Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (No. PJ01482004), National Research Foundation (NRF-2021R1I1A3050947) and (NRF-RS-2023-00209134).
References
- Hu SY. The genus Panax (ginseng) in Chinese medicine. Econ. Bot 1976;30:11-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02866780
- Mok DW, Mok MC. Ginsengs: a review of safety and efficacy. Nutr Clin Pract 2000;3(2):90-101.
- Mok DW, Mok MC. Cytokininschemistry, activity, and function. CRC press; 1994.
- Kang S, Min H. Ginseng, the'immunity boost': the effects of Panax ginseng on immune system. J Ginseng Res 2012;36(4):354.
- Choi HI, Waminal NE, Park HM, Kim NH, Choi BS, Park M, Choi D, Lim YP, Kwon SJ, Park BS, et al. Major repeat components covering one-third of the ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) genome and evidence for allotetraploidy. Plant J 2014;77(6):906-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12441
- Hong CP, Lee SJ, Park JY, Plaha P, Park YS, Lee YK, Choi JE, Kim KY, Lee JH, Lee J, et al. Construction of a BAC library of Korean ginseng and initial analysis of BACend sequences. Mol Genet Genomics 2004;271(6):709-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-004-1021-9
- Jang W, Kim N-H, Lee J, Waminal NE, Lee S-C, Jayakodi M, Choi H-I, Park JY, Lee J-E, Yang T-J. A glimpse of Panax ginseng genome structure revealed from ten BAC clone sequences obtained by SMRT sequencing platform. Plant Breed. Biotech 2017;5(1):25-35. https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2017.5.1.25
- Hong CP, Kim J, Lee J, Yoo SI, Bae W, Geem KR, et al. Gibberellin signaling promotes the secondary growth of storage roots in Panax ginseng. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22(16).
- De Rybel B, Adibi M, Breda AS, Wendrich JR, Smit ME, Novak O, Yamaguchi N, Yoshida S, Van Isterdael G, Palovaara J. Palovaara. Integration of growth and patterning during vascular tissue formation in Arabidopsis. Science 2014;345(6197):1255215.
- Nieminen K, Immanen J, Laxell M, Kauppinen L, Tarkowski P, Dolezal K, Tahtiharju S, Elo A, Decourteix M, Ljung K. Cytokinin signaling regulates cambial development in poplar. P Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105(50):20032-7. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805617106
- Matsumoto-Kitano M, Kusumoto T, Tarkowski P, Kinoshita-Tsujimura K, Vaclavikova K, Miyawaki K, Kakimoto T. Cytokinins are central regulators of cambial activity. P Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105(50):20027-31. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805619105
- Ye LL, Wang X, Lyu M, Siligato R, Eswaran G, Vainio L, Blomster T, Zhang J, Mahonen AP. Cytokinins initiate secondary growth in the Arabidopsis root through a set of LBD genes. Curr Biol 2021;31(15):3365-+.
- Geem KR, Kim J, Bae W, Jee MG, Yu J, Jang I, Lee DY, Hong CP, Shim D, Ryu H. Nitrate enhances the secondary growth of storage roots in Panax ginseng. Journal of Ginseng Research 2023;47(3):469-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2022.05.009
- Kim K, Ryu H, Cho YH, Scacchi E, Sabatini S, Hwang I. Cytokinin-facilitated proteolysis of ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 2 attenuates signaling output in two-component circuitry. Plant J 2012;69(6):934-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04843.x
- Schmulling T. New insights into the functions of cytokinins in plant development. J Plant Growth Regul 2002;21(1):40-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003440010046
- To JPC, Kieber JJ. Cytokinin signaling: two-components and more. Trends in Plant Science 2008;13(2):85-92. https://doi.org/10.5363/tits.13.11_85
- Ramirez-Carvajal GA, Morse AM, Dervinis C, Davis JM. The cytokinin type-B response regulator PtRR13 is a negative regulator of adventitious root development in Populus. Plant Physiol 2009;150(2):759-71. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.137505
- Li B, Dewey CN. RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome. BMC Bioinformatics 2011;12.
- Robinson MD, McCarthy DJ, Smyth GK. edgeR: a Bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data. Bioinformatics 2010;26(1):139-40. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp616
- Haas BJ, Papanicolaou A, Yassour M, Grabherr M, Blood PD, Bowden J, Couger MB, Eccles D, Li B, Lieber M, et al. De novo transcript sequence reconstruction from RNA-seq using the Trinity platform for reference generation and analysis. Nat Protoc 2013;8(8):1494-512. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2013.084
- Huang DW, Sherman BT, Lempicki RA. Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources. Nat Protoc 2009;4(1):44-57. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2008.211
- Subramanian A, Tamayo P, Mootha VK, Mukherjee S, Ebert BL, Gillette MA, Paulovich A, Pomeroy SL, Golub TR, Lander ES, et al. Gene set enrichment analysis: A knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles. P Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102(43):15545-50. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506580102
- Montojo J, Zuberi K, Rodriguez H, Kazi F, Wright G, Donaldson SL, Morris Q, Bader GD. GeneMANIA Cytoscape plugin: fast gene function predictions on the desktop. Bioinformatics 2010;26(22):2927-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btq562
- Shannon P, Markiel A, Ozier O, Baliga NS, Wang JT, Ramage D, Amin N, Schwikowski B, Ideker T. Cytoscape: A software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. Genome Res 2003;13(11):2498-504. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.1239303
- Azizi P, Rafii MY, Maziah M, Abdullah SNA, Hanafi MM, Latif MA, Rashid AA, Sahebi M. Understanding the shoot apical meristem regulation: a study of the phytohormones, auxin and cytokinin, in rice. Mechanisms of Development 2015;135:1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mod.2014.11.001
- Zhong R, Cui D, Ye ZH. Secondary cell wall biosynthesis. New Phytol 2019;221(4):1703-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15537
- Kakimoto T. Perception and signal transduction of cytokinins. Annu Rev Plant Biol 2003;54:605-27. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134802
- Jo I-H, Lee J, Hong CE, Lee DJ, Bae W, Park S-G, Ahn YJ, Kim YC, Kim JU, Lee JW. Isoform sequencing provides a more comprehensive view of the Panax ginseng transcriptome. Genes 2017;8(9):228.
