Acknowledgement
This research is conducted based on the first author's thesis for the Master of Science in Business at Dalhousie University, Canada.
References
- Achieva Financial (2018). The History of Online Financial Institutions in Canada. Retrieved September 19, 2018, from https://www.achieva.mb.ca/blog/detail/blog/2018/09/19/the-history-of-online-financial-institutions-in-canada
- Aguinis, H., Villamor, I., and Ramani, R. S. (2021). MTurk research: Review and recommendations. Journal of Management, 47(4), 823-837. https://doi.org/10.2308/isys-52021
- Aguirre-Urreta, M. I., Marakas, G. M., and Ellis, M. E. (2013). Measurement of composite reliability in research using partial least squares: Some issues and an alternative approach. Data Base for Advances in Information Systems, 44(4), 11-43. https://doi.org/10.1145/2544415.2544417
- Ahn, S. J., and Lee, S. H. (2019). The effect of consumers' perceived value on acceptance of an internet-only bank service. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(17), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174599
- Aldas-Manzano, J., Ruiz-Mafe, C., and Sanz-Blas, S. (2009). Exploring individual personality factors as drivers of M-shopping acceptance. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 109(6), 739-757. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635570910968018
- Asif, C., Dallerup, K., Hauser, S., Parpia, A., and Taraporevala, Z., (2020). Reshaping retail banking for the next normal. Retrieved Oct 19, 2022, from https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/financial-services/our-insights/reshaping-retail-banking-for-the-next-normal
- Asnakew, Z. S. (2020). Customers' continuance intention to use mobile banking: Development and testing of an integrated model. The Review of Socionetwork Strategies, 14(1), 123-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12626-020-00060-7
- Bhattacherjee, A. (2001a). An empirical analysis of the antecedents of electronic commerce service continuance. Decision Support Systems, 32(2), 201-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9236(01)00111-7
- Bhattacherjee, A. (2001b). Understanding information systems continuance: An Expectation-confirmation model. MIS Quarterly, 25(3), 351-370. https://doi.org/10.2307/3250921
- CFI Team. (2020). Non-Interest Expense - Overview, Components, Types. Retrieved Oct 19, 2022, from https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/accounting/non-interest-expense/
- Chan, S. C. (2001). Understanding Adoption and Continual Usage Behaviour Towards Internet Banking Services in Hong Kong (Master's thesis). Lingnan University, Hong Kong. http://dx.doi.org/10.14793/cds_etd.5
- Chen, S., D'Silva, D., Packer, F., and Tiwari, S. (2022). Virtual banking and beyond (Issue 120). Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap120.pdf
- Chen, X., and Li, S. (2017). Understanding continuance intention of mobile payment services: An empirical study. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 57(4), 287-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2016.1180649
- Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern Methods for Business Research, 295(2), 295-336.
- Chin, W. W., Marcolin, B. L., and Newsted, P. R. (2003). A partial least squares latent variable modeling approach for measuring interaction effects: results from a Monte Carlo simulation study and an electronic-mail emotion/adoption study. Information Systems Research, 14(2), 189-217. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.14.2.189.16018
- Chmielewski, M., and Kucker, S. C. (2020). An MTurk crisis? Shifts in data quality and the impact on study results. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(4), 464-473. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619875149
- Chung, N., and Kwon, S. J. (2009). Effect of trust level on mobile banking satisfaction: A multi-group analysis of information system success instruments. Behaviour and Information Technology, 28(6), 549-562. https://doi.org/10.1080/01449290802506562
- Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical Power Analysis for The Behavioral Sciences. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
- Compeau, D. R., and Higgins, C. A. (1995). Computer self-efficacy: Development of a measure and initial test. MIS Quarterly, 189-211. https://doi.org/10.2307/249688
- Cook, K. S., Cheshire, C., Rice, E. R., and Nakagawa, S. (2013). Social exchange theory. In Handbook of social psychology (pp. 61-88). Springer, Dordrecht.
