PNF and Movement

Korea Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Association (대한고유수용성신경근촉진법학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Effect of Visual Stimulation on Gait Parameters During Backward Walking in Healthy Individuals

정상인의 후방 보행 시 시각 자극이 보행 변수에 미치는 영향

  • Han-Byeol Sung (Department of Physical Therapy, Donggunsan Hospital) ;
  • Ji-won Seo (Department of Physical Therapy, Ongoul Rehabilitation Hospital) ;
  • Jung-Hyun Cho (Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical Science, Jeonju University) ;
  • Young-Keun Woo (Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical Science, Jeonju University)
  • 성한별 (동군산 병원) ;
  • 서지원 (온고을 재활의학과 병원) ;
  • 조정현 (전주대학교 의과학대학 물리치료학과) ;
  • 우영근 (전주대학교 의과학대학 물리치료학과)
  • Received : 2024.03.25
  • Accepted : 2024.04.09
  • Published : 2024.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Purpose: Backward walking has shown positive effects on gait recovery in rehabilitation patients. It is increasingly used as an aerobic training method in rehabilitation populations, inducing more sensory and motor stimulation than forward walking. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of visual stimulation during backward walking. Methods: Twenty-seven healthy adults with a visual acuity of 0.8 or higher participated in the study. To compare the effects of visual stimulation during various walking conditions among healthy individuals, the participants randomly selected cards numbered one to six and walked a distance of 10 meters. Walking ability was measured using Optogait. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in speed, stride, and percentages of single support and contact phase during backward walking. Within eyes-closed conditions during backward walking, significant differences were found in percentages of single support, terminal stance, and contact phase. Moreover, the percentage of terminal swing significantly differed during backward walking with head turn conditions. Conclusion: Gait parameters such as speed, stride, and percentages of single support and contact phase were higher during backward walking than forward walking. These results indicate that backward walking involves multiple sensory systems and varying conditions.

Keywords

References

  1. Almutairi SM, Almutairi MK, Alotaibi MM, et al. Effects of backward walking exercise using lower body positive pressure treadmill on knee symptoms and physical function in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a protocol for RCT. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2023;18(1):264.
  2. Bernal AG, Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo R, Losa-lglesias M. Reliability of the OptoGait portable photoelectric cell system for the quantification of spatial-temporal parameters of gait in young adults. Gait & Posture. 2016;50:196-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.08.035
  3. Bobath B. Adult hemiplegia. Evaluation and treatment. Heinemann, London. 1970.
  4. Chen LY, Su FC, Chiang PY. Kinematic and EMG analysis of backward walking on treadmill. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2000.8978419.
  5. Cho KK, Kim YS, Cho SH. The comparative analysis of EMG depending on variations of speed in forward walking and backward walking. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics. 2007;17(3):1-10.
  6. Choi HS, Jeon SB. Effect of backward walking training on balance capability and gait performance in patients with stroke. Journal of Digital Convergence. 2015;13(1):367-373. https://doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2015.13.1.367
  7. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, et al. G*power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods. 2007;39:175-191.
  8. Flynn TW, Connery SM, Smutok MA, et al. Comparison of cardiopulmonary responses to forward and backward walking and running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1994;26(1):89-94.
  9. Han SW. The effect of forward walking and backward walking on quadriceps muscles with treadmill inclination: surface electromyographic analysis. Physical Therapy Korea. 2005;12(1):63-70.
  10. Huang TW, Kuo AD. Mecahnics and energetics of load carriage during human walking. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 2014;217(Pt-4):605-613
  11. Kim IS, Jeon SJ, Lee GH, An BW. Effects on balance and gait for chronic stroke patients with side walking training. Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine. 2013;1(1):1-9.
  12. Kim KT, Kim CH, Nam JH, et al. A study on various gait trainings for stoke patients. Journal of Korean Society of Health Sciences. 2020;17(1):47-60.
  13. Kim SJ, Lee HJ. The effects of dual task training according to variability of walking environment on balance, gait and function of stroke patients. Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine. 2021;9(2):23-33.
  14. Koren Y, Mairon R, Sofer I, et al. Vision, cognition, and walking stability in young adults. Scientific Reports. 2022;12(1):513.
  15. Lee MH, Kim JY, Son JS, et al. Kinematic and kinetic analysis during forward and backward walking. Gait & Posture. 2013;38(4):674-678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.02.014
  16. Lin NH, Liu CH, Lee P, et al. Backward walking induces significantly larger upper-mu-rhythm suppression effects than forward walking does. Sensors. 2020;20(24):7250.
  17. Morris JN, Hardman AE. Walking to health. Sports Medicine. 1997;23(5):306-332. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199723050-00004
  18. Muller C, Baumann T, Einhauser W, et al. Slipping while counting: gaze-gait interactions during perturbed walking under dual-task conditions. Experimental Brain Research. 2023;241(3):765-780.
  19. Roos PE, Barton N, van Deursen RWM. Patellofemoral joint compression forces in backward and forward running. Journal of Biomechanics. 2012;45(9):1656-1660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.03.020
  20. Saunders JB, Inman VT, Eberhart HD. The major determinants in normal and pathological gait. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 1953; 35(3):543-558. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-195335030-00003
  21. Shen M, Che S, Ye D, et al. Effects of backward walking on knee proprioception after ACL reconstruction. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. 2021;37(10):1109-1116. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2019.1681040
  22. Thomas MA, Fast A. One step forward and two step back: the dangers of walking backwards in therapy. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2020;79(5):459-461. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002060-200009000-00011
  23. Threlkeld AJ, Horn TS, Wojtowicz G, et al. Kinematics, ground reaction force, and muscle balance produced by backward running. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1989;11(2):56-63. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1989.11.2.56
  24. Wang J, Yuan W, An R. Effectiveness of backward walking training on spatial-temporal gait characteristics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Movement Science. 2018;60:57-71.
  25. Yelnik AP, Breton FL, Colle FM, et al. Rehabilitation of balance after stroke with multisensorial training: a single-blind randomized controlled study. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 2008;22(5):468-476. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968308315996