Acknowledgement
This work was supported by Australian Taekwondo
References
- Jones J, Rikli R. Fitness of older adults. The Journal on Active Aging. 2002;1:24-30.
- Kostic R, Uzunovic S, Pantelic S, et al. A comparative analysis of the indicators of the functional fitness of the elderly. Facta universitatis-series: physical education and sport. 2011;9(2):161-71.
- Milanovic Z, Pantelic S, Trajkovic N, et al. Age-related decrease in physical activity and functional fitness among elderly men and women. Clin. Interv. Aging. 2013:549-56.
- St John PD, Tyas SL, Menec V, et al. Multimorbidity, disability, and mortality in community-dwelling older adults. Can. Fam. Physician. 2014;60(5):e272-e80.
- Hwang J. Comprehensive investigation on the prevalence and risk factors of coexistence of age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and obesity among males in their 40s. J Kor Soc Phys Med. 2023;18(3):1-9. https://doi.org/10.13066/kspm.2023.18.3.1
- Toraman NF, Erman A, Agyar E. Effects of multicomponent training on functional fitness in older adults. J. Aging Phys. Act. 2004;12(4):538-53. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.12.4.538
- Sousa N, Mendes R, Abrantes C, et al. Effectiveness of combined exercise training to improve functional fitness in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Geriatrics & Gerontology International. 2014;14(4):892-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12188
- Osho O, Owoeye O, Armijo-Olivo S. Adherence and attrition in fall prevention exercise programs for community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Aging Phys. Act. 2018;26(2):304-26. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2016-0326
- Rivera-Torres S, Fahey TD, Rivera MA. Adherence to exercise programs in older adults: informative report. Gerontology and geriatric medicine. 2019;5:2333721418823604.
- Viken H, Reitlo LS, Zisko N, et al. Predictors of dropout in exercise trials in older adults: the generation 100 study. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2019;51(1):49-55. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001742
- Bardstu HB, Andersen V, Fimland MS, et al. Effectiveness of a resistance training program on physical function, muscle strength, and body composition in community-dwelling older adults receiving home care: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Eur. Rev. Aging Phys. Act. 2020;17(1):1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-019-0235-0
- Taylor-Piliae RE, Haskell WL, Waters CM, et al. Change in perceived psychosocial status following a 12-week Tai Chi exercise programme. J. Adv. Nurs. 2006;54(3):313-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03809.x
- Manor B, Lough M, Gagnon MM, et al. Functional benefits of tai chi training in senior housing facilities. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2014;62(8):1484-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12946
- Yildirim P, Ofluoglu D, Aydogan S, et al. Tai chi vs. Combined exercise prescription: A comparison of their effects on factors related to falls. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 2016;29(3):493-501. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-150645
- Gavin TS, Myers AM. Characteristics, enrollment, attendance, and dropout patterns of older adults in beginner tai-chi and line-dancing programs. J. Aging Phys. Act. 2003;11(1):123-41.
- Brudnak M, Dundero D, Van Hecke F. Are the hard martial arts, such as the Korean martial art, TaeKwon-Do, of benefit to senior citizens? Med. Hypotheses. 2002;59(4):485-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9877(02)00203-7
- Cromwell R, Meyers P, Meyers P, et al. Tae Kwon Do: An effective Exercise for improving balance and walking ability in older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences. 2007;62a(6):641-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/62.6.641
- Marie-Ludivine C-D, Papouin G, Saint-Val P, et al. Effect of adapted karate training on quality of life and body balance in 50-year-old men. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine. 2010:143-50.
- Linhares D, dos Santos A, dos Santos L, et al. Effects of taekwondo on health in older people: A systematic review. Retos-Nuevas Tendencias En Educacion Fisica Deporte Y Recreacion. 2022;46:36-42. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v46.93336
- Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Development and Validation of a functional fitness test for community-residing older adults. J. Aging Phys. Act. 1999;7(2):129-61. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.7.2.129
- Langhammer B, Stanghelle JK. Functional fitness in elderly Norwegians measured with the senior fitness test. Adv. Physiother. 2011;13(4):137-44. https://doi.org/10.3109/14038196.2011.616913
- Lanzino D, A R, Kinlaw D, et al. Coordination tests in persons with acute central nervous system pathology: assessment of interrater reliability and known-group validity. J. Neurol. Phys. Ther. 2012;36(3):122-30. https://doi.org/10.1097/NPT.0b013e3182641d36
- Iverson G. Finger to nose test. Encyclopedia of clinical neuropsychology. New York: Springer. 2011:1051.
- Swaine B, Sullivan S. Reliability of the scores for the finger-to-nose test in adults with traumatic brain injury. Phys. Ther. 1993;73(2):71-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/73.2.71
- Gagnon C, Mathieu J, Desrosiers J. Standardized finger-nose test validity for coordination assessment in an ataxic disorder. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 2004;31(4):484-9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S031716710000367X
- Aslankhani M, Farsi A, Fathirezaie Z, et al. Validity and reliability of the timed up and go and the anterior functional reach tests in evaluating fall risk in the elderly. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2015;10(1):16-25.
- Christopher A, Kraft E, Olenick H, et al. The reliability and validity of the Timed up and go as a clinical tool in individuals with and without disabilities across a lifespan: a systematic review: psychometric properties of the timed up and go. Disabil. Rehabil. 2021;43(13):1799-813. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2019.1682066
- Buckley J, Sim J, Eston R, et al. Reliability and validity of measures taken during the chester step test to predict aerobic power and to prescribe aerobic exercise. Br. J. Sports Med. 2004;38(2):197-205. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2003.005389
- Izquierdo M, Lopes S, Teixeira M, et al. The chester step test is a valid tool to assess cardiorespiratory fitness in adults with hypertension: reducing the gap between clinical practice and fitness assessments. Hypertens. Res. 2019;42(12):2021-4. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-019-0316-5
- Liguori G, American college of sports medicine. ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2020.
- Sullivan GM, Feinn R. Using effect size-or why the P value is not enough. J. Grad. Med. Educ. 2012;4(3):279-82. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-12-00156.1
- Miller I, Climstein M, Delvecchio L. Functional benefits of hard martial arts for older adults: a scoping review. International Journal of Exercise Science. 2022;15(3):1430-43.
- Bauman A, Murphy N, Lane A. The role of community programmes and mass events in promoting physical activity to patients. Br. J. Sports Med. 2009;43(1):44-6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.054189
- Ashford S, Edmunds J, French DP. What is the best way to change self-efficacy to promote lifestyle and recreational physical activity? a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br. J. Health Psychol. 2010;15(2):265-88. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910709X461752
- Del Vecchio L, Exton B, Climstein M. The effects of modified Taekwondo on measures of functional fitness in older adults: a pilot study. Movement & Sport Sciences-Science & Motricite. 2022(116):5-16.
- Kim C-Y, Je H-D, Jeong H, et al. Effects of Tai Chi versus Taekkyon on balance, lower-extremity strength, and gait ability in community-dwelling older women: a single-blinded randomized clinical trial. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 2020;33(1):41-8.
- Ma A, Wang H-K, Chen D-R, et al. Chinese martial art training failed to improve balance or inhibit falls in older adults. Percept. Mot. Skills. 2019; 126(3): 389-409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512518824945