saboh, Green girl, Mountain pearl, October, and Orzu) have been identified as suitable for Tajikistan's environment, the plantation area with grafted individuals using these varieties is limited to only 1.5 ha, necessitating widespread adoption. The low utilization of the high nut-yielding varieties is attributed to the lack of grafting specialists and skills, which have hindered increasing pistachio nut production in Tajikistan. Therefore, improving the basic capability of pistachio grafting should be prioritized to expand the economic profits from the pistachio forests in Tajikistan.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by Korea Forest Service (KFS) as Project on Reforestation and Income Generation for Local People in Tajikistan, Graduate School Specialized in Carbon Sink, BK21 FOUR program (Grant No. 41202 00313708) funded by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), and Sun-Ha Foundation.

References

  1. Abazov R. 2006. Culture and customs of the central Asian Republics. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, New York, (NY), pp 5-7. 
  2. Ahmadov H, Khudoykulov B. 2020. Tajikistan forest. Tajik Agrarian University, Dushanbe, pp 248-286. (in Tajik) 
  3. Ahmadov H. 2020. Degraded soils and methods of using their stability. Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, pp 218-221. (in Tajik) 
  4. Ak BE, Acar I. 2001. Pistachio production and cultivated varieties grown in Turkey. In: Project on Underutilized Mediterranean Species. Pistachio: towards a comprehensive documentation of distribution and use of its genetic diversity in Central & West Asia, North Africa, and Mediterranean Europe. Report of the IPGRI Workshop; Irbid, Jordan; Dec 14-17, 1998. pp 27-34. 
  5. Ak BE, Karadag S, Sakar E. 2016. Pistachio production and industry in Turkey: current status and future perspective. Options Mediterr Serie A Semin Mediterr 119: 323-329. 
  6. Ak BE. 2014. Plant genetic resources of Pistacia spp. and pistachio cultivars in the world. In: VI International Symposium on Almonds and Pistachios (Dicenta F, Martinez-Gomez P, Ortega E, eds). International Society for Horticultural Science, Leuven, pp 265-271. 
  7. Al-Nabelsi G. 1995. Pistachio production, technology, problems and research project in Syria. In: I International Symposium on Pistachio (Kaska N, Kuden AB, Ferguson L, Michailides T, eds). International Society for Horticultural Science, Leuven, pp 189-194. 
  8. Arpaci S, Acar I, Karadag S, Atli HS, Ak BE, Sarpkaya K. 2014. Comparison of growing of pistachio rootstocks on different planting intervals. In: VI International Symposium on Almonds and Pistachios (Dicenta F, Martinez-Gomez P, Ortega E, eds). International Society for Horticultural Science, Leuven, pp 313-318. 
  9. AtlasBig. 2021. World pistachio production by country. Retrieved from https://www.atlasbig.com/en-gb/countries-by-pistachio-production. Accessed 20 Feb 2024. 
  10. Bartzas G, Komnitsas K. 2017. Life cycle analysis of pistachio production in Greece. Sci Total Environ 595: 13-24. 
  11. Benmoussa H, Luedeling E, Ghrab M, Ben Yahmed J, Ben Mimoun M. 2017. Performance of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) in warming Mediterranean orchards. Environ Exp Bot 140: 76-85. 
  12. Brown PH, Zhang Q, Ferguson L. 1994. Influence of rootstock on nutrient acquisition by pistachio. J Plant Nutr 17: 1137-1148. 
  13. Cardenas-Polonio F, Martinez-Dalmau J, Berbel-Vecino J. 2023. Pistachio nut diffusion in Spain: growth models. Span J Agric Res 21: e0103. 
  14. Chelli-Chaabouni A, Trad M, Mkadmi M, Ouerghui I, Mlayah O, Jemaii H. 2021. Pistachio performance in the southern Mediterranean: towards optimal use of genetic resources to increase productivity of rainfed agriculture. Eur Mediterr J Environ Integr 6: 24. 
