DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Anthracnose of Strawberry: Etiological and Ecological Characteristics, and Management

딸기 탄저병: 병원·생태학적 특징 및 방제

  • Received : 2023.05.17
  • Accepted : 2023.06.30
  • Published : 2023.09.30

Abstract

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. is a major disease of strawberry plants worldwide. The anthracnose of strawberries in Korea has occurred in most cultivated strawberry varieties since its first report in 1990. Although many studies and efforts have been made to control the disease, anthracnose continues to affect strawberry yields in Korea. In this review, we introduced various management methods to control anthracnose in strawberries, such as identifying pathogens and environmental factors involved in this disease, understanding the importance of latent infection, and developing diagnostic techniques and control methods. Through this review, we propose that researchers can elucidate a comprehensive and practical approach to control anthracnose by understanding this disease and developing strategies to prevent its spread, ultimately benefiting strawberry farmers.

Colletotrichum spp.에 의해 발생하는 딸기 탄저병은 전 세계적으로 문제가 되는 중요한 병해이다. 우리나라 딸기 탄저병은 1990년에 최초 보고된 이후 현재까지 재배되고 있는 대부분 딸기 품종에 발생하여 피해를 주고 있다. 현재 딸기 탄저병을 효과적으로 방제하기 위한 많은 노력과 연구들이 진행되고 있지만 지속적으로 발병되고 있어 탄저병 방제를 위한 종합적 검토가 필요한 실정이다. 본 리뷰에서는 현재까지 연구된 논문들을 기초로 탄저병에 관여하는 병원균, 잠재감염주 중요성과 진단기술, 탄저병 발생에 미치는 환경요인 및 방제 방법 등 다양한 딸기 탄저병 관리방법을 소개하였다. 본 리뷰를 통해 딸기 탄저병을 더 이해하고 최신 방제와 관련된 연구들을 살펴봄으로써 딸기 재배농가들과 연구자들이 종합한 탄저병 방제를 위해 종합적이고 효과적인 접근에 도움이 되길 기대한다.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahmad, H. and Matsubara, Y.-I. 2020. Suppression of anthracnose in strawberry using water extracts of Lamiaceae herbs and identification of antifungal metabolites. Hortic. J. 89: 359-366. https://doi.org/10.2503/hortj.UTD-165
  2. Akhter, M. S., Alam, S., Islam, M. S. and Lee, M. W. 2009. Identification of the fungal pathogen that causes strawberry anthracnose in Bangladesh and evaluation of in vitro fungicide activity. Mycobiology 37: 77-81. https://doi.org/10.4489/MYCO.2009.37.2.077
  3. Baroncelli, R., Zapparata, A., Sarrocco, S., Sukno, S. A., Lane, C. R., Thon, M. R. et al. 2015. Molecular diversity of anthracnose pathogen populations associated with UK strawberry production suggests multiple introductions of three different Colletotrichum species. PLoS ONE 10: e0129140.
  4. Beraha, L. and Wright, W. R. 1973. A new anthracnose of strawberry caused by Colletotrichum dematium. Plant Dis. Rep. 57: 445-448.
  5. Bi, Y., Guo, W.., Zhang, G. J., Liu, S. C. and Chen, Y. 2017a. First report of Colletotrichum truncatum causing anthracnose of strawberry in China. Plant Dis. 101: 832.
  6. Bi, Y., Guo, W., Zhang, G. J., Liu, S. C. and Yang, B. D. 2017b. First report of Colletotrichum boninense causing anthracnose of strawberry in China. Plant Dis. 101: 250.
  7. Bobev, S. G., Zveibil, A. and Freeman, S. 2002. First report of Colletotrichum acutatum on strawberry in Bulgaria. Plant Dis. 86: 1178.
