DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Actor-Partner Effects of Marital Satisfaction on Life Satisfaction in Middle-Aged and Older Couples: Focusing on the Mediating Effects of Health Behavior and Health

중·노년기 부부의 부부관계 만족도가 삶의 만족도에 미치는 자기-상대방 효과: 건강행동 및 건강상태의 매개효과

  • Eun Jee Lee (Graduate School of Human Environmental Sciences, Yonsei University) ;
  • Ju Hee Park (Department of Child & Family Studies, Yonsei University)
  • 이은지 (연세대학교 생활환경대학원) ;
  • 박주희 (연세대학교 아동가족학과)
  • Received : 2023.10.16
  • Accepted : 2023.10.24
  • Published : 2023.11.30

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the actor and partner effects of marital satisfaction on life satisfaction in middle-aged and older couples via their health behavior and health. The study participants included a total of 2,108 couples, aged 57 and over, from the eighth wave of data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA). The marital satisfaction, health behavior, health, and life satisfaction of the husbands and wives were measured to conduct the analysis. This analysis was conducted based on the Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediation Model (APIMeM) with the bootstrapping technique being used as the mediating effect. The results indicated that there were significant actor and partner direct and indirect effects when it comes to the relationship between the participants' marital satisfaction and their own life satisfaction, mediated by health behavior and health. However, no significant influences regarding the health of the participants on the life satisfaction of their spouses were found. These results suggest that it is important for middle-aged and older couples to improve their marital relationships in order to promote the health and life satisfaction of both parties. Doing so will help husbands and wives lead healthier lifestyles based on their positive relationships.

Keywords

References

  1. Avison, W. R., & Turner, R. J. (1988). Stressful life events and depressive symptoms: Disaggregating the effects of acute stressors and chronic strains. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 29(3), 253-264. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137036 
  2. Ayotte, B. J., Yang, F. M., & Jones, R. N. (2010). Physical health and depression: A dyadic study of chronic health conditions and depressive symptomatology in older adult couples. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 65B(4), 438-448. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbq033 
  3. Bachman, J. G., O'Malley, P. M., Schulenberg, J. E., Johnston, L. D., Bryant, A. L., & Merline, A. C. (2002). The decline of substance use in young adulthood: Changes in social activities, roles, and beliefs. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 
  4. Baker, B., Paquette, M., Szalai, J. P., Driver, H. S., Perger, T., Helmers, K. F., et al. (2000). The influence of marital adjustment on 3-Year left ventricular mass and ambulatory blood pressure in mild hypertension. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160 (22), 3453-3458. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.160.22.3453 
  5. Batson C. D. Turk C. L. Shaw L. L., & Klein T. R (1995). Information function of empathic emotion: Learning that we value the other's welfare. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(2), 300-313. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.300 
  6. Berg, A. I., Hassing, L. B., Nilsson, S. E., & Johansson, B. (2009). "As long as I'm in good health". The relationship between medical diagnoses and life satisfaction in the oldest-old. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 21(4), 307-313. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03324920 
