Journal of Information Processing Systems

Korea Information Processing Society (한국정보처리학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

QNFT: A Post-Quantum Non-fungible Tokens for Secure Metaverse Environment

  • Abir El Azzaoui (Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology) ;
  • JaeSoo Kim (Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology)
  • Received : 2023.11.06
  • Accepted : 2023.12.31
  • Published : 2024.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The digital domain has witnessed unprecedented growth, reshaping the way we interact, work, and even perceive reality. The internet has evolved into a vast ecosystem of interconnected virtual worlds, giving birth to the concept of the Metaverse. The Metaverse, often envisioned as a collective virtual shared space, is created by the convergence of virtually enhanced physical reality and interactive digital spaces. Within this Metaverse space, the concept of ownership, identity, and authenticity takes on new dimensions, necessitating innovative solutions to safeguard individual rights. The digital transformation through Metaverse has also brought forth challenges, especially in copyright protection. As the lines between the virtual and physical blur, the traditional notions of ownership and rights are being tested. The Metaverse, with its multitude of user-generated content, poses unique challenges. The primary objective of this research is multifaceted. Firstly, there's a pressing need to understand the strategies employed by non-fungible token (NFT) marketplaces within the Metaverse to strengthen security and prevent copyright violations. As these platforms become centers for digital transactions, ensuring the authenticity and security of each trade becomes paramount. Secondly, the study aims to delve deep into the foundational technologies underpinning NFTs, from the workings of blockchain to the mechanics of smart contracts, to understand how they collectively ensure copyright protection. Thus, in this paper, we propose a quantum based NFT solution that can secure Metaverse and copyright contents in an advanced manner.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This study was supported by the Research Program funded by Seoul National University of Science and Technology.

