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The Long-Run Relation of Public Debt and Fiscal Balance to Government Bond Rates: An Empirical Study on the Validity of Modern Monetary Theory

국가부채 및 재정수지와 국채이자율의 장기적 관계: 현대화폐이론 검증을 중심으로

  • Received : 2023.09.12
  • Accepted : 2023.10.15
  • Published : 2023.10.31

Abstract

Evaluating the empirical validity of Modern Monetary Theory, this study implements panel cointegration analysis on annual panel data (2000-2022) of OECD countries. Specifically, the sample countries are divided into groups based on the presence of their own sovereign currencies, and for each group, the long-run equilibrium relation (cointegration) between the ratio of public debt or fiscal deficit and government bond rates is tested and estimated. Main findings are as follows: applying the pooled mean-group estimation for panel cointegration, it is found that both the ratios of public debt and fiscal deficit have significantly positive long-run correlation with government bond rates in countries without sovereign currency such as the Euro-zone or fixed exchange rate regime countries. However, in countries with sovereign currency such as non-Euro-zone or floating exchange rate regime countries, the long-run correlation is either negative or not statistically significant. Particularly, in countries without sovereign currency, the ratio of public debt has significantly positive correlation with the real government bond rates in the short run as well as the long run. These results are consistent with the prediction of Modern Monetary Theory, thus providing a supporting evidence for the empirical validity of the theory.

본 연구에서는 현대화폐이론(Modern Monetary Theory)의 실증적 타당성을 평가하기 위해 OECD 국가의 연간 패널자료(2000~2022년)를 이용하여 패널 공적분 분석을 수행하였다. 구체적으로 OECD 가입국을 대상으로 주권화폐(sovereign currency) 보유 여부에 따라 국가그룹을 나눈 후, 각 그룹별로 국가부채 또는 재정적자 비율과 국채이자율 간의 장기균형 관계, 즉 공적분 관계를 검정 및 추정하였다. 실증분석 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 통합 평균-그룹(pooled mean-group) 추정법을 통한 패널 공적분 추정 결과, 유로존 또는 고정환율제 그룹과 같은 비주권화폐국에서는 국가부채 및 재정적자 비율이 국채이자율과 장기적으로 유의한 양(+)의 상관관계를 가지는 반면, 비유로존 또는 변동환율제 그룹과 같은 주권화폐국의 경우에는 음(-)의 상관관계를 가지거나 유의한 관계가 나타나지 않았다. 특히 비주권화폐국에서 국가부채 비율은 장기뿐만 아니라 단기적으로도 실질 국채이자율과 유의한 양(+)의 상관관계를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 국가부채 또는 재정적자 비율과 국채이자율 간의 관계에 대한 현대화폐이론의 예측과 부합하는 것이며, 따라서 동 이론의 실증적 타당성을 지지하는 하나의 근거가 될 수 있다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

이 논문은 2021년도 한국방송통신대학교 학술연구비 지원에 의해 작성되었음. 여러모로 연구를 도와준 서울대학교 경제학부 대학원 이진희 군에게 깊이 감사드린다.

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