- Dandapani, K., and Lawrence, E. R. (2008). Virtual bank failures: An investigation. Managerial Finance, 34(6), 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1108/03074350810872778
- Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly: Management Information Systems, 13(3), 319-339. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008
- Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., and Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User Acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35(8), 982-1003. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.35.8.982
- DeLone, W. H., and McLean, E. R. (2003). The DeLone and McLean model of information systems success: A ten-year update. Journal of Management Information Systems, 19(4), 9-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2003.11045748
- Dimitriadis, S., and Kyrezis, N. (2010). Linking trust to use intention for technology-enabled bank channels: The role of trusting intentions. Psychology & Marketing, 27(8), 799-820. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20358
- Effler, G. and Roderick, J. (2022, May 12). Established Direct Banking Brands Flex Their Digital Banking Muscle, According to J. D. Power [Blog Post]. Retrieved from https://www.busines swire.com/news/home/20220512005345/en/Established-Direct-Banking-Brands-Flex-Their-Digital-Banking-Muscle-According-to-J.D.-Power
- Eriksson, K., and Nilsson, D. (2007). Determinants of the continued use of self-service technology: The case of Internet banking. Technovation, 27(4), 159-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2006.11.001
- Estrella-Ramon, A., Sanchez-Perez, M., and Swinnen, G. (2016). How customers' offline experience affects the adoption of online banking. Internet Research, 26(5), 1072-1092. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-03-2015-0092
- Falk, R. F., and Miller, N. B. (1992). A Primer for Soft Modeling. University of Akron Press.
- Follmer, D. J., Sperling, R. A., and Suen, H. K. (2017). The role of MTurk in education research: Advantages, issues, and future directions. Educational Researcher, 46(6), 329-334. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X17725519
- Fornell, C., and Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
- Foroughi, B., Iranmanesh, M., and Hyun, S. S. (2019). Understanding the determinants of mobile banking continuance usage intention. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 32(6), 1015-1033. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-10-2018-0237
- Gefen, D., and Straub, D. (2005). A practical guide to factorial validity using PLS-Graph: Tutorial And annotated example. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 16(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.17705/1cais.01605
- Gefen, D., Straub, D., and Boudreau, M. C. (2000). Structural equation modeling and regression: Guidelines for research practice. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 4(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.00407
- Grabner-Krauter, S., and Kaluscha, E. A. (2003). Empirical research in on-line trust: A review and critical assessment. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 58(6), 783-812. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1071-5819(03)00043-0
- Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Babin, B. J., and Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (Vol. 7).
- Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., and Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
- Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., and Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106-121. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128
- Henseler, J., Hubona, G., and Ray, P. A. (2016). Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: Updated guidelines. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 116(1), 2-20. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-09-2015-0382
- Hernandez, J. M. C., and Mazzon, J. A. (2007). Adoption of internet banking: Proposition and implementation of an integrated methodology approach. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 25(2), 72-88. https://doi.org/10.1108/02652320710728410
- Hoehle, H., Huff, S., and Goode, S. (2012). The role of continuous trust in information systems continuance. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 52(4), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2012.11645571
- Hong, J., and Lee, Y. (2012). Determinants of cross-buying intentions in banking services in collectivistic culture. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 30(5), 328-358. https://doi.org/10.1108/02652321211247408
- Kaabachi, S., Mrad, S. B., and Fiedler, A. (2019). The moderating effect of e-bank structure on French consumers' trust. International Journal of Bank Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-04-2019-0119
- Kaabachi, S., Mrad, S. B., and Petrescu, M. (2017). Consumer initial trust toward internet-only banks in France. International Journal of Bank Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-09-2016-0140
- Lin, J. (2011). Research on consumer trust and satisfaction in mobile commerce. In International Conference on Management Science and Engineering - Annual Conference Proceedings (pp. 47-51). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMSE.2011.6069941
- Liu, T. C., and Wu, L. W. (2007). Customer retention and cross-buying in the banking industry: An integration of service attributes, satisfaction and trust. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 12(2), 132-145. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fsm.4760067
