Earthquakes and Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Input energy spectrum damping modification factors

  • Onur Merter (Department of Civil Engineering, Izmir University of Economics) ;
  • Taner Ucar (Department of Architecture, Dokuz Eylul University)
  • Received : 2023.09.08
  • Accepted : 2024.01.30
  • Published : 2024.03.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study examines damping modification factors (DMFs) of elastic input energy spectra corresponding to a set of 116 earthquake ground motions. Mean input energy per mass spectra and mean DMFs are presented for both considered ground motion components. Damping ratios of 3%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30% are used and the 5% damping ratio is considered the benchmark for DMF computations. The geometric mean DMFs of the two horizontal components of each ground motion are computed and coefficients of variation are presented graphically. The results show that the input energy spectra-based DMFs exhibit a dependence on the damping ratio at very short periods and they tend to be nearly constant for larger periods. In addition, mean DMF variation is obtained graphically for also the damping ratio, and mathematical functions are fitted as a result of statistical analyses. A strong correlation between the computed DMFs and the ones from predicted equations is observed.

Keywords

References

  1. Alici, F.S. and Sucuoglu, H. (2016), "Prediction of input energy spectrum: attenuation models and velocity spectrum scaling", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 45(13), 2137-2161. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2749.
  2. Alici, F.S. and Sucuoglu, H. (2018), "Elastic and inelastic nearfault input energy spectra", Earthq. Spectra, 34(2), 611-637. https://doi.org/10.1193/090817EQS175M.
  3. Anbazhagan, P., Uday, A., Moustafa, S.S. and Al-Arifi, N.S. (2016), "Pseudo-spectral damping reduction factors for the Himalayan region considering recorded ground-motion data", PloS ONE, 11(9), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161137.
  4. Arora, V. (2017), "FE model updating method incorporating damping matrices for structural dynamic modifications", Struct. Eng., 52(2), 261-274. http://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2014.52.2.261.
  5. Atkinson, G.M. and Pierre, J.R. (2004), "Ground-motion response spectra in eastern North America for different critical damping values", Seismol. Res. Lett., 75(4), 541-545. https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.75.4.541.
  6. Bantilas, K.E., Kavvadias, I.E. and Vasiliadis, L.K. (2017), "Capacity spectrum method based on inelastic spectra for high viscous damped buildings", Earthq. Struct., 13(4), 337-351. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2017.13.4.337.
  7. Banuelos-Garcia, F.H., Ayala, G. and Lopez, S. (2020), "A displacement based seismic design procedure for buildings with fluid viscous dampers", Earthq. Struct., 18(5), 609-623. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2020.18.5.609.
  8. Benahmed, B., Hammoutene, M. and Cardone, D. (2017), "Effects of damping uncertainties on damping reduction factors", Period. Polytech. Civil Eng., 61(2), 341-350. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.9665.
  9. Bommer, J.J. and Mendis, R. (2005), "Scaling of spectral displacement ordinates with damping ratios", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 34(2), 145-165. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.414.
  10. Bradley, B.A. (2015), "Period dependence of response spectrum damping modification factors due to source- and site- specific effects", Earthq. Spectra, 31(2), 745-759. https://doi.org/10.1193/070213EQS189M.
  11. Cameron, W.I. and Green, R.A. (2007), "Damping correction factors for horizontal ground-motion response spectra", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 97(3), 934-960. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120060034.
  12. Cardone, D., Dolce, M. and Rivelli, M. (2009), "Evaluation of reduction factors for high-damping design response spectra", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 7, 273-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-008-9097-y.
  13. Castillo, T. and Ruiz, S.E. (2014), "Reduction factors for seismic design spectra for structures with viscous energy dampers", J. Earthq. Eng., 18(3), 323-349. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2013.860932.
  14. Conde-Conde, J. and Benavent-Climent, A. (2019), "Construction of elastic spectra for high damping", Eng. Struct., 191, 343-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.04.047.