  15. Chernova GM, Olekhnovich T. 2014. Variety, albina variety, biodiversity international. UNEP, Tajikistan, (Dushanbe), pp 1-2. (in Russian) 
  16. Chitzanidis A. 2010. From Asia to Aigina: the story of the pistachio tree. Options Mediterr Serie A Semin Mediterr 94: 299-302. 
  17. El-Deen EZ, Abd El-Rhman IE. 2011. Studies on grafting methods and dates of pistachio trees under supplemental irrigation in North Sinai. Res J Agric Biol Sci 7: 456-463. 
  18. Elloumi O, Ghrab M, Chelli-Chaabouni A, Mimoun MB. 2016. Pistachio industry in Tunisia: opportunities of improvement. Options Mediterr Serie A Semin Mediterr 119: 65-68. 
  19. Esmaeilpour A, Van Labeke MC, Samson R, Ghaffaripour S, Van Damme P. 2015. Comparison of biomass production-based drought tolerance indices of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) seedlings in drought stress conditions. Int J Agron Agric Res 7:36-44. 
  20. Everest T. 2021. Suitable site selection for pistachio (Pistacia vera) by using GIS and multi-criteria decision analyses (a case study in Turkey). Environ Dev Sustain 23: 7686-7705. 
  21. Fernandez-Suela E, Garcia-Estringana P, de Andres EF, Ramirez-Martin N, Alegre J. 2023. Effects of rootstock on water stress, physiological parameters, and growth of the pistachio tree. Horticulturae 9: 1305. 
  22. Fick SE, Hijmans RJ. 2017. WorldClim 2: new 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. Int J Climatol 37: 4302-4315. 
  23. Garcia-Tejero IF, Hernandez Cotan A, Muriel JL, Daniels JA. 2017. Towards sustainable water management for pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) production under drought conditions: a review. Adv Environ Res 55: 127-157. 
  24. Hadj-Hassan A, Kardouch M. 1995. Status of pistachio nut cultivation in Syria. Acta Hortic 419: 221-228. 
  25. Imomkulova Z, Ahmadov H, Kholov Z, Nimadzhanova K. 2017. Quantitative and qualitative indicators of pistachio of real local and introduced varieties in Tajikistan. Fruit Berry Grow Russ 48: 115-118. (in Russian) 
  26. Kallsen CE, Parfitt DE. 2011. Comparisons of scion/rootstock growth rates among U.S. pistachio cultivars. HortScience 46: 197-200. 
  27. Kholov Z. 2009. Evaluation of pistachio breeding varieties under the conditions of southwestern Tajikistan. Breeding and Seed Production. PhD thesis. Tajik Agrarian University, Dushanbe, Tajikistan. (in Russian) 
  28. Kuzucu M, Dokmen F. 2015. The effects of tillage on soil water content in dry areas. Agric Agric Sci Proced 4: 126-132. 
  29. Mahmoodi MB, Shalizi MN, Groninger JW, Akamani K, Khurram S. 2023. Stand characteristics and perceptions of local communities on the management of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) forests in an unstable region of afghanistan. J Sustain For 42: 170-188. 
  30. Marino G, Di Martino S, Amico Roxas A, Caruso T, Ferguson L, Barone E, Marra FP. 2018. Sustainability of pistachio production (Pistacia vera L.) under supplemental irrigation in a Mediterranean climate. Sci Hortic 241: 260-266. 
  31. Marino G, Marra FP. 2019. Horticultural management of Italian Pistachio orchard systems: current limitations and future prospective. Italus Hortus 26: 14-26. 
  32. Mir-Makhamad B, Bjorn R, Stark S, Spengler RN. 2022. Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) domestication and dispersal out of central Asia. Agronomy 12: 1758. 