- Lee, J. M., and Kim, H. J. (2020). Determinants of adoption and continuance intentions toward Internet-only banks. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 38(4), 843-865. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-07-2019-0269
- Lee, K. Y., Sheehan, L., Lee, K., and Chang, Y. (2021). The continuation and recommendation intention of artificial intelligence-based voice assistant systems (AIVAS): The influence of personal traits. Internet Research, 31(5), 1899-1939. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-06-2020-0327
- Lewis, J. D., and Weigert, A. (1985). Trust as a social reality. Social Forces, 63(4), 967-985. https://doi.org/10.2307/2578601
- Li, M. L., Lin, S. P., Chan, Y. H., and Wu, C. H. (2021). Customer involvement facets stimulating customers' intention to use internet-only bank services in China: The extension of perceived risk-value model. Journal of Organizational and End User Computing, 33(5), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.4018/JOEUC.20210901.oa4
- Liang, H., Saraf, N., Hu, Q. and Xue, Y. (2007). Assimilation of enterprise systems: The effect of institutional pressures and the mediating role of top management. MIS Quarterly, 31(1), 59-87. https://doi.org/10.2307/25148781
- Liu, T. C., and Wu, L. W. (2007). Customer retention and cross-buying in the banking industry: An integration of service attributes, satisfaction and trust. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 12(2), 132-145. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave. fsm.4760067
- Llewellyn, D. T. (2005). Trust and confidence in financial services: a strategic challenge. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 13(4), 333-346. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000007304
- Lowry, P. B., D'Arcy, J., Hammer, B., and Moody, G. D. (2016). "Cargo Cult" science in traditional organization and information systems survey research: A case for using nontraditional methods of data collection, including Mechanical Turk and online panels. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 25(3), 232-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2016.06.002
- Lu, J. (2014). Are personal innovativeness and social influence critical to continue with mobile commerce?. Internet Research, 24(2), 134-159. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-05-2012-0100
- MarketWatch, (2023). Bancassurance Market Trends for Future Success 2023-2028. Retrieved April 30, 2023, from https://www.marketwatch.com/pressrelease/bancassurance-market-trends-for-future-success-2023-2028-2023-03-27
- Montazemi, A. R., and Qahri-Saremi, H. (2015). Factors affecting adoption of online banking: A meta-analytic structural equation modeling study. Information and Management, 52(2), 210-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2014.11.002
- Mukerjee, K. (2020). Impact of self-service technologies in retail banking on cross-buying and word-of-mouth. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 48(5), 485-500. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-08-2019-0261
- Oertzen, A. S., and Odekerken-Schroder, G. (2019). Achieving continued usage in online banking: A post-adoption study. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 37(6), 1394-1418. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-09-2018-0239
- Ofori, K. S., Boateng, H., Okoe, A. F., and Gvozdanovic, I. (2017). Examining customers' continuance intentions towards internet banking usage. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 35(6), 756-773. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-11-2016-0214
- Oliver, R. L. (1980). A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions. Journal of Marketing Research, 17(4), 460-469. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378001700405
- Oliveira, T., Thomas, M., Baptista, G., and Campos, F. (2016). Mobile payment: Understanding the determinants of customer adoption and intention to recommend the technology. Computers in Human Behavior, 61(2016), 404-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.030
- Omololu, E. (2022, June 3). Canada's Best Online Banks for 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2022, from https://www.savvynewcanadians.com/best-onlinebanks-canada/
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., and Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879.
- Poromatikul, C., De Maeyer, P., Leelapanyalert, K., and Zaby, S. (2020). Drivers of continuance intention with mobile banking apps. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 38(1), 242-262. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-08-2018-0224
- Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations (5th ed.). New York: Free Press.
- Scotiabank. (2021). Annual Report 2021. Retrieved from https://www.scotiabank.com/content/dam/scotiabank/corporate/quarterly-reports/2021/q4/Annual_Report_2021_AODA_EN.pdf
- Shaikh, A. A., and Karjaluoto, H. (2015). Mobile banking adoption: A literature review. Telematics and Informatics, 32(1), 129-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2014.05.003
- Shareef, M. A., Baabdullah, A., Dutta, S., Kumar, V., and Dwivedi, Y. K. (2018). Consumer adoption of mobile banking services: An empirical examination of factors according to adoption stages. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 43, 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2018.03.003
- Sharma, R., and Mishra, R. (2014). A review of evolution of theories and models of technology adoption. Indore Management Journal, 6(2), 17-29.
