Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science

Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Yeungnam University Institute Medical Science (영남대 의대 학술지 편집위원회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Impact of COVID-19 on the development of major mental disorders in patients visiting a university hospital: a retrospective observational study

  • Hee-Cheol Kim (Department of Psychiatry and Brain Research Institute, Keimyung University School of Medicine)
  • Received : 2023.11.16
  • Accepted : 2023.12.26
  • Published : 2024.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to investigate the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the development of major mental disorders in patients visiting a university hospital. Methods: The study participants were patients with COVID-19 (n=5,006) and those without COVID-19 (n=367,162) registered in the database of Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital and standardized with the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership Common Data Model. Data on major mental disorders that developed in both groups over the 5-year follow-up period were extracted using the FeederNet computer program. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the incidence of major mental disorders. Results: The incidences of dementia and sleep, anxiety, and depressive disorders were significantly higher in the COVID-19 group than in the control group. The incidence rates per 1,000 patient years in the COVID-19 group vs. the control group were 12.71 vs. 3.76 for dementia, 17.42 vs. 7.91 for sleep disorders, 6.15 vs. 3.41 for anxiety disorders, and 8.30 vs. 5.78 for depressive disorders. There was no significant difference in the incidence of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder between the two groups. COVID-19 infection increased the risk of mental disorders in the following order: dementia (HR, 3.49; 95% CI, 2.45-4.98), sleep disorders (HR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.76-2.91), anxiety disorders (HR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.25-2.84), and depressive disorders (HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.09-2.15). Conclusion: This study showed that the major mental disorders associated with COVID-19 were dementia and sleep, anxiety, and depressive disorders.

Keywords

References

  1. Moeti M, Gao GF, Herrman H. Global pandemic perspectives: public health, mental health, and lessons for the future. Lancet 2022;400:e3-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01328-9
  2. Torales J, O'Higgins M, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Ventriglio A. The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2020;66:317-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020915212
  3. Jin Y, Sun T, Zheng P, An J. Mass quarantine and mental health during COVID-19: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2021;295:1335-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.067
  4. Walton M, Murray E, Christian MD. Mental health care for medical staff and affiliated healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2020;9:241-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2048872620922795
  5. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020;395: 912-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
  6. Dubey S, Biswas P, Ghosh R, Chatterjee S, Dubey MJ, Chatterjee S, et al. Psychosocial impact of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020;14:779-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.035
  7. Manchia M, Gathier AW, Yapici-Eser H, Schmidt MV, de Quervain D, van Amelsvoort T, et al. The impact of the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic on stress resilience and mental health: a critical review across waves. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022;55:22-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.864
  8. Jeamjitvibool T, Duangchan C, Mousa A, Mahikul W. The association between resilience and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19:14854.
  9. Wu Y, Xu X, Chen Z, Duan J, Hashimoto K, Yang L, et al. Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain Behav Immun 2020;87:18-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.031
  10. Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, et al. Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol 2020;77:683-90. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127
  11. Tavares-Junior JW, de Souza AC, Borges JW, Oliveira DN, Siqueira-Neto JI, Sobreira-Neto MA, et al. COVID-19 associated cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Cortex 2022;152:77-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2022.04.006
  12. Hripcsak G, Duke JD, Shah NH, Reich CG, Huser V, Schuemie MJ, et al. Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI): opportunities for observational researchers. Stud Health Technol Inform 2015;216:574-8.
  13. FeederNet: a distributed clinical data analysis platform in Korea [Internet]. Seongnam, Korea: Evidnet; 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 20]. https://feedernet.com/member/main.
  14. Tian Y, Schuemie MJ, Suchard MA. Evaluating large-scale propensity score performance through real-world and synthetic data experiments. Int J Epidemiol 2018;47:2005-14. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy120
  15. Romano PS, Roos LL, Jollis JG. Adapting a clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative data: differing perspectives. J Clin Epidemiol 1993;46:1075-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(93)90103-8
  16. Rubin DB. Using propensity scores to help design observational studies: application to the tobacco litigation. Health Serv Outcomes Res Methodol 2001;2:169-88. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020363010465
  17. International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO). SNOEMD clinical terms [Internet]. London: IHTSDO; 2019 [cited 2023 Mar 20]. http://www.snomed.org.
  18. World Health Organization (WHO). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. 10th ed. Geneva: WHO; 2004.
  19. Rassen JA, Shelat AA, Myers J, Glynn RJ, Rothman KJ, Schneeweiss S. One-to-many propensity score matching in cohort studies. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2012;21(Suppl 2):69-80. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.3263
  20. Taquet M, Luciano S, Geddes JR, Harrison PJ. Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: retrospective cohort studies of 62 354 C OVID-19 cases in the USA. Lancet Psychiatry 2021;8:130-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30462-4
  21. Gollop C, Zingel R, Jacob L, Smith L, Koyanagi A, Kostev K. Incidence of newly-diagnosed dementia after COVID-19 infection versus acute upper respiratory infection: a retrospective cohort study. J Alzheimers Dis 2023;93:1033-40. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-221271
  22. Freudenberg-Hua Y, Makhnevich A, Li W, Liu Y, Qiu M, Marziliano A, et al. Psychotropic medication use is associated with greater 1-year incidence of dementia after COVID-19 hospitalization. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022;9:841326.
  23. Taquet M, Sillett R, Zhu L, Mendel J, Camplisson I, Dercon Q, et al. Neurological and psychiatric risk trajectories after SARS-CoV-2 infection: an analysis of 2-year retrospective cohort studies including 1 284 437 patients. Lancet Psychiatry 2022;9:815-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(22)00260-7
  24. Xie Y, Xu E, Al-Aly Z. Risks of mental health outcomes in people with COVID-19: cohort study. BMJ 2022;376:e068993.
  25. Hosp JA, Dressing A, Blazhenets G, Bormann T, Rau A, Schwabenland M, et al. Cognitive impairment and altered cerebral glucose metabolism in the subacute stage of COVID-19. Brain 2021;144:1263-76. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab009
  26. Spudich S, Nath A. Nervous system consequences of COVID-19. Science 2022;375:267-9. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abm2052
  27. Lyra E Silva NM, Barros-Aragao FG, De Felice FG, Ferreira ST. Inflammation at the crossroads of COVID-19, cognitive deficits and depression. Neuropharmacology 2022;209:109023.
  28. Bhat S, Chokroverty S. Sleep disorders and COVID-19. Sleep Med 2022;91:253-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.07.021
  29. Tedjasukmana R, Budikayanti A, Islamiyah WR, Witjaksono AM, Hakim M. Sleep disturbance in post COVID-19 conditions: prevalence and quality of life. Front Neurol 2023;13:1095606.
  30. Witthauer C, Gloster AT, Meyer AH, Goodwin RD, Lieb R. Comorbidity of infectious diseases and anxiety disorders in adults and its association with quality of life: a community study. Front Public Health 2014;2:80.
  31. Fardin MA. COVID-19 and anxiety: a review of psychological impacts of infectious disease outbreaks. Arch Clin Infect Dis 2020;15(COVID-19):e102779.
  32. Mazza MG, Palladini M, Poletti S, Benedetti F. Post-COVID-19 depressive symptoms: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacological treatment. CNS Drugs 2022;36:681-702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-022-00931-3
  33. Kim D. Post-recovery stigma in early and late COVID-19 epidemic. Keimyung Med J 2022;41:80-3. https://doi.org/10.46308/kmj.2022.00171
  34. Taquet M, Geddes JR, Husain M, Luciano S, Harrison PJ. 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. Lancet Psychiatry 2021;8:416-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00084-5