  8. Boudreau, M. A. and Madden, L. V. 1995. Effects of strawberry density on dispersal of Colletotrichum acutatum by simulated rain. Phytopathology 85: 934-941. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-85-934
  9. Braganca, C. A. D., Damm, U., Baroncelli, R., Massola Junior, N. S. and Crous, P. W. 2016. Species of the Colletotrichum acutatum complex associated with anthracnose disease of fruit in Brazil. Fungal Biol. 120: 547-561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2016.01.011
  10. Brooks, A. N. 1931. Anthracnose of strawberry caused by Colletotrichum fragariae, n. sp. Phytophthology 21: 739-744.
  11. Cai, L., Hyde, K. D., Taylor, P. W. J., Weir, B. S., Waller, J. M., Abang, M. M. et al. 2009. A polyphasic approach for studying Colletotrichum. Fungal Divers. 39: 183-204.
  12. Calleja, E. J., Ilbery, B., Spence, N. J. and Mills, P. R. 2013. The effectiveness of phytosanitary controls in preventing the entry of Colletotrichum acutatum in the UK strawberry sector. Plant Pathol. 62: 266-278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02647.x
  13. Cannon, P. F., Buddie, A. G. and Bridge, P. D. 2008. The typification of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Mycotaxon 104: 189-204.
  14. Chalfoun, N. R., Castagnaro, A. P. and Diaz Ricci, J. C. 2011. Induced resistance activated by a culture filtrate derived from an avirulent pathogen as a mechanism of biological control of anthracnose in strawberry. Biol. Control 58: 319-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.05.007
  15. Chen, X. Y., Dai, D. J., Zhao, S. F., Shen, Y., Wang, H. D. and Zhang, C. Q. 2020. Genetic diversity of Colletotrichum spp. causing strawberry anthracnose in Zhejiang, China. Plant Dis. 104: 1351-1357. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-19-2026-RE
  16. Chikuo, Y. 1994. Transmission of strawberry anthracnose caused by Colletortrichum acutatum. Proc. Assoc. Plant Prot. Kyushu 40: 47-50. (In Japanese) https://doi.org/10.4241/kyubyochu.40.47
  17. Chung, P.-C., Wu, H.-Y., Wang, Y.-W., Ariyawansa, H. A., Hu, H.-P., Hung, T.-H. et al. 2020. Diversity and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum species causing strawberry anthracnose in Taiwan and description of a new species, Colletotrichum miaoliense sp. nov. Sci. Rep. 10: 14664.
  18. Cordova, L. G., Madden, L. V., Amiri, A., Schnabel, G. and Peres, N. A. 2017. Meta-analysis of a web-based disease forecast system for control of anthracnose and botrytis fruit rots of strawberry in southeastern United States. Plant Dis. 101: 1910-1917. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-17-0477-RE
  19. Dai, F. M., Ren, X. J. and Lu, J. P. 2006. First report of anthracnose fruit rot of strawberry caused by Colletotrichum acutatum in China. Plant Dis. 90: 1460.
  20. Dai, T. Chang, X., Hu, Z., Liang, L., Sun, M., Liu, P. et al. 2019. Untargeted metabolomics based on GC-MS and chemometrics: a new tool for the early diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum theobromicola. Plant Dis. 103: 2541-2547. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-19-0219-RE
  21. Damm, U., Cannon, P. F., Woudenberg, J. H. C. and Crous, P. W. 2012. The Colletotrichum acutaum species complex. Stud. Mycol. 73: 37-113. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0010
  22. Daugovish, O., Bolda, M., Kaur, S., Mochizuki, M., Marcum, D. and Epstein, L. 2012. Drip irrigation in California strawberry nurseries to reduce the incidence of Colletotrichum cutatum in fruit production. HortScience 47: 368-373. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.47.3.368
  23. Daugovish, O., Su, H. and Gubler, W. D. 2009. Preplant fungicide dips of strawberry transplants to control anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum in California. HortTechnology 19: 317-323. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.19.2.317
  24. De los Santos, B., de Paredes, G. and Munoz, F. R. 1999. Occurrence of Colletotrichum acutatum, causal organism of strawberry anthracnose in southwestern Spain. Plant Dis. 83: 301.
