Computers and Concrete

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Structural member stiffness influence on vertical earthquake behaviour of mid-rise R/C frame buildings in Turkey

  • Selcuk Bas (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Design, Bartin University)
  • Received : 2022.10.27
  • Accepted : 2023.11.13
  • Published : 2024.06.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study is aimed at identifying structural element stiffness influence on vertical earthquake response of mid-rise R/C frame buildings. To this aim, a mid-rise RC building structure is designed as per the new Turkish Seismic Code for Buildings-2018, and 3D FE model of the building is established. Based on the established FE model, a total number of six buildings are considered depending on certain percentage increase in beam, slab, and column. The time-history response analyses (THA) are performed separately for only horizontal (H) and horizontal +vertical (H+V) earthquake motions to make a comparison between the load cases. The analysis results are presented comparatively in terms of the monitoring parameters of the base overturning moment (Mo), the top-story lateral displacement (dL) and the top-story vertical displacement (dV). The obtained results reveal that the base overturning moment and the top-story vertical displacement are affected by vertical earthquake motion regardless of the increase in the dimension of beam, slab, and column. However, vertical earthquake motion is not effective on the top-story lateral displacement due to no change between H and H+V load. The dimensional increase in either slab or beam leads to a considerable increase in the base overturning moment and the top-story vertical displacement while causing decrease in the top-story lateral displacement. In addition, the dimensional increase in column has a positive effect on the decrease in the monitoring parameters of the base overturning moment (Mo), the top-story lateral displacement (dL) and the top-story vertical displacement (dV).