- Sharma, S. K., and Sharma, M. (2019). Examining the role of trust and quality dimensions in the actual usage of mobile banking services: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Information Management, 44, 65-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.09.013
- Shergill, G. S., and Li, B. (2005). Internet banking-An empirical investigation of a trust and loyalty model for New Zealand banks. Journal of Internet Commerce, 4(4), 101-118. https://doi.org/10.1300/J179v04n04
- Sikdar, P., Kumar, A., and Makkad, M. (2015). Online banking adoption: A factor validation and satisfaction causation study in the context of Indian banking customers. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 33(6), 760-785. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-11-2014-0161
- Sun, H. (2012). Understanding user revisions when using information system features: Adaptive system use and triggers. MIS Quarterly, 453-478. https://doi.org/10.2307/41703463
- Susanto, A., Chang, Y., and Ha, Y. (2016). Determinants of continuance intention to use the smartphone banking services: An extension to the expectation-confirmation model. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 116(3), 508-525. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-05-2015-0195
- Thakur, R. (2014). What keeps mobile banking customers loyal?. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 32(7), 628-646. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-07-2013-0062
- Van Slyke, C., Ilie, V., Lou, H., and Stafford, T. (2007). Perceived critical mass and the adoption of a communication technology. European Journal of Information Systems, 16(3), 270-283. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000680
- Vatanasombut, B., Igbaria, M., Stylianou, A. C., and Rodgers, W. (2008). Information systems continuance intention of web-based applications customers: The case of online banking. Information and Management, 45(7), 419-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2008.03. 005
- Vedadi, A., and Warkentin, M. (2016). Continuance intention on using mobile banking applications: A replication study of information systems continuance model. AIS Transactions on Replication Research, 2(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.17705/1atrr.00014
- Verhoef, P. C., Franses, P. H., and Hoekstra, J. C. (2001). The impact of satisfaction and payment equity on cross-buying: A dynamic model for a multi-service provider. Journal of Retailing, 77(3), 359-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(01)00052-5
- Wagle, L., and Biswas, A. (2019). Virtual banking is disrupting Asia's financial services. The United States of America, Retrieved from https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/institute-business-value/report/asia-virtual-banking
- Yap, K. B., Wong, D. H., Loh, C., and Bak, R. (2010). Offline and online banking-Where to draw the line when building trust in e-banking? International Journal of Bank Marketing, 28(1), 27-46. https://doi.org/10.1108/02652321011013571
- Yoon, C., and Lim, D. (2020). An empirical study on factors affecting customers' acceptance of internet-only banks in Korea. Cogent Business and Management, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1792259
- Yoon, C., and Lim, D. (2021). Customers' intentions to switch to internet-only banks: Perspective of the push-pull-mooring model. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(14), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13148062
- Yu, P. L., Balaji, M. S., and Khong, K. W. (2015). Building trust in internet banking: A trustworthiness perspective. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 115(2), 235-252. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-09-2014-0262
- Yuan, S., Liu, Y., Yao, R., and Liu, J. (2016). An investigation of users' continuance intention towards mobile banking in China. Information Development, 32(1), 20-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666914522140
- Yuan, Y., Lai, F., and Chu, Z. (2019). Continuous usage intention of Internet banking: A commitment-trust model. Information Systems and E-Business Management, 17(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-018-0372-4
- Zhang, Y., Chen, X., Liu, X., and Zhu, N. (2018). Exploring trust transfer between internet enterprises and their affiliated internet-only banks: An adoption study of internet-only banks in China. Chinese Management Studies, 12(1), 56-78. https://doi.org/10.1108/CMS-06-2017-0148
- Zhou, T. (2011). An empirical examination of initial trust in mobile banking. Internet Research, 21(5), 527-540. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662241111176353
- Zhou, T. (2012). Understanding users' initial trust in mobile banking: An elaboration likelihood perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(4), 1518-1525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.03.021
- Zhou, T. (2013). An empirical examination of continuance intention of mobile payment services. Decision Support Systems, 54(2), 1085-1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2012.10.034
- Zhou, T., Zhang, S., and Ji, B. (2010, May). Exploring the effect of online banking service quality on users' continuance usage. In 2010 2nd International Conference on E-business and Information System Security (pp. 1-4). IEEE.