  15. Conde-Conde, J. and Benavent-Climent, A. (2020), "Damping correction factors for application with Eurocode 8", Proceedings of the 17th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Sendai, Japan, December.
  16. Daneshvar, P., Bouaanani, N., Goda, K. and Atkinson, G.M. (2016), "Damping reduction factors for crustal, inslab, and interface earthquakes characterizing seismic hazard in Southwestern British Columbia, Canada", Earthq. Spectra, 32(1), 45-74. https://doi.org/10.1193/061414EQS086M.
  17. Daneshvar, P., Bouaanani, N., Goda, K. and Atkinson, G.M. (2017), "Damping modification factors for deep inslab and interface subduction earthquakes", Proceedings of the 16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, Chile, January.
  18. Davalos, H., Miranda, E., Bantis, C. and Cruz, C. (2022), "Response spectral damping modification factors for structures built on soft soils", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 154(1), 107153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2022.107153.
  19. Elhout, E.A. (2022), "Damping modification factor of the vertical response spectrum", Asian J. Civil Eng., 23, 929-942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-022-00465-5.
  20. Fernandez-Davila, V.I. and Mendo, A.R. (2020), "Damping modification factors for the design of seismic isolation systems in Peru", Earthq. Spectra, 36(4), 2058-2085. https://doi.org/10.1177/8755293020926189.
  21. Hao, A., Zhou, D., Li, Y. and Zhang, H. (2011), "Effects of moment magnitude, site conditions and closest distance on damping modification factors", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 31(9), 1232-1247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.05.002.
  22. Hatzigeorgiou, G.D. (2010), "Damping modification factors for SDOF systems subjected to near-fault, far-fault and artificial earthquakes", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 39(11), 1239-1258. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.991.
  23. Hubbard, D.T. and Mavroeidis, G.P. (2011), "Damping coefficients for near-fault ground motion response spectra", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 31(3), 401-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.09.009.
  24. Khoshnoudian, F., Ahmadi, E. and Azad, A.I. (2014), "Damping coefficients for soil-structure systems and evaluation of FEMA 440 subjected to pulse-like near-fault earthquakes", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 61, 124-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.02.009.
  25. Kuwamura, H., Kirino, Y. and Akiyama, H. (1994), "Prediction of earthquake energy input from smoothed fourier amplitude spectrum", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 23(10), 1125-1137. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290231007.
  26. Landi, L., Molari, A. and Diotallevi, P.P. (2020), "Comparison of different distributions of viscous damper properties in asymmetric plan frames", Earthq. Struct., 18(2), 233-248. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2020.18.2.233.
  27. Li, X., Wang, Y. and Su, L. (2017), "Damping determination of FRP-confined reinforced concrete columns", Comput. Concrete, 14(2), 163-174. http://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2014.14.2.163.
  28. Lin, Y.Y. and Chang, K.C. (2003), Study on damping reduction factor for buildings under earthquake ground motions", J. Struct. Eng., 129(2), 206-214. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:2(206).
  29. Lin, Y.Y. and Chang, K.C. (2004), "Effects of site classes on damping reduction factors", J. Struct. Eng., 130(11), 1667-1675. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:11(1667).
  30. Lin, Y.Y., Miranda, E. and Chang, K.C. (2005), "Evaluation of damping reduction factors for estimating elastic response of structures with high damping", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 34(11), 1427-1443. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.499.
  31. Lin, Y.Y. (2007), "Statistical study on damping modification factors adopted in Taiwan's seismic isolation design code by using the 21 September 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan", Eng. Struct., 29(5), 682-693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.06.006.
  32. Lu, X., Zhang, H. and Meng, C. (2012), "Simulation of the damping effect of a high-rise CRST frame structure", Comput. Concrete, 9(4), 245-255. http://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2012.9.4.245.