Keywords

References

  1. Alipour, N.A., Sandikkaya, M.A. and Gulerce, Z. (2020), "Ground motion characterization for vertical ground motions in Turkeypart 1: V/H ratio ground motion models", Pure Appl. Geophys., 177(5), 2083-2104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02324-y.
  2. Ansari, M., Ansari, M. and Safiey, A. (2018), "Evaluation of seismic performance of mid-rise reinforced concrete frames subjected to far-field and near-field ground motions", Earth. Struct., 15(5), 453-462. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2018.15.5.453.
  3. Argani, L.P. and Gajo, A. (2022), "A novel insight into vertical ground motion modelling in earthquake engineering", Int. J. Num. Anal. Meth. Geomech., 46(1), 164-186. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.3295.
  4. Aryan, H. and Ghassemieh, M. (2020), "Numerical assessment of vertical ground motion effects on highway bridges", Can. J. Civil Eng., 47(7), 790-800. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2019-0096.
  5. ASCE/SEI7-10 (2010), Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, USA.
  6. ASCE/SEI41-13 (2014), Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, USA.
  7. Bas, S. (2021), "Dynamic SSI effects on structural response of a R/C structure under vertical earthquake motion", Earth. Struct., 21(4), 333-349. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2021.21.4.333.
  8. Bas, S. and Kalkan, I. (2016), "The effects of vertical earthquake motion on an R/C structure", Struct. Eng. Mech., 59(4), 719-737. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2016.59.4.719.
  9. Bas, S., Lee, J.H., Sevinc, M. and Kalkan, I. (2017), "Seismic performance of R/C structures under vertical ground motion", Comput. Concrete, 20(4), 369-380. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2017.20.4.369.
  10. Chen, Z.Y. and Jia, P. (2021), "Seismic response of underground stations with friction pendulum bearings under horizontal and vertical ground motions", Soil Dyn. Earth Eng., 151, 106984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2021.106984.
  11. Chopra, A.K. and McKenna, F. (2016), "Modeling viscous damping in nonlinear response history analysis of buildings for earthquake excitation", Earth. Eng. Struct Dyn., 45(2), 193-211. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2622.
  12. Collier, C.J. and Elnashai, A.S. (2001), "A procedure for combining vertical and horizontal seismic action effects", J. Earth. Eng., 5(4), 521-539. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460109350404.
  13. CSI (2019), SAP2000 for Integrated Structural finite Element Analysis and Design of Structures, Computers and Structures Inc., Walnut Creek, CA, USA.
  14. Di Sarno, L., Elnashai, A.S. and Manfredi, G. (2011), "Assessment of RC columns subjected to horizontal and vertical ground motions recorded during the 2009 L'Aquila (Italy) earthquake", Eng. Struct., 33(5), 1514-1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.01.023.
  15. Dilmac, H., Ulutas, H., Tekeli, H. and Demir, F. (2018), "The investigation of seismic performance of existing RC buildings with and without infill walls", Comput. Concrete, 22(5), 439-447. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2018.22.5.439.
  16. Elnashai, A.S. and Papazoglou, A.J. (1997), "Procedure and spectra for analysis of RC structures subjected to strong vertical earthquake loads", J. Earth. Eng., 1(1), 121-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469708962364.
  17. Eurocode-8 (1998), Design Provisions for Earthquake Resistance of Structures, CEN European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.
  18. FEMA-450 (2004), NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Provisions for New Buildings and Other Structures (FEMA 450) Part 1: Provisions., National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS), Building Seismic Safety Council, Washingto, D.C., USA.
  19. Gautam, D. and Baruwal, R. (2021), "Strong far-field vertical excitation and building damage: A systematic review and future avenues", Adv. Civil Eng., 2021, 8819064. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8819064.
  20. Gautam, D. and Chaulagain, H. (2016), "Structural performance and associated lessons to be learned from world earthquakes in Nepal after 25 April 2015 (MW 7.8) Gorkha earthquake", Eng. Fail. Anal., 68, 222-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2016.06.002.
  21. Ghobarah, A. and Elnashai, A. (1998). "Contribution of vertical ground motion to the damage of RC buildings", The 11th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paris, France, September.
  22. Hamidia, M., Shokrollahi, N. and Ardakani, R.R. (2022), "The collapse margin ratio of steel frames considering the vertical component of earthquake ground motions", J. Constr. Steel Res., 188, 107054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2021.107054.
  23. Harrington, C.C. and Liel, A.B. (2016), "Collapse assessment of moment frame buildings, considering vertical ground shaking", Earth. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 45(15), 2475-2493. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2776.
  24. Hejazi, F.S.A. and Mohammadi, M.K. (2019), "Investigation on sloshing response of water rectangular tanks under horizontal and vertical near fault seismic excitations", Soil Dyn. Earth Eng., 116, 637-653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.10.015.
  25. Kallioras, S., Graziotti, F., Penna, A. and Magenes, G. (2022), "Effects of vertical ground motions on the dynamic response of URM structures: Comparative shake-table tests", Earth. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 51(2), 347-368. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3569.