- Liu XL, Xi QY, Yang L, Li HY, Jiang QY, Shu G, Wang SB, Gao P, Zhu XT, Zhang YL. The effect of dietary Panax ginseng polysaccharide extract on the immune responses in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish Shellfish Immun 2011;30(2):495-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2010.11.018
- Agusti J, Herold S, Schwarz M, Sanchez P, Ljung K, Dun EA, Brewer PB, Beveridge CA, Sieberer T, Sehr EM. Strigolactone signaling is required for auxindependent stimulation of secondary growth in plants. P Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108(50):20242-7. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1111902108
- Waldie T, Leyser O. Cytokinin targets auxin transport to promote shoot branching. Plant Physiol 2018;177(2):803-18. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.17.01691
- Willige BC, Isono E, Richter R, Zourelidou M, Schwechheimer C. Gibberellin regulates PIN-FORMED abundance and is required for auxin transport-dependent growth and development in Arabidopsis thaliana. The Plant Cell 2011;23(6):2184-95. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.111.086355
- Matsumoto-Kitano M, Kusumoto T, Tarkowski P, Kinoshita-Tsujimura K, Vaclavikova K, Miyawaki K, Kakimoto T. Cytokinins are central regulators of cambial activity. P Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105(50):20027-31. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805619105
- Mok MC. Cytokinins and plant development. Cytokinins: chemistry, activity. and function 1994:155-66.
- Kurakawa T, Ueda N, Maekawa M, Kobayashi K, Kojima M, Nagato Y, Sakakibara H, Kyozuka J. Direct control of shoot meristem activity by a cytokininactivating enzyme. Nature 2007;445(7128):652-5. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05504
- Ishida K, Yamashino T, Yokoyama A, Mizuno T. Three type-B response regulators, ARR1, ARR10 and ARR12, play essential but redundant roles in cytokinin signal transduction throughout the life cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol 2008;49(1):47-57. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcm165
- Higuchi M, Pischke MS, Mahonen AP, Miyawaki K, Hashimoto Y, Seki M, Kobayashi M, Shinozaki K, Kato T, Tabata S. Planta functions of the Arabidopsis cytokinin receptor family. P Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101(23):8821-6. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402887101
- Lee J, Kim H, Park SG, Hwang H, Yoo SI, Bae W, Kim E, Kim J, Lee HY, Heo TY, et al. Brassinosteroid-BZR1/2-WAT1 module determines the high level of auxin signalling in vascular cambium during wood formation. New Phytol 2021;230(4):1503-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17265
- Coomey JH, Sibout R, Sibout R, Hazen SP, Hazen SP. Grass secondary cell walls, Brachypodium distachyon as a model for discovery. New Phytol 2020;227(6):1649-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16603
- Hong J, Ryu H. Identification of WAT1-like genes in Panax ginseng and functional analysis in secondary growth. J Plant Biotechnol 2022;49(3):171-7. https://doi.org/10.5010/JPB.2022.49.3.171
- Kaneda M, Schuetz M, Lin BSP, Chanis C, Hamberger B, Western TL, Ehlting J, Samuels AL. ABC transporters coordinately expressed during lignification of Arabidopsis stems include a set of ABCBs associated with auxin transport. J Exp Bot 2011;62(6):2063-77. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq416
- Kieber JJ, Schaller GE. Cytokinin signaling in plant development. Development 2018;145(4):dev149344.
- Gan SS, Amasino RM. Inhibition of leaf senescence by autoregulated production of cytokinin. Science 1995;270(5244):1986-8. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.270.5244.1986
- Kim HJ, Ryu H, Hong SH, Woo HR, Lim PO, Lee IC, Sheen J, Nam HG, Hwang I. Cytokinin-mediated control of leaf longevity by AHK3 through phosphorylation of ARR2 in Arabidopsis. P Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103(3):814-9. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0505150103
- Bennett T, Sieberer T, Willett B, Booker J, Luschnig C, Leyser O. The Arabidopsis MAX pathway controls shoot branching by regulating auxin transport. Curr Biol 2006;16(6):553-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.01.058
- Domagalska MA, Leyser O. Signal integration in the control of shoot branching. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2011;12(4):211-21. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm3088