Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment (생태와환경)

The Korean Society of Limnology (한국수생태학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Biological Responses of Chironomus Larvae to Combined Exposure to Water Treatment Plant Disinfectants: UV, NaOCl, and O3

정수장 소독제(UV, NaOCl, O3) 복합 노출에 따른 깔따구 유충의 생물적 반응

  • Joo-Yeon Kang (Department of Ocean Integrated Science, Chonnam National University) ;
  • Ji-Hoon Kim (Department of Ocean Integrated Science, Chonnam National University) ;
  • Jea-Won Park (Department of Ocean Integrated Science, Chonnam National University) ;
  • Kiyun Park (Fisheries Science Institute, Chonnam National University) ;
  • Ihn-Sil Kwak (Department of Ocean Integrated Science, Chonnam National University)
  • 강주연 (전남대학교 해양융합과학과) ;
  • 김지훈 (전남대학교 해양융합과학과) ;
  • 박재원 (전남대학교 해양융합과학과) ;
  • 박기연 (전남대학교 수산과학연구소) ;
  • 곽인실 (전남대학교 해양융합과학과)
  • Received : 2024.11.21
  • Accepted : 2024.12.26
  • Published : 2024.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Chironomid larvae in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) and tap water lead to highlights the urgent need for effective control measures. The use of combined disinfectant treatments is becoming increasingly common to achieve optimal disinfection efficiency while minimizing residual contamination. This study was conducted to study the effect of combined treatment of disinfectants used in DWTPs on the biological control potential of chironomid larvae. In the experiment, Glytotendipes tokunagai larvae reared according to OECD guidelines were exposed to NaOCl, UV, and O3 complex substances, and biological responses were analyzed using survival rate and body color change as key indicators for 24 hours. The survival rate of larvae exposed to combined disinfectants mostly decreased in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, and lightening of body color was observed. The most significant decrease (53%) of the survival rate was observed to a combination of UV and 4 ppm NaOCl disinfectants and body color change also showed a statistically significant difference compared to the control group (P<0.001). The change in body color is suggested to be a physiological change caused by oxidation of hemoglobin due to exposure to disinfectant complexes. The results of this study contribute to determining the biological impact of combined disinfectant treatment on chironomid larvae of DWTPs, and can be used as data to suggest the biological control potential of disinfectants. In addition, it will provide important information for setting standards for combined disinfectant treatment to improve water quality in the future.

안전하고 깨끗한 수돗물 공급을 위한 정수환경 관리는 매우 중요하다. 정수장 내 생물이 유입될 경우 직접적인 유해 영향에 대해 밝혀진 것은 없으나 심미적으로 부정적인 영향을 줄 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 정수장 관리에 사용되고 있는 소독제의 복합처리에 따른 깔따구(G. tokunagai) 유충의 생물학적 반응을 관찰하였다. UV와 NaOCl 및 UV와 O3 복합물질에 노출된 깔따구 유충은 노출 6시간 뒤부터 생존율이 감소하기 시작했으며, 대부분 시간 및 농도 의존적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. UV와 2 ppm NaOCl 복합처리의 경우 생존율은 24시간 후 88%로 감소하였고, UV와 4 ppm NaOCl에서 53%, UV와 10 ppm NaOCl에서는 63%로 감소하였다. UV와 0.5 ppm O3에 24시간 노출된 경우 생존율은 83%로 나타났다. 소독제 복합처리에 의해 깔따구 유충의 붉은 체색이 시간이 지남에 따라 옅어지는 현상이 육안으로 확인되었으며, 정량적으로 분석한 결과, 복합물질에 노출된 유충은 대조군에 비해 통계적으로 유의미한 체색 변화가 나타났다. 특히, UV와 NaOCl 복합처리의 모든 실험군에서 노출 2시간 후부터 통계적으로 유의한 수준의 체색 변화가 나타났고 이는 노출 24시간 동안 체색강도의 감소로 확인되었다(P<0.05). 또한, UV와 0.5 ppm O3 복합처리에서도 3시간 후부터 노출 24시간 동안 통계적으로 유의한 수준의 체색강도 감소의 변화를 관찰하였다(P<0.05). 본 연구는 UV와 4 ppm NaOCl 복합처리가 깔따구 유충의 생존율과 체색 변화에 부정적인 영향을 미친다는 것을 보여주었다. 이러한 결과는 정수장 소독제(UV, NaOCl, O3) 복합처리로 인한 깔따구 유충의 제거율을 판단하는 데 기여하며, 소독제 복합처리의 생물 방제 가능성을 제시하는 자료로 활용될 수 있다. 또한, 향후 수질 개선을 위한 소독제 복합처리 기준 마련에 중요한 기초자료가 될 것이다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