  7. Berkman, L. & Breslow, L. (1983.) Health and ways of living: The Alameda County Study. Oxford Univ. Press. 
  8. Bookwala, J., & Schulz, R. (1996). Spousal similarity in subjective wellbeing: The cardiovascular health study. Psychology and Aging, 11(4), 582-590. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.11.4.582 
  9. Borawski, E. A., Kinney, J. M., & Kahana, E. (1996). The meaning of older adults' health appraisals: Congruence with health status and determinant of mortality. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 51B(3), S157-S170. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/51b.3.s157 
  10. Borg, C., Fagerstrom, C., Balducci, C., Burholt, V., Ferring, D., Weber, G., et al. (2008). Life satisfaction in 6 european countries: The relationship to health, self-esteem, and social and financial resources among people (aged 65-89) with reduced functional capacity. Geriatric Nursing, 29(1), 48-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2007.05.002 
  11. Bourassa, K. J., Memel, M., Woolverton, C., & Sbarra, D. A. (2015). A dyadic approach to health, cognition, and quality of life in aging adults. Psychology and Aging, 30(2), 449-461. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000025 
  12. Bowling, A., Gabriel, Z., Dykes, J., Dowding, L. M., Evans, O., Fleissig, A. et al. (2003). Let's ask them: A national survey of definitions of quality of life and its enhancement among people aged 65 and over. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 56(4), 269-306. https://doi.org/10.2190/bf8g-5j8l-ytrf-6404 
  13. Burman, B., & Margolin, G. (1992). Analysis of the association between marital relationships and health problems: An interactional perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 112 (1), 39-63. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.39 
  14. Campbell, A. (1976). Subjective measures of well-being. American Psychologist, 31 (2), 117-124. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.31.2.117 
  15. Carr, D., Freedman, V. A., Cornman, J. C., & Schwarz, N. (2014). Happy marriage, happy life? Marital quality and subjective well-being in later life. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(5), 930-948. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12133 
  16. Carr, D., & Springer, K. W. (2010). Advances in families and health research in the 21st century. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 743-761.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00728.x
  17. Carstensen, L. L. (1992). Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 7(3), 331-338. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.7.3.331 
  18. Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54 (3), 165-181. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.54.3.165 
  19. Celenk, O., & van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2013). What makes couples happy? Marital and life satisfaction among ethnic groups in the Netherlands. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(8), 1275-1293. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113486003 
  20. Chamberlain, A. M., Finney Rutten, L. J., Manemann, S. M., Yawn, B. P., Jacobson, D. J., Fan, C., et al. (2016). Frailty trajectories in an elderly population-based cohort. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 64(2), 285-292. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.13944 
  21. Cho, K., & Lee, S. (2020). Trajectories of the marital satisfaction among middle and old aged couples using parallel latent growth model: Actor and partner effects. Family and Environment Research, 58(3), 333-341.  https://doi.org/10.6115/fer.2020.024
  22. Choi, Y. S. (2021). The effect of cognitive function on life satisfaction in the elderly: Sequential mediating effects of health status and depression. Korean Journal of Care Management, 40, 117-140.  https://doi.org/10.22589/kaocm.2021.40.117
  23. Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59(8), 676-684. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.59.8.676 
  24. Cohen, S., Schwartz, J. E., Bromet, E. J., & Parkinson, D. K. (1991). Mental health, stress, and poor health behaviors in two community samples. Preventive Medicine, 20(2), 306-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-7435(91)90029-4 
  25. Connidis, I. A. (2010). Family ties and aging (2nd Ed.). Pine Forge Press. 
  26. Cook, W. L., & Kenny, D. A. (2005). The actor-partner interdependence model: A model of bidirectional effects in developmental studies. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(2), 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000405 
  27. Costa, C., Briguglio, G., Mondello, S., Teodoro, M., Pollicino, M., Canalella, A., et al. (2021). Perceived stress in a gender perspective: A survey in a population of unemployed subjects of Southern Italy. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 640454. 
  28. Couper, J., Bloch, S., Love, A., Macvean, M., Duchesne, G. M., & Kissane, D. (2006). Psychosocial adjustment of female partners of men with prostate cancer: A review of the literature. Psycho-Oncology, 15(11), 937-953. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1031 
  29. Craddock, E., vanDellen, M. R., Novak, S. A., & Ranby, K. W. (2015). Influence in relationships: A meta-analysis on health-related social control. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 37(2), 118-130.  https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2015.1011271
  30. Creber, R. M., Allison, P. D., & Riegel, B. (2013). Overall perceived health predicts risk of hospitalizations and death in adults with heart failure: A prospective longitudinal study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50(5), 671-677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.10.001 
  31. De Vogli, R., Chandola, T., & Marmot, M. G. (2007). Negative aspects of close relationships and heart disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(18), 1951-1957.  https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.18.1951
  32. Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.34 
  33. Erikson, E. H. (1980). Identity and the life cycle. Norton. 
  34. Fekete, E., Geaghan, T. R., & Druley, J. A. (2009). Affective and behavioural reactions to positive and negative health-related social control in HIV+ men. Psychology and Health, 24(5), 501-515. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440801894674 
  35. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312 
  36. Ha, S. (2018). The influence of marital satisfaction on life satisfaction at later life: Mediation effect of depressive symptoms. Korean Journal of Human Ecology, 27 (1), 29-41, https://doi.org/10.5934/kjhe.2018.27.1.29 
  37. Harvey, J. H., & Miller, E. D. (Eds.). (2000). Loss and trauma: General and close relationship perspectives. Routledge. 