  33. Mozaffari Nejad AS. 2012. Global pistachio production and marketing challenges in Iran. In: I International Symposium on Mycotoxins in Nuts and Dried Fruits (Razzaghi Abyaneh M, Hokmabadi H, Abbaspour H, eds). International Society for Horticultural Science, Leuven, pp 133-141. 
  34. Nekushoeva G, Akhmadovb HM. 2008. Desertification and sustainable agricultural development of Tajikistan. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences-ISPRS Archives. ISPRS, Moscow, pp 887-890. 
  35. Okay Y, Gunes NT, Koksal AI, Koroglu M, Alagoz R. 2010. The effects of pruning and fertilization applications on yield and some fruit characteristics of pistachio nuts (Pistacia vera L.). Afr J Agric Res 5: 3417-3426. 
  36. Ouni S, Noguera-Artiaga L, Carbonell-Barrachina A, Ouerghui I, Jendoubi F, Rhouma A, Chelli-Chaabouni A. 2022. Cultivar and rootstock effects on growth, yield and nut quality of pistachio under Semi-Arid conditions of South Mediterranean. Horticulturae 8: 606. 
  37. Polat R, ulger P, Saglam R, Saglam C. 2001. A survey on the determination of statues of mechanization of pistachio farming and its problems in Turkey. In: XI GREMPA Seminar on Pistachios and Almonds (Ak BE, ed). CIHEAM, Zaragoza, pp 295-299. 
  38. Pourmohammadali B, Hosseinifard SJ, Hassan Salehi M, Shirani H, Esfandiarpour Boroujeni I. 2019. Effects of soil properties, water quality and management practices on pistachio yield in Rafsanjan region, southeast of Iran. Agric Water Manag 213: 894-902. 
  39. Razavi SH. 2006. Pistachio production, Iran vs. the world. In: IV International Symposium on Pistachios and Almonds (Javanshah A, ed). International Society for Horticultural Science, Leuven, pp 689-694. 
  40. Sahba F, Nourani Z. 2016. Smart tractors in pistachio orchards equipped with RFID. World Automation Congress (WAC), Rio Grande, (PR), pp 1-6. 
  41. Savchenko A, Imomkulova Z, Ahmadov H. 2010. Pistachio garden cultivation in Tajikistan. UNEP, Dushanbe, pp 18. (in Russian) 
  42. Seifi A, Mirlatifi M. 2020. Irrigation water use efficiency and yield of pistachio under aerated subsurface drip irrigation system. J Agric Sci Technol 22: 1655-1670. 
  43. Surucu A, Acar I, Demirkiran AR, Farooq S, Gokmen V. 2020. Variations in nutrient uptake, yield and nut quality of different pistachio cultivars grafted on Pistacia khinjuk rootstock. Sci Hortic 260: 108913. 
  44. Yarahmadi J, Amini A. 2021. Determining land suitability for pistachio cultivation development based on climate variables to adapt to drought. Theor Appl Climatol 143: 1631-1642. 
  45. Zakynthinos G, Rouskas D. 2001. Wild and cultivated Pistacia species in Greece. In: Project on Underutilized Mediterranean Species. Pistachio: towards a comprehensive documentation of distribution and use of its genetic diversity in Central & West Asia, North Africa, and Mediterranean Europe. Report of the IPGRI Workshop; Irbid, Jordan; Dec 14-17, 1998. pp 88-92. 
  46. Zapryagaeva V. 1964. Wild fruits of Tajikistan. Pistacia vera L. Science. Botanical Institute, Dushanbe, pp 129-196. (in Tajik and English) 
  47. Zohary M. 1952. A monographical study of the genus Pistacia. Palest J Bot 5: 187-228. 
  48. Zoirzoda A. 2022. Annual forest harvest. pp 7. (in Tajik) 
  49. Ozmen S, Kanber R, Steduto P, unlu M, Aydin Y, Diker K. 2015. Distribution of water loss via evapotranspiration in a pistachio tree orchard under drip irrigation and non-irrigation conditions. Soil Water Res 10: 56-63.