이 논문은 한국연구재단의 지원(NRF-2018-R1A6A1A-03024314, NRF-2020-R1A2C1013936)과 국립생물자원관(20210505793-00)과 전남대학교(2023-0075-01) 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임.

References

  1. Al-Badran, A.A., M. Fujiwara and M.A. Mora. 2019. Effects of insecticides, fipronil and imidacloprid, on the growth, survival, and behavior of brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus. PLoS One 14: e0223641.
  2. Almeida, A.R., T.S. Andrade, V. Burkina, G. Fedorova, S. Loureiro, A.M. Soares and I. Domingues. 2015. Is UV radiation changing the toxicity of compounds to zebrafish embryos? Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 122: 145-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.07.021
  3. Da Costa, J.B., S. Rodgher, L.A. Daniel and E.L.G. Espíndola. 2014. Toxicity on aquatic organisms exposed to secondary effluent disinfected with chlorine, peracetic acid, ozone and UV radiation. Ecotoxicology 23: 1803-1813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-014-1346-z
  4. de Lima Ribeiro, F.A. and M.M.C. Ferreira. 2005. QSAR model of the phototoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM 719: 191-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theochem.2005.01.026
  5. Ding, W., W. Jin, S. Cao, X. Zhou, C. Wang, Q. Jiang, H. Huang, R. Tu, S.-F. Han and Q. Wang. 2019. Ozone disinfection of chlorine-resistant bacteria in drinking water. Water Research 160: 339-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.014
  6. Elendt, B.-P. 1990. Selenium deficiency in Crustacea: An ultrastructural approach to antennal damage in Daphnia magna Straus. Protoplasma 154: 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01349532
  7. Gagné, F., C. André, P. Cejka, C. Gagnon and C. Blaise. 2007. Toxicological effects of primary-treated urban wastewaters, before and after ozone treatment, on freshwater mussels (Elliptio complanata). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 145: 542-552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.01.019
  8. Gomes, J., A. Matos, M. Gmurek, R.M. Quinta-Ferreira and R.C. Martins. 2019. Ozone and photocatalytic processes for pathogens removal from water: A review. Catalysts 9: 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9010046
  9. Gopal, K., S.S. Tripathy, J.L. Bersillon and S.P. Dubey. 2007. Chlorination byproducts, their toxicodynamics and removal from drinking water. Journal of Hazardous Materials 140: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.10.063
  10. Hansen, L.J., J.A. Whitehead and S.L. Anderson. 2002. Solar UV radiation enhances the toxicity of arsenic in Ceriodaphnia dubia. Ecotoxicology 11: 279-287. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016304422221
  11. Hollender, J., S.G. Zimmermann, S. Koepke, M. Krauss, C.S. McArdell, C. Ort, H. Singer, U. Von Gunten and H. Siegrist. 2009. Elimination of organic micropollutants in a municipal wastewater treatment plant upgraded with a full-scale post-ozonation followed by sand filtration. Environmental Science & Technology 43: 7862-7869. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9014629
  12. Kim, D.-S. and Y.-S. Park. 2011. Effect of disinfection process combination on E. coli deactivation and oxidants generation. Journal of Environmental Science International 20: 891-898. https://doi.org/10.5322/JES.2011.20.7.891
  13. Kim, J.-H., W.-S. Kim, J.-W. Park, B.-S. Ko, K. Park and I.-S. Kwak. 2023. Comparison of Biological Responses and Heat Shock Protein 70 Expression in Chironomidae by Exposure UV and O3. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 56: 430-439. https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2023.56.4.430
  14. Kim, J., Y. Park and K. Choi. 2009. Phototoxicity and oxidative stress responses in Daphnia magna under exposure to sulfathiazole and environmental level ultraviolet B irradiation. Aquatic Toxicology 91: 87-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.10.006
  15. Kim, W.-S., B. Choi, M.-K. Kim, S.H. Chae and I.-S. Kwak. 2020. Expression of heat shock protein 70 gene and body color changes in non-biting midge larvae (Glyptotendipes tokunagai) effected by O3 treatment. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 53: 324-330. https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2020.53.4.324