  38. Hawkins, D. N., & Booth, A. (2005). Unhappily ever after: Effects of longterm, low-quality marriages on well-being. Social Forces, 84(1), 451-471. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2005.0103 
  39. Heffner, K. L., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Loving, T. J., Glaser, R., & Malarkey, W. B. (2004). Spousal support satisfaction as a modifier of physiological responses to marital conflict in younger and older couples. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 27, 233-254.  https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBM.0000028497.79129.ad
  40. Heller, D., Watson, D., & Ilies, R. (2006). The dynamic process of life satisfaction. Journal of Personality, 74(5), 1421-1450. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00415.x
  41. Helliwell, J. F., & Wang, S. (2014). Life satisfaction in Korea: Trends, distributions, and explanations. In S. Wang (Ed.). Measuring and explaining subjective well-being in Korea (pp. 51-81). Korea Development Institute. https://www.kdi.re.kr/research/reportView?&pub_no=14144 
  42. Heo, W. G. (2017). Life satisfaction development trajectory and health characteristics factor of the elderly. Social Welfare Policy, 44(2), 297-318.  https://doi.org/10.15855/SWP.2017.44.2.297
  43. Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review. PLoS Medicine, 7 (7), e1000316. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 
  44. Horwitz, A. V., & White, H. R. (1991). Becoming married, depression, and alcohol problems among young adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 221-237. 
  45. House, J. S. (2013). Aging, health behaviors, and health outcomes: Some concluding comments. In Aging, health behaviors, and health outcomes (pp. 179-184). Psychology Press. 
  46. House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241(4865), 540-545. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3399889 
  47. Hu, S. H., & Kim, J. D. (2011). Analysis of multi-level effectiveness on life satisfaction in old age at KLIPS 2006. Journal of the Korean Gerontological Society, 31(2), 407-418. 
  48. Huber, M., Knottnerus, J. A., Green, L., Van Der Horst, H., Jadad, A. R., Kromhout, D. et al. (2011). How should we define health? BMJ, 343, d4163-d4163. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4163 
  49. Hwang, R. I., Lim, J. Y., & Lee, Y. W. (2009). A comparison of the factors influencing the life satisfaction of the elderly according to their cognitive impairment level. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 39(5), 622-631.  https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2009.39.5.622
  50. Jang, J. E. (2010). Factors related to the health status and life satisfaction of the aged (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Kyungwon University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. 
  51. Jeong, Y. J., & An, J. S. (2012). Mediating effects of attachment to children between marital intimacy and successful aging of the elderly. Journal of the Korean Gerontological Society, 32(1), 185-206. 
  52. Joo, S. & Jun, H. J. (2014). Predictors of life satisfaction of husbands and wives in elderly couple households. Journal of Family Relations, 19(3), 193-211. 
  53. Kahng, S. K. (2012). An exploratory study on generation differences in life satisfaction and related factors: Generational comparisons using the Korean welfare panel study. Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies, 43(4), 91-119. 
  54. Kang, H. (2016). The factors influencing cognitive impairment in older adults living alone and those living with others: The Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA) 2012. Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society, 18(2), 995-1009. 
