Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA) for the support in the care of the animal, UFLA for the support during the research and the Ministry of Education (MEC, Brazil, for the scholarship of the veterinarian's resident) and Dr. Flademir Wouters for assistance in editing microscopic images.
References
- Anderson RC, Linder KE, Peregrine AS. Halicephalobus gingivalis (Stefanski, 1954) from a fatal infection in a horse in Ontario, Canada with comments on the validity of H. deletrix and a review of the genus. Parasite 1998;5(3):255-261. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/1998053255
- Avila VA, Lopez-Garcia Y, Hernandez-Castro R, Salas-Garrido CG, Ramirez-Lezama J, et al. First case of fatal equine meningoencephalitis caused by Halicephalobus gingivalis in Mexico. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2020;20:100399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100399
- Eydal M, Bambir SH, Sigurdarson S, Gunnarsson E, Svansson V, et al. Fatal infection in two Icelandic stallions caused by Halicephalobus gingivalis (Nematoda: Rhabditida). Vet Parasitol 2012;186(3):523-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.024
- Onyiche TE, Okute TO, Oseni OS, Okoro DO, Biu AA, et al. Parasitic and zoonotic meningoencephalitis in humans and equids: current knowledge and the role of Halicephalobus gingivalis. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2018;3(1):36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parepi.2017.12.002
- Santana CHS, Oliveira L, Pimentel S, Mendes B, Silva AP, et al. Granulomatous lesions in multiple organs in a horse caused by Halicephalobus gingivalis. Brazilian J Vet Pathol 2019;12(3):111-116. https://doi.org/10.24070/bjvp.1983-0246.v12i3p111-116
- Gracia-Calvo L, Martin-Cuervo M, Duran M, Vieitez V, Serrano F, et al. Maxillary osteomyelitis due to Halicephalobus gingivalis and fatal dissemination in a horse. Arch Med Vet 2014;46(3):407-411. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0301-732X2014000300009
- Simpson RM, Hodgin EC, Cho DY. Micronema deletrix-induced granulomatous osteoarthritis in a lame horse. J Comp Pathol 1988;99(3):347-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9975(88)90056-4
- Kinde H, Mathews M, Ash L, St. Leger J. Halicephalobus Gingivalis (H. Deletrix) infection in two horses in southern California. J Vet Diagn Invest 2000;12(2):162-165. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870001200213
- Ondrejka SL, Procop GW, Lai KK, Prayson RA. Fatal parasitic meningoencephalomyelitis caused by Halicephalobus deletrix: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010;134(4):625-629. https://doi.org/10.5858/134.4.625
- Wilkins PA, Wacholder S, Nolan TJ, Bolin DC, Hunt P, et al. Evidence for transmission of Halicephalobus deletrix (H gingivalis) from dam to foal. J Vet Intern Med 2001;15(4):412-417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2001.tb02338.x
- Muller S, Grzybowski M, Sager H, Bornand V, Brehm W. A nodular granulomatous posthitis caused by Halicephalobus sp. in a horse. Vet Dermatol 2008;19(1):44-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00643.x
- Vasconcelos RO, Lemos KR, Moraes JRE, Borges VP. Halicephalobus gingivalis (H.deletrix) in the brain of a horse. Cienc Rural 2007;37(4):1185-1187. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782007000400047
- Bryant UK, Lyons ET, Bain FT, Hong CB. Halicephalobus gingivalis-associated meningoencephalitis in a Thoroughbred foal. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006;18(6):612-615. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870601800618
- Akagami M, Shibahara T, Yoshiga T, Tanaka N, Yaguchi Y, et al. Granulomatous nephritis and meningoencephalomyelitis caused by Halicephalobus gingivalis in a Pony gelding. J Vet Med Sci 2007;69(11):1187-1190. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.69.1187
- Rames DS, Miller DK, Barthel R, Craig TM, Dziezyc J, et al. Ocular Halicephalobus (syn. Micronema) deletrix in a horse. Vet Pathol 1995;32(5):540-542. https://doi.org/10.1177/030098589503200514
- Johnson JS, Hibler CP, Tillotson KM, Mason GL. Radiculomeningomyelitis due to Halicephalobus gingivalis in a horse. Vet Pathol 2001;38(5):559-561. https://doi.org/10.1354/vp.38-5-559
- Anderson RV, Bemrick WJ. Micronema deletrix n. sp., a saprophagous nematode inhabiting a nasal tumor of a horse. Proc Helminthol Soc Wash 1965;32(1):74-75.
- Stefanski W. Rhabditis gingivalis sp. n. parasite trouve dans un granulome de la gencive chez un cheval. Wiad Parazytol 1954;1:329-334.
- Delvescovo B. Discolored urine in horses and foals. Vet Clin N Am Equine Pract 2022;38(1):57-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2021.11.005
- Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Kumar. Robbins Patologia Esencial. 1st ed. Elsevier Health Sciences. Philadelphia; USA. 2021;352.
- Noiva R, Ruivo P, Carvalho LM, Fonseca C, Fevereiro M, et al. First description of a fatal equine infection with Halicephalobus gingivalis in Portugal. Relevance for public health. Vet Med Sci 2019;5(2):222-229. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.142
- Oliveira AM de, Souto EPF de, Nascimento MJR do, Silveira GL da, Diniz ANS, et al. Dermatite granulomatosa por Halicephalobus gingivalis em um equino no Nordeste do Brasil. Res Soc Dev 2022;11(3):e54011326818 (in Portugues). https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i3.26818