  25. Debode, J., Van Hemelrijck, W., Baeyen, S., Creemers, P., Heungens, K. and Maes, M. 2009. Quantitative detection and monitoring of Colletotrichum acutatum in strawberry leaves using real-time PCR. Plant Pathol. 58: 504-514. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01987.x
  26. Debode, J., Van Hemelrijck, W., Xu, X.-M., Maes, M., Creemers, P. and Heungens, K. 2015. Latent entry and spread of Colletotrichum acutatum (species complex) in strawberry fields. Plant Pathol. 64: 385-395. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12247
  27. Delp, B. R. and Milhalland, R. D. 1980. Evaluating strawberry plants for resistance to Colletotrichum fragariae. Plant Dis. 64: 1071-1073. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-64-1071
  28. Duduk, N., Markovic, T., Vasic, M., Duduk, B., Vico, I. and Obradovic, A. 2015. Antifungal activity of three essential oils against Colletotrichum acutatum, the causal agent of strawberry anthracnose. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants 18: 529-537. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2015.1004120
  29. Eastburn, D. M. and Gubler, W. D. 1990. Strawberry anthracnose: detection and survival of Colletotrichum acutatum in soil. Plant Dis. 74: 161-163. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-74-0161
  30. Embaby, E. M., Ragab, M. E., Doug Doug, K. A. A., Ahmed, R., Zveibil, A., Maymon, M. et al. 2010. First report of Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose diseases on strawberry in Egypt. Plant Pathol. 59: 808.
  31. Feil, W. S., Butler, E. E., Duniway, J. M. and Gubler, W. D. 2003. The effects of moisture and temperature on the survival of Colletotrichum acutatum on strawberry residue in soil. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 25: 362-370. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060660309507091
  32. Forcelini, B. B., Goncalves, F. P. and Peres, N. A. 2017. Effect of inoculum concentration and interrupted wetness duration on the development of anthracnose fruit rot of strawberry. Plant Dis. 101: 372-377. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-16-1175-RE
  33. Forcelini, B. B., Lee, S., Oliveira, M. S. and Peres, N. A. 2018b. Development of high-throughput SNP genotyping assays for rapid detection of strawberry Colletotrichum species and the G143A mutation. Phytopathology 108: 1501-1508. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-04-18-0128-R
  34. Forcelini, B. B., Rebello, C. S., Wang, N.-Y. and Peres, N. A. 2018a. Fitness, competitive ability, and mutation stability of isolates of Colletotrichum acutatum from strawberry resistance to QoI fungicides. Phytopathology 108: 462-468. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-09-17-0296-R
  35. Forcelini, B. B., Seijo, T. E., Amiri, A. and Peres. N. A. 2016. Resistance in strawberry isolates of Colletotrichum acutatum from Florida to quinone-outside inhibitor fungicides. Plant Dis. 100: 2050-2056. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-16-0118-RE
  36. Freeman, S. 2008. Management, survival strategies, and host range of Colletotrichum acutatum on strawberry. HortScience 43: 66-68. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.43.1.66
  37. Freeman, S., Horowitz, S. and Sharon, A. 2001. Pathogenic and nonpathogenic lifestyles in Colletotrichum acutatum from strawberry and other plants. Phytopathology 91: 986-992. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.10.986
  38. Freeman, S. and Katan, T. 1997a. Identification of Colletotrichum species responsible for anthracnose and root necrosis of strawberry in Israel. Phytopathology 87: 516-521. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.5.516
  39. Freeman, S. Minz, D., Kolesnik, I., Barbul, O., Zveibil, A., Maymon, M. et al. 2004. Trichoderma biocontrol of Colletotrichum acutatum and Botrytis cinerea and survival in strawberry. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110: 361-370. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EJPP.0000021057.93305.d9