  55. Kaplan, G. A. (1991). Health and aging in the Alameda County Study. In K. W. Schaie, D. Blazer, & J. S. House (Eds.), Aging, Health Behaviors, and Health Outcomes (pp. 69-88). Lawrence Erlbaum. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/51537/Kaplan%20GA%2C%20Health%20and%20Aging%2C%201992%20%28Chapter%29.pdf?sequence=1 
  56. Karney, B. R., & Bradbury, T. N. (1995). The longitudinal course of marital quality and stability: A review of theory, methods, and research. Psychological Bulletin, 118(1), 3-34. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.118.1.3 
  57. Kenny, D. A., & Cook, W. (1999). Partner effects in relationship research: Conceptual issues, analytic difficulties, and illustrations. Personal Relationships, 6 (4), 433-448. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1999.tb00202.x 
  58. Kessler, R. C., & McLeod, J. D. (1984). Sex differences in vulnerability to undesirable life events. American Sociological Review, 49(5), 620-631. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095420 
  59. Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Glaser, R. (2002). Depression and immune function: Central pathways to morbidity and mortality. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53(4), 873-876. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00309-4 
  60. Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Malarkey, W. B., Chee, M., Newton, T., Cacioppo, J. T., Mao, H. Y., et al. (1993). Negative behavior during marital conflict is associated with immunological down-regulation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55(5), 395-409.  https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199309000-00001
  61. Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Newton, T. L. (2001). Marriage and health: His and hers. Psychological Bulletin, 127(4), 472-503. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.4.472 
  62. Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Wilson, S. J. (2017). Lovesick: How couples' relationships influence health. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13 (1), 421-443. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045111
  63. Kim, J. G. (2011). The impact of family type on health behavior of elderly people. Korean Journal of Gerontological Social Welfare, 51, 35-55.  https://doi.org/10.21194/kjgsw..51.201103.35
  64. Kim, M., & Khang, Y. H. (2020). Different family policies and gendered trajectory of self-rated health: Comparison of the middle-aged adults in Denmark, Germany, and South Korea. Health and Social Welfare Review, 40(4), 12-49. 
  65. Kim, M. S., & Lee, W. J. (2020). Effects of health promotion behavior on life satisfaction of the elderly-Focused on the mediation effect of the cognitive function. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 20(10), 726-737.  https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2020.20.10.726
  66. Kim, S. K., & Kim, K. H. (2021). Effects of the health status of the elderly on the satisfaction of life-Focused on the mediated effect of family support and gender differences. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 21(4), 565-575.  https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2021.21.04.565
  67. Kno, J. S. (2019). The effect of the physical and cognitive functions of the elderly on the satisfaction of life: Centered on the mediating effects of social networks and the moderating effects of residential areas (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Hansei University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. 
  68. Korea Employment Information Service. (2022). 2022 KLoSA User's guide. Retrieve from https://survey.keis.or.kr/klosa/klosaguide/List.jsp 
  69. Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. (2005). Old person's quality of life and policy implications (Publication No. 2005-15). Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. https://repository.kihasa.re.kr/bitstream/201002/438/1/%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC05-15.pdf 
  70. Korporaal, M., Broese Van Groenou, M. I., & Tilburg, T. G. V. (2013). Health problems and marital satisfaction among older couples. Journal of Aging and Health, 25 (8), 1279-1298. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264313501387 
  71. Kudo, H., Izumo, Y., Kodama, H., Watanabe, M., Hatakeyama, R., Fukuoka, Y. et al. (2007). Life satisfaction in older people. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 7(1), 15-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2007.00362.x 
  72. Kwon, H. J., & Oh, H. (2022). Health trajectories and socioeconomic disparities from life course approach on Korean senior citizens: Group based multi-trajectory model. Korean Journal of Care Management, 43, 95-121. 
  73. Lansford, J. E. (2018). A lifespan perspective on subjective well-being. In E. Diener, S. Oishi, & L. Tay (Eds.), Handbook of well-being. DEF Publishers. https://nobascholar.com/chapters/25/download.pdf 
  74. Ledermann, T., Macho, S., & Kenny, D. A. (2011). Assessing mediation in dyadic data using the actor-partner interdependence model. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 18(4), 595-612. http://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2011.607099 
  75. Lee, H. J., & Kim, Y. J. (2004). The effects of marital relationship (love and sexual attitude) in later life on quality of life. Journal of the Korea Gerontological Society, 24(4), 197-214. 
