DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

High MSE wall design on weak foundations

  • Mahmoud Forghani (Civil Engineering, Department of Soil and Foundation, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University) ;
  • Ali Komak Panah (Department of Soil and Foundation, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University) ;
  • Salaheddin Hamidi (Kaboudarahang Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University)
  • 투고 : 2022.07.25
  • 심사 : 2023.12.11
  • 발행 : 2024.02.25

초록

Retaining structures are one of the most important elements in the stabilization of excavations and slopes in various engineering projects. Mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls are widely used as retaining structures due to their flexibility, easy and economical construction. These benefits are especially prominent for projects built on soft and weak foundation soils, which have relatively low resistance and high compressibility. For high retaining walls on weak foundations, conventional design methods are not cost-effective. Therefore, two alternative solutions for different foundation weakness are proposed in this research: optimized multi-tiered MSE walls and single tier wall with foundation improvement. The cost optimization considers both the construction components and the land price. The results show that the optimal solution depends on several factors, including the foundation strength and more importantly, the land price. For low land price, the optimized multi-tiered wall is more economical, while for high land price (urban areas), the foundation improvement is preferable. As the foundation strength decreases, the foundation improvement becomes inevitable.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Barker, R.M. and Puckett, J.A. (1987), "Design of highway bridges based on AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications", John Wiley & Sons. 
  2. Bagheri Sereshki, A. and Derakhshani, A. (2019), "Optimizing the mechanical stabilization of earth walls with metal strips: Applications of swarm algorithms", Arabian J. Sci. Eng., 44(5), 4653-4666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-018-3492-8. 
  3. Barksdale, R.D. and Bachus, R.C. (1983), "Design and construction of stone columns, vol. I", Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. 
  4. Basudhar, P.K., Vashistha, A., Deb, K. and Dey, A. (2008), "Cost optimization of reinforced earth walls", Geotech. Geol. Eng., 26(1), 1-12.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-007-9143-6
  5. Bathurst, R.J. and Cai, Z. (1995), "Pseudo-static seismic analysis of geosynthetic-reinforced segmental retaining walls", Geosynthetics Int., 2(5), 787-830. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.2.0037. 
  6. Berg, R., Christopher, B. and Samtani, N. (2009), "Design and construction of mechanically stabilized earth walls and reinforced soil slopes-Volume I", Federal High Way Administration (FHWA), I(November). 
  7. Biswas, A., Mandal, U. and Chakraborty, A. (2022), "Experimental study on parametric influences of stone column reinforced foundation systems", Ground Improvement and Reinforced Soil Structures: Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2020. 
  8. Bowles, P.E. and Joseph, E. (1988), "Foundation analysis and design", The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc. 
  9. Brooks, H. and Nielsen, J. (2010), Basics of retaining wall design, HBA Publ, 11, 220. 
  10. Burland, J., Chapman, T., Skinner, H. and Brown, M. (2012), "ICE manual of geotechnical engineering, 2", Geotechnical design, construction and verification. 
  11. Che Mamat, R. (2013), "Engineering properties of Batu Pahat soft clay stabilized with lime, cement and bentonite for subgrade in road construction", Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. 
  12. Coley, D.A. (1999), "An introduction to genetic algorithms for scientists and engineers", An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms for Scientists and Engineers. 
  13. Collin, J.G., Meyers, M.S. and Berg, R.R. (2007), "State-of-thepractice design of segmental retaining walls: NCMA. s third edition manual", Geosynthetics in Reinforcement and Hydraulic Applications, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1061/40909(228). 
  14. Das, B.M. (2015), "Principles of foundation engineering", Cengage learning. 
  15. Dixit, M.S. (2016). "Damage mechanism in problematic soils", Int. J. Civil Eng. Technol., 7(5), 232-241. 