  33. Mendis, R. and Bommer, J.J. (2006), "Modification of the Eurocode 8 damping reduction factors for displacement spectra", Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Geneva, Switzerland, September.
  34. Miranda, S., Miranda, E. and Carlos de la Llera, J. (2020), "The effect of spectral shape on damping modification factors", Earthq. Spectra, 36(4), 2086-2111. https://doi.org/10.1177/8755293020936691.
  35. Mollaioli, F., Liberatore, L. and Lucchini, A. (2014), "Displacement damping modification factors for pulse-like and ordinary records", Eng. Struct., 78, 17-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.07.046.
  36. Naeim, F. and Kircher, C.A. (2001), "On the damping adjustment factors for earthquake response spectra", Struct. Des. Tall. Build., 10(5), 361-369. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.180.
  37. Palermo, M., Silvestri, S. and Trombetti, T. (2016), "Stochasticbased damping reduction factors", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 80, 168-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.09.014.
  38. Papagiannopoulos, G.A. and Beskos, D.E. (2010), "Towards a seismic design method for plane steel frames using equivalent modal damping ratios", Soil. Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 30(10), 1106-1118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.04.021.
  39. Pavlou, E.A. and Constantinou, M.C. (2004), "Response of elastic and inelastic structures with damping systems to near-field and soft-soil ground motions", Eng. Struct., 26(9), 1217-1230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.04.001.
  40. PEER (2023), Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center Strong Ground Motion Database; Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. https://ngawest2.berkeley.edu/
  41. Piscal, C.M. and Lopez-Almansa, F. (2018), "Generating damping modification factors after artificial inputs in scenarios of local records scarcity", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 16, 5371-5396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0406-9.
  42. PRISM for Earthquake Engineering (2021), A Software for Seismic Response Analysis of Single-Degree-of-FreedomSystems, Earthquake Engineering Department of Architectural Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea.
  43. Pu, W., Kasai, K., Kabando, E.K. and Huang, B. (2016), "Evaluation of the damping modification factor for structures subjected to near-fault ground motions", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 14(6), 1519-1544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-9885-8.
  44. Rezaeian, S., Bozorgnia, Y., Idriss, I.M., Abrahamson, N., Campbell, K. and Silva, W. (2014), "Damping scaling factors for elastic response spectra for shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regions: "Average" horizontal component", Earthq. Spectra, 30(2), 939-963. https://doi.org/10.1193/100512EQS298M.
  45. Rezaeian, S., Al Atik, L., Kuehn, N.M., Abrahamson, N., Bozorgnia, Y., Mazzoni, S., Withers, K. and Campbell, K. (2021), "Spectral damping scaling factors for horizontal components of ground motions from subduction earthquakes using NGA-subduction data", Earthq. Spectra, 37(4), 2453-2492. https://doi.org/10.1177/87552930211027903.
  46. Sheikh, M.N. and Tsang, H.H., Yaghmaei-Sabegh, S. and Anbazhagan, P. (2013), "Evaluation of damping modification factors for seismic response spectra", Proceedings of the Australian Earthquake Engineering Society, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, November.
  47. Stafford, P.J., Mendis, R. and Bommer, J.J. (2008), "Dependence of damping correction factors for response spectra on duration and numbers of cycles", J. Struct. Eng., 134(8), 1364-1373. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:8(1364).
  48. Surana, M., Singh, Y. and Lang, D.H. (2021a), "Damping modification factors observed from the Indian strong-motion database", J. Earthq. Eng., 25(13), 2758-2773. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2019.1643809.
  49. Surana, M., Singh, Y. and Lang, D.H. (2021b), "Effect of structural characteristics on damping modification factors for floor response spectra in RC buildings", Eng. Struct., 242, 112514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112514.
  50. Zhang, H. and Zhao, Y.G. (2022), "Damping modification factor of acceleration response spectrum considering seismological effects", J. Earthq. Eng., 26(16), 8359-8382. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2021.1991521.