  76. Lee, J. Y. (2018). Risk factors to cognitive function and life satisfaction in elderly living alone. Stress, 26(4), 259-267.  https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2018.26.4.259
  77. Lee, J. Y., Kim, J. S., Kim, S. S., Jeong, J. K., Yoon, S. J., Kim, S. J. et al. (2019). Relationship between health behaviors and marital adjustment and marital intimacy in multicultural family female immigrants. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 40(1), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.17.0059 
  78. Lee, S., Wickrama, K. K., Futris, T. G., Simmons, L. A., Mancini, J. A., & Lorenz, F. O. (2021). The biopsychosocial associations between marital hostility and physical health of middle-aged couples. Journal of Family Psychology, 35 (5), 649-659. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000827 
  79. Lee, Y. J. (2015). Elderly healthy level of regional disparities compare. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 15(11), 347-358.  https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2015.15.11.347
  80. Lee, Y. S. (2012). Marital status, health behaviors and health status for middle-aged men and women in Korea. Korea Journal of Population Studies, 35(2), 103-131. 
  81. Leventhal, H., Halm, E., Horowitz, C., Leventhal, E. A., & Ozakinci, G. (2004). Living with chronic illness: A contextualized, self-regulation approach. In S. Sutton, A. Baum, & M. Johnston (Eds.), The Sage handbook of health psychology (pp.197-240). Sage Publications. 
  82. Lewis, M. A., & Butterfield, R. M. (2007). Social control in marital relationships: Effect of one's partner on health behaviors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(2), 298-319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2007.00161.x 
  83. Lewis, M. A., Rook, K. S., & Schwarzer, R. (1994). Social support, social control, and health among the elderly. In G. N. Penny, P. Bennett, & M. Herbert (Eds.), Health psychology: A lifespan perspective (pp. 191-211). Harwood Academic. 
  84. Li, L. M. W., & Jiang, D. (2021). The magnifying effect of marital satisfaction on the dyadic effect of disabilities on life satisfaction. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health, 18(10), 5352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105352 
  85. Malarkey, W. B., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Pearl, D., & Glaser, R. (1994). Hostile behavior during marital conflict alters pituitary and adrenal hormones. Psychosomatic Medicine, 56(1), 41-51.  https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199401000-00006
  86. Markey, C. N., Markey, P. M., Schneider, C., & Brownlee, S. (2005). Marital status and health beliefs: Different relations for men and women. Sex Roles, 53(5-6), 443-451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-6767-y 
  87. Min, J., Yorgason, J. B., Fast, J., & Chudyk, A. (2020). The impact of spouse's illness on depressive symptoms: The roles of spousal caregiving and marital satisfaction. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 75(7), 1548-1557. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz017 
  88. Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (2003). Education, social status, and health. New Brunswick. 
  89. Monin, J. K., Levy, B., Chen, B., Fried, T., Stahl, S. T., Schulz, R. et al. (2015). Husbands' and wives' physical activity and depressive symptoms: Longitudinal findings from the cardiovascular health study. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 49(5), 704-714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-015-9705-4 
  90. Muthen, L. K., & Muthen, B. O. (2022). Mplus (Version 8) [Computer software]. https://www.statmodel.com/index.shtml 
  91. Nam, K. M., & Jung, E. K. (2011). The influence of social activity and social support perceived by elderly women living alone on their quality of life: Focusing on the mediating effect of depression and death-anxiety. Journal of Welfare for the Aged, 52(6), 325-348. 
  92. Nealey-Moore, J. B., Smith, T. W., Uchino, B. N., Hawkins, M. W., & Olson-Cerny, C. (2007). Cardiovascular reactivity during positive and negative marital interactions. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30, 505-519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-007-9124-5 
  93. O'Brien, M. (2005). Studying individual and family development: Linking theory and research. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(4), 880-890. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00181.x 
  94. OECD. (n.d.). Health Status: Perceived health status. https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=58315 
  95. Park, S. M. (2011). Effects of health status on life-satisfaction of the elderly: Focusing on the mediating and moderating effects of social activities and economic activities. Journal of Welfare for the Aged, 53, 305-332. 