  40. Freeman, S., Nizani, Y., Datan, S., Even, S. and Sando, T. 1997b. Control of Colletotrichum acutatum in strawberry under laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions. Plant Dis. 81: 749-752. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.7.749
  41. Freeman, S., Shalev, Z. and Katan, J. 2002. Survival in soil of Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides pathogenic on strawberry. Plant Dis. 86: 965-970. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.9.965
  42. Furio, R. N., Albornoz, P. L., Coll, Y., Martinez Zamora, G. M., Salazar, S. M., Martos, G. G. et al. 2019. Effect of natural and synthetic Brassinosteroids on strawberry immune response against Colletotrichum acutatum. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 153: 167-181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-018-1551-3
  43. Furuta, K., Nagashima, S., Inukai, T. and Masuta, C. 2017. Construction of a system for the strawberry nursery production towards elimination of latent infection of anthracnose fungi by a combination of PCR and microtube hybridization. Plant Pathol. J. 33: 80-86. https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.NT.05.2016.0132
  44. Gan, P., Nakata, N., Suzuki, T. and Shirasu, K. 2017. Markers to differentiate species of anthracnose fungi identify Colletotrichum fructicola as the predominant virulent species in strawberry plants in Chiba prefecture of Japan. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 83: 14-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-016-0689-0
  45. Garrido, C., Carbu, M., Fernandez-Acero, F. J., Boonham, N., Colyer, A., Cantoral, J. M. et al. 2009. Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR. Plant Pathol. 58: 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01933.x
  46. Gupta, D. R., Kabir, M. K., Hassan, O., Sabir, A. A., Mahmud, N. U., Surovy, M. Z. et al. 2019. First report of anthracnose crown rot of strawberry caused by Colletotrichum siamense in Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. Plant Dis. 103: 580.
  47. Haack, S. E., Ivors, K. L., Holmes, G. J., Forster, H. and Adaskaveg, J. E. 2018. Natamycin, a new biofungicide for managing crown rot of strawberry caused by QoI-resistant Colletotrichum acutatum. Plant Dis. 102: 1687-1695. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-17-2033-RE
  48. Han, Y. C., Zeng, X. G., Xiang, F. Y., Ren, L., Chen, F. Y. and Gu, Y. C. 2016. Distribution and characteristics of Colletotrichum spp. associated with anthracnose of strawberry in Hubei, China. Plant Dis. 100: 996-1006. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-15-1016-RE
  49. He, L., Li, X., Gao, Y., Li, B., Mu, W. and Liu, F. 2019. Characterization and fungicide sensitivity of Colletotrichum spp. from different hosts in Shandong, China. Plant Dis. 103: 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-18-0597-RE
  50. Higuchi, K. and Omatsu, N. 2014. A bioassay to test the sensitivity to several to fungicides for the causal agent of strawberry anthracnose by suing detached leaves. Kyushu Plant Prot. Res. 60: 20-23. (In Japanese) https://doi.org/10.4241/kyubyochu.60.20
  51. Hirayama, Y., Asano, S., Okayama, K., Ohki, S. T. and Tojo, M. 2018. Weeds as the potential inoculum source of Colletotrichum fructicola responsible for strawberry anthracnose in Nara, Japan. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 84: 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-017-0753-4
  52. Hirayama, Y., Asano, S., Watanabe, K., Sakamoto, Y., Ozaki, M., Okayama, K. et al. 2016. Control of Colletotrichum fructicola on strawberry with a foliar spray of neutral electrolyzed water through an overhead irrigation system. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 82: 186-189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-016-0667-6
  53. Horn, N. L. and Carver, R. G. 1968. Overwintering of Colletotrichum fragariae in strawberry crowns. Phytopathology 58: 540-541.