  16. Kim, W.-S., C. Hong, K. Park and I.-S. Kwak. 2019. Ecotoxicological response of Cd and Zn exposure to a field dominant species, Chironomus plumosus. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 52: 266-273. https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2019.52.3.266
  17. Kim, Y.-H., C.-H. Lee and S.-H. Lee. 2007. Inactivation Effect of Cryptosporidium by Ozone and UV. Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 29: 31-39.
  18. Kwak, I.S. 2015. Introduction to the Chironomidae as a water pollution indicator. Chonnam National University Press, pp. 13-156.
  19. Kwak, I.-S., J.-W. Park, W.-S. Kim and K. Park. 2020. Morphological and genetic species identification in the Chironomus larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae) found in domestic tap water purification plants. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 53: 286-294. https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2020.53.3.286
  20. Kwak, I.-S., J.-W. Park, W.-S. Kim and K. Park. 2021. Morphological and genetic species identification in the Chironomidae larvae found in tap water purification plants in Jeju. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 54: 240-246. https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2021.54.3.240
  21. Lau, M., P. Monis, G. Ryan, A. Salveson, N. Fontaine, J. Blackbeard, S. Gray and P. Sanciolo. 2020. Selection of surrogate pathogens and process indicator organisms for pasteurisation of municipal wastewater - A survey of literature data on heat inactivation of pathogens. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 133: 301-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2019.11.011
  22. Lee, Y. and U. Von Gunten. 2010. Oxidative transformation of micropollutants during municipal wastewater treatment: Comparison of kinetic aspects of selective (chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ferrateVI, and ozone) and non-selective oxidants (hydroxyl radical). Water Research 44: 555-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.11.045
  23. Liu, S., Y. Hou, Y.-j. Shi, N. Zhang, Y.-g. Hu, W.-m. Chen and J.-l. Zhang. 2024. Triphenyltin induced darker body coloration by disrupting melanocortin system and pteridine metabolic pathway in a reef fish, Amphiprion ocellaris. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 274: 116177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116177
  24. Mantilla, J.G., L. Gomes and M.A. Cristancho. 2018. The differential expression of Chironomus spp genes as useful tools in the search for pollution biomarkers in freshwater ecosystems. Briefings in Functional Genomics 17: 151-156. https://doi.org/10.1093/bfgp/elx021
  25. Martínez, A., Y. Romero, T. Castillo, M. Mascaro, I. Lopez-Rull, N. Simoes, F. Arcega-Cabrera, G. Gaxiola and A. Barbosa. 2014. The effect of copper on the color of shrimps: redder is not always healthier. PLoS One 9: e107673. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107673
  26. Matsumura, Y. and H. N. Ananthaswamy. 2004. Toxic effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 195: 298-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2003.08.019
  27. Meunier, L., S. Canonica and U. Von Gunten. 2006. Implications of sequential use of UV and ozone for drinking water quality. Water Research 40: 1864-1876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.02.030
  28. Ministry of Environment (MOE). 2023. Quality Control of Drinking Water. Drinking Water Mmanagement Act. 2023-149.
  29. Nasr, A.M., M.S. Mostafa, H.H. Arnaout and A.A.A. Elshimy. 2018. The effect of exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of hypochlorite and quaternary ammonium compounds on antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. American Journal of Infection Control 46: e57-e63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2018.04.201
  30. OECD. 2011. Test No. 235: Chironomus sp., Acute Immobilisation Test. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals (Paris, France).
  31. Osmulski, P. and W. Leyko. 1986. Structure, function and physiological role of Chironomus haemoglobin. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 85: 701-722. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(86)90166-5