  96. Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). The affective and cognitive context of self-reported measures of subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 28, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01086714 
  97. Peek, M. K., Stimpson, J. P., Townsend, A. L., & Markides, K. S. (2006). Well-being in older Mexican American spouses. The Gerontologist, 46(2), 258-265. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/46.2.258 
  98. Perrone-McGovern, K. M., Boo, J. N., & Vannatter, A. (2012). Marital and life satisfaction among gifted adults. Roeper Review, 34(1), 46-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783193.2012.627552 
  99. Petty, R. E., Wegener, D. T., & Fabrigar, L. R. (1997). Attitudes and attitude change. Annual Review of Psychology, 48 , 609-647. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.609 
  100. Pinquart, M., & Sorensen, S. (2011). Spouses, adult children, and children-in-law as caregivers of older adults: A meta-analytic comparison. Psychology and Aging, 26 (1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021863 
  101. Pinto, J. M., Fontaine, A. M., & Neri, A. L. (2016). The influence of physical and mental health on life satisfaction is mediated by self-rated health: A study with Brazilian elderly. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 65, 104-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2016.03.009 
  102. Powdthavee, N. (2009). I can't smile without you: Spousal correlation in life satisfaction. Journal of Economic Psychology, 30(4), 675-689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2009.06.005 
  103. Proulx, C. M., Helms, H. M., & Buehler, C. (2007). Marital quality and personal well being: A meta analysis. Journal of Marriage & Family, 69(3), 576-593. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00393.x 
  104. Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2002). Risky families: family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychological Bulletin, 128(2), 330-366. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.330 
  105. Resnick, M. D., Bearman, P. S., Blum, R. W., Bauman, K. E., Harris, K. M., Jones, J. et al. (1997). Protecting adolescents from harm: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 278(10), 823-832. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550100049038 
  106. Roberson, P. N., Shorter, R. L., Woods, S., & Priest, J. (2018). How health behaviors link romantic relationship dysfunction and physical health across 20 years for middle-aged and older adults. Social Science & Medicine, 201, 18-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.01.037 
  107. Robles, T. F., Slatcher, R. B., Trombello, J. M., & McGinn, M. M. (2014). Marital quality and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(1), 140-187. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031859 
  108. Rosenstock, I. M. (1990). The health belief model: Explaining health behavior through expectancies. In K. Glanz, F. M. Lewis, & B. K. Rimer (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 39-62). Jossey-Bass/Wiley. 
  109. Ross, C. E., & Mirowsky, J. (2003). Social structure and psychological functioning: Distress, perceived control, and trust. In J. Delamater (Ed.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 411-447). Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. 
  110. Ruthing, J. C., Trisko, J., & Stewart, T. L. (2012). The impact of spouse's health and well-being on own well-being: A dyadic study of older married couples. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31(5), 508-529. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2012.31.5.508 
  111. Saxbe, D., & Repetti, R. L. (2010). For better or worse? Coregulation of couples' cortisol levels and mood states. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 98(1), 92-103. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016959 
  112. Shek, D. T. L. (1995). Marital quality and psychological well-being of married adults in a Chinese context. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 156(1), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1995.9914805 
  113. Siegel, M. J., Bradley, E. H., Gallo, W. T., & Kasl, S. V. (2004). The effect of spousal mental and physical health on husbands' and wives' depressive symptoms, among older adults: Longitudinal evidence from the Health and Retirement Survey. Journal of Aging and Health, 16(3), 398-425.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264304264208
  114. Slatcher, R. B. (2010). Marital functioning and physical health: Implications for social and personality psychology. Social & Personality Psychology Compass, 4 (7), 455-469. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00273.x 
  115. Slatcher, R. B., & Selcuk, E. (2017). A social psychological perspective on the links between close relationships and health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26 (1), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721416667444 
  116. South, S. C., & Krueger, R. F. (2013). Marital satisfaction and physical health: Evidence for an orchid effect. Psychological Science, 24(3), 373-378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612453116 
  117. Statistics Korea. (2022). Quality of life indicators in Korea. https://www.index.go.kr/unify/idx-list.do?clasCd=8&page=chart&orderType=top 
  118. Statistics Korea. (2023). Elderly statistics 2023. https://kostat.go.kr/board.es?mid=a10301010000&bid=10820&act=view&list_no=427252. 