  26. Kim, S.J. and Elnashai, A.S. (2009), "Characterization of shaking intensity distribution and seismic assessment of RC buildings for the Kashmir (Pakistan) earthquake of October 2005", Eng. Struct., 31(12), 2998-3015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.08.001.
  27. Liu, P.C. and Tsai, C.C. (2022), "Influence of local site condition on vertical-to-horizontal spectrum ratio-insight from site response analysis", J. Earth. Eng., 26(5), 2283-2300. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2020.1759473.
  28. Liu, T.T., Tantely, J.S. and He, Z. (2022), "Effect of vertical-tohorizontal acceleration ratio of earthquake components on the utilization of buckling-restrained braces in steel frames", Struct., 38, 1111-1124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.02.063.
  29. Mansouri, S. (2020), "The investigation of the effects of vertical earthquake component on seismic response of skewed reinforced concrete bridges", Int. J. Bridge Eng., 8(1), 35-52.
  30. NBC105 (1994), Nepal National Building Code, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works Department of Urban Development and Building Construction, Babar Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
  31. NEHRP (2004), NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures, FEMA, Washington, D.C., USA.
  32. NZS1170.5 (2004), Structural Design Actions Part 5: Earthquake Actions, The New Zealand Standards Institute; Wellington, New Zealand.
  33. Papazoglou, A.J. and Elnashai, A.S. (1996), "Analytical and field evidence of the damaging effect of vertical earthquake ground motion", Earth. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 25(10), 1109-1137. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(199610)25:10<1109::AID-EQE604>3.0.CO;2-0.
  34. Parisi, F. and Augenti, N. (2013), "Earthquake damages to cultural heritage constructions and simplified assessment of artworks", Eng. Fail. Anal., 34, 735-760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.01.005.
  35. PEER (2022), PEER Ground Motion Database, The Pacific Earthquake Enginfeering Research Center (PEER), Berkeley, CA, USA.
  36. Quaranta, G., Angelucci, G. and Mollaioli, F. (2022), "Near-fault earthquakes with pulse-like horizontal and vertical seismic ground motion components: Analysis and effects on elastomeric bearings", Soil Dyn. Earth Eng., 160, 107361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2022.107361.
  37. Ramadan, F., Smerzini, C., Lanzano, G. and Pacor, F. (2021), "An empirical model for the vertical-to-horizontal spectral ratios for Italy", Earth. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 50(15), 4121-4141. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3548.
  38. Reyes, J.C. and Kalkan, E. (2011), "Required number of records for ASCE/SEI 7 ground motion scaling procedure", 2011-1083, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA.
  39. Ruiz-Garcia, J. (2018), "Examination of the vertical earthquake ground motion component during the September 19, 2017 (Mw = 7.1) earthquake in Mexico City", Soil Dyn. Earth Eng., 110, 13-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.03.029
  40. Sta4CADv14.1 (2021), Software for Structural Analysis and Design of Structures, STA Computer, Engineering, and Consulting LLC, Istanbul, Turkey.
  41. Sun, Y.B., Cao, T.J. and Xiao, Y. (2019), "Full-scale steel column tests under simulated horizontal and vertical earthquake loadings", J. Constr. Steel Res., 163, 105767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.105767.
  42. Taslimi, A. and Tehranizadeh, M. (2022), "The effect of vertical near-field ground motions on the collapse risk of high-rise reinforced concrete frame-core wall structures", Adv. Struct. Eng., 25(2), 410-425. https://doi.org/10.1177/13694332211056106.
  43. Taslimi, A., Tehranizadeh, M. and Shamlu, M. (2021), "Seismic fragility analysis of RC frame-core wall buildings under the combined vertical and horizontal ground motions", Earth. Struct., 20(2), 175-185. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2021.20.2.175.
  44. Tian, Y., Liu, X. and George, S. (2020), "Effects of vertical ground motion on seismic performance of reinforced concrete flat-plate buildings", J. Struct. Eng., 146(12), 04020258. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002840.
  45. TSC (2007), Turkish Seismic Code: Specification for Buildings to be Built in Earthquake Zones, Disaster and Emergency Management Authority (AFAD), Ankara, Turkey.
  46. TSCB (2018), Seismic Code for Building Structures, Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency of Turkey (AFAD), Ankara, Turkey.
  47. UBC (1997), Uniform Building Code, International Council of Building Officials, Lansing, MI, USA.
  48. Valdes-Vazquez, J.G., Garcia-Soto, A.D. and Jaimes, M.A. (2021), "Impact of the vertical component of earthquake ground motion in the performance level of steel buildings", Appl. Sci., 11(4), 1925. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041925.
  49. Wang, R., Zhu, T., Yu, J.K. and Zhang, J.M. (2022), "Influence of vertical ground motion on the seismic response of underground structures and underground-aboveground structure systems in liquefiable ground", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Technol., 122, 104351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.104351.
  50. Zhu, C.Q., Cheng, H.L., Bao, Y.J., Chen, Z.Y. and Huang, Y. (2022), "Shaking table tests on the seismic response of slopes to near-fault ground motion", Geomech. Eng., 29(2), 133-143. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2022.29.2.133.