  32. Park, K. and I.-S. Kwak. 2020. Cadmium-induced developmental alteration and upregulation of serine-type endopeptidase transcripts in wild freshwater populations of Chironomus plumosus. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 192: 110240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110240
  33. Pignata, C., E. Fea, R. Rovere, R. Degan, E. Lorenzi, M. de Ceglia, T. Schilirò and G. Gilli. 2012. Chlorination in a wastewater treatment plant: acute toxicity effects of the effluent and of the recipient water body. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 184: 2091-2103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2102-y
  34. Planelló, R., O. Herrero, P. García, E.M. Beltrán, L. Llorente and P. Sánchez-Argüello. 2020. Developmental/reproductive effects and gene expression variations in Chironomus riparius after exposure to reclaimed water and its fortification with carbamazepine and triclosan. Water Research 178: 115790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.115790
  35. Sadiq, R. and M.J. Rodriguez. 2004. Disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water and predictive models for their occurrence: a review. Science of The Total Environment 321: 21-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.05.001
  36. Schneider, C.A., W.S. Rasband and K.W. Eliceiri. 2012. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nature Methods 9: 671-675. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2089
  37. Scolding, J.W., A. Powell, D.P. Boothroyd and R.J. Shields. 2012. The effect of ozonation on the survival, growth and microbiology of the European lobster (Homarus gammarus). Aquaculture 364: 217-223.
  38. Setlow, R.B. and J.K. Setlow. 1962. Evidence that ultraviolet induced thymine dimers in DNA cause biological damage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 48: 1250-1257. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.48.7.1250
  39. Shi, Q., Z. Chen, H. Liu, Y. Lu, K. Li, Y. Shi, Y. Mao and H.-Y. Hu. 2021. Efficient synergistic disinfection by ozone, ultraviolet irradiation and chlorine in secondary effluents. Science of The Total Environment 758: 143641.
  40. Sun, X., M. Chen, D. Wei and Y. Du. 2019. Research progress of disinfection and disinfection by-products in China. Journal of Environmental Sciences 81: 52-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2019.02.003
  41. Tornaletti, S. and G.P. Pfeifer. 1996. UV damage and repair mechanisms in mammalian cells. Bioessays 18: 221-228. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.950180309
  42. Von Gunten, U. 2003. Ozonation of drinking water: Part I. Oxidation kinetics and product formation. Water Research 37: 1443-1467. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00457-8
  43. Wang, X., X. Hu, H. Wang and C. Hu. 2012. Synergistic effect of the sequential use of UV irradiation and chlorine to disinfect reclaimed water. Water Research 46: 1225-1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.027
  44. Weber, R.E. 1980. Functions of invertebrate hemoglobins with special reference to adaptations to environmental hypoxia. American Zoologist 20: 79-101. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/20.1.79
  45. Wei, F.Q., Y. Lu, Q. Shi, Z.X. Li, T. Zhang, Y.L. Shi, Q. Xu and H.Y. Hu. 2022. A dose optimization method of disinfection units and synergistic effects of combined disinfection in pilot tests. Water Research 211: 118037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118037
  46. World Water Assessment Programme. 2009. The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Water in a Changing World. Paris: UNESCO, and London: Earthscan.
  47. Zhang, L., J. Yang, H. Li, J. You, N. Chatterjee and X. Zhang. 2020. Development of the transcriptome for a sediment ecotoxicological model species, Chironomus dilutus. Chemosphere 244: 125541.
  48. Zhang, S., H. Tian, Y. Sun, X. Li, W. Wang and S. Ru. 2021. Brightened body coloration in female guppies (Poecilia reticulata) serves as an in vivo biomarker for environmental androgens: The example of 17β-trenbolone. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 224: 112698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112698