  119. Strawbridge, W. J., Wallhagen, M. I., & Shema, S. J. (2007). Impact of spouse vision impairment on partner health and well-being: A longitudinal analysis of couples. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62(5), S315-S322. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/62.5.s315 
  120. Taylor Jr., D. H., Hasselblad, V., Henley, S. J., Thun, M. J., & Sloan, F. A. (2002). Benefits of smoking cessation for longevity. American Journal of Public Health, 92(6), 990-996. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.92.6.990 
  121. Tooth, L., Hockey, R., Byles, J., & Dobson, A. (2008). Weighted multimorbidity indexes predicted mortality, health service use, and health-related quality of life in older women. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 61 (2), 151-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.05.015 
  122. Uchino, B. N. (2004). Social support and physical health: Understanding the health consequences of relationships. Yale university press. 
  123. Umberson, D. (1987). Family status and health behaviors: Social control as a dimension of social integration. Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 28(3), 306-319. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136848 
  124. Umberson, D. (1992). Gender, marital status and the social control of health behavior. Social Science & Medicine, 34(8), 907-917. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(92)90259-s 
  125. Umberson, D., Crosnoe, R., & Reczek, C. (2010). Social relationships and health behavior across the life course. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 139-157. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-120011 
  126. Umberson, D., & Karas Montez, J. (2010). Social relationships and health: A flashpoint for health policy. Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 51(1_suppl), S54-S66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510383501 
  127. Valle, G., Weeks, J. A., Taylor, M. G., & Eberstein, I. W. (2013). Mental and physical health consequences of spousal health shocks among older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 25(7), 1121-1142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264313494800 
  128. Waite, L. J. (1995). Does marriage matter?. Demography, 32(4), 483-507. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061670
  129. Walker, R. B., & Luszcz, M. A. (2009). The health and relationship dynamics of late-life couples: A systematic review of the literature. Ageing & Society, 29 (3), 455-480. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x08007903 
  130. Wheaton, B. (1990). Life transitions, role histories, and mental health. American Sociological Review, 55(2), 209-223. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095627 
  131. Whisman, M. A., & Sbarra, D. A. (2012). Marital adjustment and interleukin6 (IL-6). Journal of Family Psychology, 26(2), 290-295. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026902 
  132. Whisman, M. A., Uebelacker, L. A., & Bruce, M. L. (2006). Longitudinal association between marital dissatisfaction and alcohol use disorders in a community sample. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(1), 164-167. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.20.1.164 
  133. Whisman, M. A., Uebelacker, L. A., & Settles, T. D. (2010). Marital distress and the metabolic syndrome: Linking social functioning with physical health. Journal of Family Psychology, 24 (3), 367-370. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019547 
  134. Wickrama, K. A., Lorenz, F. O., Wallace, L. E., Peiris, L., Conger, R. D., & Elder Jr., G. H. (2001). Family influence on physical health during the middle years: The case of onset of hypertension. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(2), 527-539. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00527.x 
  135. Willson, A. E., & Shuey, K. M. (2016). Life course pathways of economic hardship and mobility and midlife trajectories of health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 57(3), 407-422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146516660345 
  136. Woods, S. B., Priest, J. B., & Roush, T. (2014). The biobehavioral family model: Testing social support as an additional exogenous variable. Family Process, 53(4), 672-685. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12086 
  137. World Health Organization. (2002). Active ageing: A policy framework. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/67215
  138. WHOQOL. (n.d.). Measuring Quality of Life| the World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/toolkits /whoqol 
  139. World Health Organization. (2019). Noncommunicable diseases. Retrieved November 06, 2023, from https://www.who.int/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases
  140. Yoon, M. S. (2007). The study on the relationship of psychosocial factors, problem drinking on quality of life for the elderly in urban and rural areas. Journal of Welfare for the Aged, 38, 281-310. 
  141. Yorgason, J. B., Booth, A., & Johnson, D. (2008). Health, disability, and marital quality: Is the association different for younger versus older cohorts? Research on Aging, 30 (6), 623-648. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027508322570 
  142. Yu, C. N. (2015). A longitudinal analysis on subjective health status and life satisfaction in the middle-old aged. Korean Journal of Gerontological Social Welfare, 68, 331-356.