  54. Howard, C. M. and Albregts, E. E. 1983. Black leaf spot phase of strawberry anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (=C. fragariae). Plant Dis. 67: 1144-1146. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-67-1144
  55. Huber, D. M. and Watson, R. D. 1974. Nitrogen form and plant disease. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 12: 139-165. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.12.090174.001035
  56. Inada, M. and Furuta, A. 2011. Dispersal of strawberry anthracnose in symptomless plants infected with Glomerella cingulata by rainfall and irrigation. Kyushu Plant Prot. Res. 57: 45-50. (In Japanese) https://doi.org/10.4241/kyubyochu.57.45
  57. Inada, M., Ishii, H., Chung, W. H., Yamada, T., Yamaguchi, J. and Furuta, A. 2008. Occurrence of strobilurin resistant strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Glomerella cingulata), the causal fungus of strawberry anthracnose. Jpn. J. Phytopathol. 74: 114-117. (In Japanese) https://doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.74.114
  58. Inada, M., Yamaguchi, J. and Furuta, A. 2005. Return of strawberry anthracnose in symptomless mother plants infected with Glomerella cingulata and transmission to daughter plants. Kyushu Plant Proc. Res. 51: 11-14. (In Japanese) https://doi.org/10.4241/kyubyochu.51.11
  59. Inada, M., Yamaguchi, J. and Furuta, A. 2009. Occurrence of benzimidazole and diethofencarb-resistant strains of Glomerella cingulata, the causal fungus of strawberry anthracnose in Saga prefecture and the effects of several fungicides. Kyushu Plant Prot. Res. 55: 31-36. (In Japanese) https://doi.org/10.4241/kyubyochu.55.31
  60. Inada, M., Yamaguchi, J. and Furuta, A. 2010. An agar dilution method to test the sensitivity of Glomerella cingulata, causal fungus of strawberry anthracnose, to azoxystrobin. Jpn. J. Phytopathol. 76: 1-6. (In Japanese) https://doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.76.1
  61. Ishii, H., Watanabe, H., Yamaoka, Y. and Schnabel, G. 2022. Sensitivity to fungicides in isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. acutatum species complexes and efficacy against anthracnose diseases. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 182: 105049.
  62. Ishikawa, S. 2003. Method to diagnose latent infection by Glomerella cingulata in strawberry plants using ethanol. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 69: 372-377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-003-0071-x
  63. Ishikawa, S. 2013. Integrated disease management of strawberry anthracnose and development of a new biopesticide. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 79: 441-443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-013-0485-z
  64. Jayawardena, R. S., Huang, J. K., Jin, B. C., Yan, J. Y., Li, X. H., Hyde, K. D. et al. 2016. An account of Colletotrichum species associated with strawberry anthracnose in China based on morphology and molecular data. Mycosphere 7: 1147-1163. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/si/2c/6
  65. Ji, Y., Li, X., Gao, Q.-H., Geng, C. and Duan, K. 2022. Colletotrichum species pathogenic to strawberry: discovery history, global diversity, prevalence in China, and the host range of top two species. Phytopathol Res. 4: 42.
  66. John, A. W., Simpson, D. W. and Berrie, A. 2006. Hot water treatment to eliminate Colletortrichum acutatum from strawberry runner cuttings. Acta Hortic. 708: 255-258. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.708.43
  67. Karimi, K., Ahari, A. B., Arzanlou, M., Amini, J., Pertot, I. and Rota-Stabelli, O. 2017. Application of the consolidated species concept to identify the causal agent of strawberry anthracnose in Iran and initial molecular dating of the Colletotrichum acutatum species complex. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 147: 375-387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-016-1009-4
  68. Kao, H.-Y., Chung, K.-R. and Huang, J.-W. 2019. Paraquat and glyphosate increase severity of strawberry anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 85: 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-018-0823-2
  69. Katoh, H., Fukuda, T., Nishigawa, H. and Natsuaki, T. 2016. Rapid detection of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in infected strawberry plants using loop-mediated isothermal amplification. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 82: 190-198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-016-0665-8
  70. Kim, H. G. and Nam, M. H. 1999. Anthracnose of strawberry in Korea. Plant Dis. Agric. 5: 8-13. (In Korean)
  71. Kim, H. S., Nam, M. H., Ham, I, K., Jang, W. S., Kim, T. I. and Lee, H. C. 2017. Breeding for resistance to anthracnose in strawberry NS9. Hortic. Sci. Techonol. 35(Suppl 1): 105.