References

  1. M. Nofer, P. Gomber, O. Hinz, and D. Schiereck, "Blockchain," Business & Information Systems Engineering, vol. 59, pp. 183-187, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-017-0467-3 
  2. W. Meng, J. Wang, X. Wang, J. Liu, Z. Yu, J. Li, Y. Zhao, and S. S. Chow, "Position paper on blockchain technology: smart contract and applications," in Network and System Security. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018, pp. 474-483. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02744-5_35 
  3. Z. Zheng, S. Xie, H. N. Dai, X. Chen, and H. Wang, "Blockchain challenges and opportunities: a survey," International Journal of Web and Grid Services, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 352-375, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWGS.2018.095647 
  4. A. A. Monrat, O. Schelen, and K. Andersson, "A survey of blockchain from the perspectives of applications, challenges, and opportunities," IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 117134-117151, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2936094
  5. P. Treleaven, R. G. Brown, and D. Yang, "Blockchain technology in finance," Computer, vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 14-17, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2017.3571047 
  6. Y. Fu and J. Zhu, "Big production enterprise supply chain endogenous risk management based on blockchain," IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 15310-15319, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2895327 
  7. T. McGhin, K. K. R. Choo, C. Z. Liu, and D. He, "Blockchain in healthcare applications: research challenges and opportunities," Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 135, pp. 62-75, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2019.02.027 
  8. O. Novo, "Blockchain meets ioT: an architecture for scalable access management in IoT," IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1184-1195, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2018.2812239 
  9. R. Huo, S. Zeng, Z. Wang, J. Shang, W. Chen, T. Huang, S. Wang, F. R. Yu, and Y. Liu, "A comprehensive survey on blockchain in industrial internet of things: Motivations, research progresses, and future challenges," IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 88-122, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2022.3141490 
  10. Q. Wang, R. Li, Q. Wang, and S. Chen, "Non-fungible token (NFT): overview, evaluation, opportunities and challenges," 2021 [Online]. Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.07447. 
  11. U. W. Chohan, "Non-fungible tokens: blockchains, scarcity, and value," Critical Blockchain Research Initiative (CBRI) Working Papers, 2021 [Online]. Available: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3822743. 
  12. L. J. Trautman, "Virtual art and non-fungible tokens," Hofstra Law Review, vol. 50, pp. 361-426, 2022. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3814087 
  13. L. Kugler, "Non-fungible tokens and the future of art," Communications of the ACM, vol. 64, no. 9, pp. 19- 20, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1145/3474355 
  14. S. M. H. Bamakan, N. Nezhadsistani, O. Bodaghi, and Q. Qu, "Patents and intellectual property assets as non-fungible tokens; key technologies and challenges," Scientific Reports, vol. 12, no. 1, article no. 2178, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05920-6 
  15. C. Pinto-Gutierrez, S. Gaitan, D. Jaramillo, and S. Velasquez, "The NFT hype: what draws attention to nonfungible tokens?," Mathematics, vol. 10, no. 3, article no. 335, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10030335 
  16. IBM quantum experience [Online]. Available: https://quantum-computing.ibm.com/. 
  17. A. Kiayias, A. Russell, B. David, and R. Oliynykov, "Ouroboros: a provably secure proof-of-stake blockchain protocol," in Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO 2017. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2017, pp. 357-388. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63688-7_12 
  18. K. Tamura and Y. Shikano, "Quantum random number generation with the superconducting quantum computer IBM 20Q Tokyo," 2020 [Online]. Available: https://ia.cr/2020/078. 
  19. S. R. Moulick and P. K. Panigrahi, "Quantum cheques," Quantum Information Processing, vol. 15, pp. 2475- 2486, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-016-1273-4 
  20. M. Choi, A. E. Azzaoui, S. K. Singh, M. M. Salim, S. R. Jeremiah, and J. H. Park, "The future of Metaverse: security issues, requirements, and solutions," Human-Centric Computing and Information Sciences, vol. 12, article no. 60, 2022. https://doi.org/10.22967/HCIS.2022.12.060 
  21. R. Almodfer, M. Mudhsh, S. Chelloug, M. Shehab, L. Abualigah, and M. Abd Elaziz, "Quantum mutation reptile search algorithm for global optimization and data clustering," Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences, vol. 12, article no. 30, 2022. https://doi.org/10.22967/HCIS.2022.12.030 
  22. A. E. Azzaoui, T. W. Kim, Y. Pan, and J. H. Park, "A quantum approximate optimization algorithm based on blockchain heuristic approach for scalable and secure smart logistics systems," Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences, vol. 11, article no. 46, 2021. https://doi.org/10.22967/HCIS.2021.11.046 
  23. H. Hu and B. Lee, "Applying token tagging to augment dataset for automatic program repair," Journal of Information Processing Systems, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 628-636, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3745/JIPS.04.0251 
  24. A. E. Azzaoui and J. H. Park, "Post-quantum blockchain for a scalable smart city," Journal of Internet Technology, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1171-1178, 2020.
  25. S. K. Singh, A. E. Azzaoui, M. M. Salim, and J. H. Park, "Quantum communication technology for future ICT-review," Journal of Information Processing Systems, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 1459-1478, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3745/JIPS.03.0154 
  26. H. J. Kwon, A. El Azzaoui, and J. H. Park, "MetaQ: a quantum approach for secure and optimized Metaverse environment," Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences, vol. 12, article no. 42, 2022. https://doi.org/10.22967/HCIS.2022.12.042 
  27. A. El Azzaoui, M. M. Salim, and J. H. Park, "Secure and reliable big-data-based decision making using quantum approach in IIoT systems," Sensors, vol. 23, no. 10, article no. 4852, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104852 
  28. A. E. Azzaoui, T. W. Kim, Y. Pan, and J. H. Park, "A quantum approximate optimization algorithm based on blockchain heuristic approach for scalable and secure smart logistics systems," Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences, vol. 11, article no. 46, 2021. https://doi.org/10.22967/HCIS.2021.11.046 
  29. A. E. Azzaoui, P. K. Sharma, and J. H. Park, "Blockchain-based delegated quantum cloud architecture for medical big data security," Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 198, article no. 103304, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2021.103304