  16. Etezad, M., Hanna, A.M. and Ayadat, T. (2015), "Bearing capacity of a group of stone columns in soft soil", Int. J. Geomech., 15(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.00003. 
  17. Fattah, M.Y., Al-Neami, M.A. and Al-Suhaily, A.S.H. (2016), "Reliability based analysis of bearing capacity of footings on soft soil strengthened by stone columns", Int. J. Civil Eng. Technol., 7(4), 62-80. 
  18. Garini, E., Gazetas, G. and Anastasopoulos, I. (2017), "Evidence of significant forward rupture directivity aggravated by soil response in an Mw6 earthquake and the effects on monuments", Earthq. Eng. Struct. D., 46(13), 2103-2120. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2895. 
  19. Ghiassian, H. and Aladini, K. (2009), "Optimum design of reinforced earth walls with metal strips; Simulationoptimization approach", Asian J. Civil Eng., 10(6), 641-655. 
  20. Han, J. (2015), Principles and practice of ground improvement. John Wiley & Sons. 
  21. Hanna, A., Khalifa M. and Abdel Rahman, M. (2019), "Experimental investigation on stone columns in cohesive soil", Latest Thoughts on Ground Improvement Techniques: Proceedings of the 2nd GeoMEast International Congress and Exhibition on Sustainable Civil Infrastructures, Egypt 2018-The Official International Congress of the Soil-Structure Interaction Group in Egypt (SSIGE). Springer International Publishing. 
  22. Ho, S.K. (1993), "A numerical investigation into the behaviour of reinforced soil walls". 
  23. Hugher, J.M.O. and Withers, N.J. (1974), "Reinforcing of soft cohesive soils with stone columns", Ground Eng., 7(3), 42-49. 
  24. Kempfert, H.G. and Gebreselassie, B. (2006), "Excavations and foundations in soft soils", Springer Science & Business Media. 
  25. Khan, S., Asjad, M. and Ahmad, A. (2015), "Review of modern optimization techniques", Int. J. Eng. Res., 4(4). 
  26. Leshchinsky, D. and Jie, H. (2004), "Geosynthetic reinforced multitiered walls", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 130(12), 1225-1235. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:12(1225). 
  27. Liu, H., Yang, G. and Ling, H.I. (2014), "Seismic response of multi-tiered reinforced soil retaining walls", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 61-62, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.01.012. 
  28. Man, K.F., Tang, K.S. and Kwong, S. (1996), "Genetic algorithms: Concepts and applications", IEEE T. Ind. Electron., 43(5), 519-534.  https://doi.org/10.1109/41.538609
  29. Ng, K.S. and Tan, S.A. (2014), "Design and analyses of floating stone columns", Soils Found., 54(3), 478-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2014.04.013. 
  30. Ouhadi, V.R. (1997), "The role of marl components and ettringiteon the stability of stabilized marl", Ph.D. Dissertation, McGillUniversity, Montreal, Canada. 
  31. Ouhadi, V.R. and Yong, R.N. (2003), "The role of clay fraction of marly soils on their post stabilization failure", Eng. Geol., 70(3-4), 365-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(03)00104-2. 
  32. Ouhadi, V.R. and Yong, R.N. (2008), "Ettringite formation and behaviour in clayey soils", Appl. Clay Sci., 42(1-2), 258-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2008.01.009. 
  33. Ponterosso, P. and Fox, D.S.J. (2000), "Optimization of reinforced soil embankments by genetic algorithm", Int. J. Numer. Anal. Method. Geomech., 24(4), 425-433. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9853(20000410)24:4<425::AID-NAG77>3.0.CO;2-V. 
  34. Sankey, J.E. and Soliman, A. (2004), "Tall wall mechanically stabilized earth applications", Geotechnical Engineering for Transportation Projects, 2149-2158. 
  35. Schaefer, V.R., Berg, R.R., Collin, J.G., Christopher, B.R., DiMaggio, J.A., Filz, G.M., Bruce, D.A. and Ayala, D. (2017), "Ground modification methods - reference manual - Volume II", Publication No. FHWA NHI-16-028 FHWA GEC 013, II(132034), 542. 
  36. Sereshki, A. and Derakhshani, A. (2019), "Optimization of Earth Wall Stabilization with Steel Strips Using MVO Algorithm (In Persian)". 
  37. Srivastava, A., Jaiswal, S. and Chauhan, V.B. (2022), "The behavior of multi-tiered mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) retaining wall. In Ground Improvement and Reinforced Soil Structures", Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2020. 
  38. Wright, S.G. (2005), "Design guidelines for multi-tiered MSE walls", 7(19). 
  39. Yoo, C. and Jung, H.S. (2004), "Measured behavior of a geosynthetic-reinforced segmental retaining wall in a tiered configuration", Geotext. Geomembranes, 22(5), 359-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-1144(03)00064-5.