  72. Kim, S.-H., Choi, S.-Y., Lim, Y.-S., Yoon, J.-T. and Choi, B.-S. 2002a. Effect of chemical treatment on the control of strawberry anthracnose by Colletotrichum sp. Res. Plant Dis. 8: 50-54. (In Korean) https://doi.org/10.5423/RPD.2002.8.1.050
  73. Kim, S.-H., Choi, S.-Y., Lim, Y.-S., Yoon, J.-T. and Choi, B.-S. 2002b. Seasonal occurrence and infection site of strawberry anthracnose. Res. Plant Dis. 8: 45-49. (In Korean) https://doi.org/10.5423/RPD.2002.8.1.045
  74. Kim, S.-H., Kim, D.-G., Choi, S.-G., Yoon, J.-T. and Lee, J.-T. 2002c. Primary inoculum of strawberry anthracnose in nursing field. Res. Plant Dis. 8: 228-233. (In Korean) https://doi.org/10.5423/RPD.2002.8.4.228
  75. Kim, S.-H., Yoon, J.-T. and Lee, J.-T. 2004. Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from other hosts on strawberry. Res. Plant Dis. 10: 130-134. (In Korean) https://doi.org/10.5423/RPD.2004.10.2.130
  76. Kim, W. G., Cho, W. D. and Lee, Y. H. 1992. Anthracnose of strawberry caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. Korean J. Plant Pathol. 8: 213-215.
  77. Kim, Y.-S., Min, J. Y., Kang, B. K., Bach, N. V., Choi, W. B., Park, E. W. et al. 2007. Analyses of the less benzimidazole-sensitivity of the isolates of Colletotrichum spp. causing the anthracnose in pepper and strawberry. Plant Pathol. J. 23: 187-192. https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.2007.23.3.187
  78. King, W. T., Madden, L. V., Ellis, M. A. and Wilson, L. L. 1997. Effects of temperature on sporulation and latent period of Colletotrichum spp. infecting strawberry fruit. Plant Dis. 81: 77-84. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.1.77
  79. Latinovic, J., Latinovic, N., Tiodorovic, J. and Odalovic, A. 2012. First report of anthracnose fruit rot of strawberry caused by Colletotrichum acutatum in Montenegro. Plant Dis. 96: 1066.
  80. Leandro, L. F. S., Gleason, M. L., Nutter, F. W. Jr., Wegulo, S. N. and Dixon, P. M. 2001. Germination and sporulation of Colletotrichum acutatum on symptomless strawberry leaves. Phytopathology 91: 659-664. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.7.659
  81. Leandro, L. F. S., Gleason, M. L., Nutter, F. W. Jr., Wegulo, S. N. and Dixon, P. M. 2003a. Influence of temperature and wetness duration on conidia and appressoria of Colletotrichum acutatum on symptomless strawberry leaves. Phytopathology 93: 513-520. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.4.513
  82. Leandro, L. F. S., Gleason, M. L., Nutter, F. W. Jr., Wegulo, S. N. and Dixon, P. M. 2003b. Strawberry plant extracts stimulate secondary conidiation by Colletotrichum acutatum on symptomless leaves. Phytopathology 93: 1285-1291. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.10.1285
  83. Lieten, P., Evenhuis, B. and Baruzzi, G. 2005. Cold storage of strawberry plants. Int. J. Fruit Sci. 5: 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1300/J492v05n01_07
  84. Liu, F., Wang, M., Damm, U., Crous, P. W. and Cai, L. 2016. Species boundaries in plant pathogenic fungi: a Colletotrichum case study. BMC Evol Biol. 16: 81.
