Acknowledgement
This work was supported by CALID BIOTECH (WUHAN) CO., LTD., China.
References
- Holen JP, Woodworth JC, Tokach MD, Goodband RD, DeRouchey JM, Gebhardt JT. Evaluation of supplemental fat sources and pre-farrow essential fatty acid intake on lactating sow performance and essential fatty acid composition of colostrum, milk, and adipose tissue. J Anim Sci 2023;101:skac394. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac394
- Park MS, Yang YX, Choi JY, et al. Effects of dietary fat inclusion at two energy levels on reproductive performance, milk compositions and blood profiles in lactating sows. Acta Agric Scand A Anim Sci 2008;58:121-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064700802400803
- Zhe L, Krogh U, Lauridsen C, Nielsen MO, Fang Z, Theil Pet PK. Impact of dietary fat levels and fatty acid composition on milk fat synthesis in sows at peak lactation. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023;14:42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-022-00815-y
- Jin C, Fang Z, Lin Y, et al. Influence of dietary fat source on sow and litter performance, colostrum and milk fatty acid profile in late gestation and lactation. Anim Sci J 2017;88:1768-78. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12836
- Ivanov DS, Levic JD, Sredanovic SA. Fatty acid composition of various soybean products. Food Feed Res 2010;37:65-70.
- Roszkos R, Toth T, Mezes M. Review: practical use of n-3 fatty acids to improve reproduction parameters in the context of modern sow nutrition. Animals 2020;10:1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10071141
- Hanczakowska E, Swiatkiewicz M, Natonek-Wisniewska M, Okon K. Medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) and/or probiotic Enterococcus faecium as a feed supplement for piglets. Livest Sci 2016;192:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2016.08.002
- Khatibjoo A, Mahmoodi M, Fattahnia F, Akbari-Gharaei M, Shokri AN, Soltani S. Effects of dietary short- and medium-chain fatty acids on performance, carcass traits, jejunum morphology, and serum parameters of broiler chickens. J Appl Anim Res 2017;46:492-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2017.1345741
- Kouba M, Mourot J. A review of nutritional effects on fat composition of animal products with special emphasis on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biochimie 2011;93:13-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2010.02.027
- Rosero DS, Odle J, Mendoza SM, Boyd RD, Fellner V, van Heugten E. Impact of dietary lipids on sow milk composition and balance of essential fatty acids during lactation in prolific sows. J Anim Sci 2015;93:2935-47. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-8529
- Yao W, Li J, Wang JJ, et al. Effects of dietary ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on immunoglobulins, cytokines, fatty acid composition, and performance of lactating sows and suckling piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2012;3:43. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-1891-3-43
- Chen J, Xu Q, Li Y, et al. Comparative effects of dietary supplementations with sodium butyrate, medium-chain fatty acids, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in late pregnancy and lactation on the reproductive performance of sows and growth performance of suckling piglets. J Anim Sci 2019;97:4256-67. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz284
- National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of swine. 11th ed. Washington, DC, USA: The National Academy Press; 2012.
- AOAC (Association of Official Analysis Chemist). Official methods of analysis. 19th ed. Gaithersburg, MD, USA: AOAC International; 2012.
- Che L, Zhan L, Fang Z, Yao L, Yan T, Wu D. Effects of dietary protein sources on growth performance and immune response of weanling pigs. Livest Sci 2012;148:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2012.04.019
- Peng X, Yan C, Hu L, et al. Effects of fat supplementation during gestation on reproductive performance, milk composition of sows and intestinal development of their offspring. Animals 2019;9:125. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9040125
- Llaurado-Calero E, Badiola I, Delpino-Rius A, et al. Fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in sow diets modifies oxylipins and immune indicators in colostrum and milk. Animal 2021;15:100403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2021.100403
- Li L, Wang H, Dong S, Ma Y. Supplementation with alpha-glycerol monolaurate during late gestation and lactation enhances sow performance, ameliorates milk composition, and improves growth of suckling piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023;14:47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-023-00848-x
- Smits RJ, Luxford BG, Mitchell M, Nottle MB. Sow litter size is increased in the subsequent parity when lactating sows are fed diets containing n-3 fatty acids from fish oil. J Anim Sci 2011;89:2731-8. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3593
- Jang YD, Lindemann MD, Monegue HJ, Monegue JS. The effect of coated sodium butyrate supplementation in sow and nursery diets on lactation performance and nursery pig growth performance. Livest Sci 2017;195:13-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2016.11.005
- Lan R, Kim I. Effects of organic acid and medium chain fatty acid blends on the performance of sows and their piglets. Anim Sci J 2018;89:1673-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.13111
- Rosero DS, Boyd RD, McCulley M, Odle J, van Heugten E. Essential fatty acid supplementation during lactation is required to maximize the subsequent reproductive performance of the modern sow. Anim Reprod Sci 2016;168:151-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.03.010
- Yin J, Lee KY, Kim JK, Kim IH. Effects of different n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio on reproductive performance, fecal microbiota and nutrient digestibility of gestation-lactating sows and suckling piglets. Anim Sci J 2017;88:1744-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12819
- Jin C, Fang Z, Lin Y, et al. Influence of dietary fat source on sow and litter performance, colostrum and milk fatty acid profile in late gestation and lactation. Anim Sci J 2017;88:1768-78. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12836
- Vida O, Fabian J, Bazar G, Egri B, Toth T. The effect of dietary glycerol supplementation on milk production and composition, blood parameters and performance of lactating sows. Livest Sci 2019;230:103859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103859
- Devi SM, Lee KY, Kim IH. Analysis of the effect of dietary protected organic acid blend on lactating sows and their piglets. Rev Bras Zootec 2016;45:39-47. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-92902016000200001
- Franczyk B, Rysz J, Lawinski J, Rysz-Gorzynska M, GlubaBrzozka A. Is a high HDL-cholesterol level always beneficial? Biomedicines 2021;9:1083. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091083
- Sheinenzon A, Shehadeh M, Michelis R, Shaoul E, Ronen O. Serum albumin levels and inflammation. Int J Biol Macromol 2021;184:857-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.140
- Voronin MV, Sidneva ES, Lisitsyna TA, Zhanataev AK, Durnev AD. Total antioxidant capacity of blood plasma from healthy donors receiving vitamin and mineral complex. Bull Exp Biol Med 2004;137:457-9. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BEBM.0000038152.44483.66
- Han YS, Tang CH, Zhao QY, et al. Effects of dietary supplementation with combinations of organic and medium chain fatty acids as replacements for chlortetracycline on growth performance, serum immunity, and fecal microbiota of weaned piglets. Livest Sci 2018;216:210-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2018.08.013
- Han H, Yin J, Wang B, et al. Effects of dietary lysine restriction on inflammatory responses in piglets. Sci Rep 2018;8:2451. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20689-3
- Kielland C, Rootwelt V, Reksen O, Framstad T. The association between immunoglobulin G in sow colostrum and piglet plasma. J Anim Sci 2015;93:4453-62. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-8713
- Shen Y, Wan H, Zhu J, et al. Fish oil and olive oil supplementation in late pregnancy and lactation differentially affect oxidative stress and inflammation in sows and piglets. Lipids 2015;50:647-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-015-4024-x
- Lauridsen C, Danielsen V. Lactational dietary fat levels and sources influence milk composition and performance of sows and their progeny. Livest Prod Sci 2004;91:95-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.07.014
- Rekiel A, Wiecek J, Beyga K. Analysis of the relationship between fatness of late pregnant and lactating sows and selected lipid parameters of blood, colostrum and milk. Ann Anim Sci 2011;11:487-95. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10220-011-0001-3
- Isaacson R, Kim HB. The intestinal microbiome of the pig. Anim Health Res Rev 2012;13:100-9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466252312000084
- Cui C, Shen CJ, Jia G, Wang KN. Effect of dietary Bacillus subtilis on proportion of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in swine intestine and lipid metabolism. Genet Mol Res 2013;12:1766-76. https://doi.org/10.4238/2013.May.23.1
- Li Z, Zhang F, Zhao Y, Liu X, Xie J, Ma X. Effects of different starch diets on growth performance, intestinal health and faecal microbiota of growing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2023;107:1043-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13810
- Bernad-Roche M, Belles A, Grasa L, Casanova-Higes A, Mainar-Jaime RC. Effects of dietary supplementation with protected sodium butyrate on gut microbiota in growing-finishing pigs. Animals 2021;11:2137. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11072137
- Valeriano VDV, Balolong MP, Kang DK. Probiotic roles of Lactobacillus sp. in swine: insights from gut microbiota. J Appl Microbiol 2017;122:554-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13364
- Hofmann AF. Detoxification of lithocholic acid, a toxic bile acid: relevance to drug hepatotoxicity. Drug Metab Rev 2004;36:703-22. https://doi.org/10.1081/DMR-200033475
- Chriswell ME, Lefferts AR, Clay MR, et al. Clonal IgA and IgG autoantibodies from individuals at risk for rheumatoid arthritis identify an arthritogenic strain of Subdoligranulum. Sci Transl Med 2022;14:eabn5166. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abn5166