  85. Liu, Y., Ji, Y., Han, Y., Song, L., Zhang, L., Ning, Z. et al. 2021. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification and PCR combined assay to detect and distinguish latent Colletotrichum spp. infection on strawberry. J. Plant Pathol. 103: 887-899. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-021-00873-7
  86. Lu, J., Ehsani, R., Shi, Y., Abdulridha, J., de Casro, A. I. and Xu, Y. 2017. Field detection of anthracnose crown rot in strawberry using spectroscopy technology. Comput. Electron. Agric. 135: 289-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2017.01.017
  87. MacKenzie, S. J., Mertely, J. C. and Peres, N. A. 2009. Curative and protectant activity of fungicides for control of crown rot of strawberry caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Plant Dis. 93: 815-820. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-93-8-0815
  88. MacKenzie, S. J., Mertely, J. C., Seijo, T. E. and Peres, N. A. 2008. Colletotrichum fragariae is a pathogen on hosts other than strawberry. Plant Dis. 92: 1432-1438. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-10-1432
  89. MacKenzie, S. J. and Peres, N. A. 2012. Use of leaf wetness and temperature to time fungicide applications to control anthracnose fruit rot of strawberry in Florida. Plant Dis. 96: 522-528. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-11-0181
  90. MacKenzie, S. J., Seijo, T. E., Legard, D. E., Timmer, L. W. and Peres, N. A. 2007. Selection for pathogenicity to strawberry in populations of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from native plants. Phytopathology 97: 1130-1140. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-97-9-1130
  91. Madden, L. V. and Boudreau, M. A. 1997. Effect of strawberry density on the spread of anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum. Phytopathology 87: 828-838. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.8.828
  92. Madden, L. V., Wilson, L. L. and Ellis, M. A. 1993. Field spread of anthracnose fruit rot of strawberry in relation to ground cover and ambient weather conditions. Plant Dis. 77: 861-866. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-77-0861
  93. Madden, L. V., Yang, X. and Wilson, L. L. 1996. Effects of rain intensity on splash dispersal of Colletotrichum acutatum. Phytopathology 86: 864-874. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-86-864
  94. Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd ed. Academic Press, London, UK. 889 pp.
  95. Martinez-Culebras, P. V., Barrio, E., Suarez-Fernandez, M. B., Garcia-Lopez, M. D. and Querol, A. 2002. RAPD analysis of Colletotrichum species isolated from strawberry and the design of specific primers for the identification of C. fragariae. J. Phytopathol. 150: 680-686. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0434.2002.00823.x
  96. Martinez-Culebras, P. V., Querol, A., Suarez-Fernandez, M. B., Garcia-Lopez, M. D. and Barrio, E. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships among Colletotrichum pathogens of strawberry and design of PCR primers for their identification. J. Phytopathol. 151: 135-143. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0434.2003.00694.x
  97. Mass, J. L. 1998. Compendium of Strawberry Diseases. 2nd ed. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, USA. 98 pp.
  98. McCartney, H. A., Foster, S. J, Fraaije, B. A. and Ward, E. 2003. Molecular diagnostics for fungal plant pathogens. Pest Manag. Sci. 59: 129-142. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.575
  99. McInnes, T. B., Black, L. L. and Gatti, J. M. Jr. 1992. Disease-free plants for management of strawberry anthracnose crown rot. Plant Dis. 76: 260-264. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-76-0260
  100. Mertely, J. C., Forcelini, B. B. and Peres, N. A. 2012. Anthracnose Fruit Rot of Strawberry. Publ. No. PP-207. University of Florida, IFAS, EDIS, Gainesville, FL, USA. 4 pp.
  101. Mertely, J. C. and Legard, D. E. 2004. Detection, isolation, and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum spp. from strawberry petioles. Plant Dis. 88: 407-412.
  102. Mills, P. R., Sreenivasaprasad, S. and Brown, A. E. 1992. Detection and differentiation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates using PCR. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 98: 137-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05503.x
  103. Misawa, T., Kayamori, M. and Horita, H. 2010. Anthracnose crown rot of strawberry caused by Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds ex Simmonds. Jpn. J. Phytopathol. 76: 92-96. (In Japanese) https://doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.76.92
  104. Monaco, M. E., Salazar, S. M., Aprea, A., Diaz Ricci, J. C., Zembo, J. C. and Castagnaro, A. 2000. First report of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on strawberry in northwestern Argentina. Plant Dis. 84: 595.
  105. Nam, M. H., Jeong, S. K., Lee, Y. S., Choi, J. M. and Kim, H. G. 2006. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium nutrition on strawberry anthracnose. Plant Pathol. 55: 246-249. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2006.01322.x
  106. Nam, M. H., Jung, S. K., Yoo, S. J., Seo, K. S. and Kim, H. G. 1998. Cultural and pathogenic characteristics between Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Glomerella cingulata isolated from strawberry in Korea. Korean J. Plant Pathol. 14: 654-660. (In Korean)
  107. Nam, M. H., Kim, H. S., Kim, T. I. and Lee, E. M. 2015. Comparison of environmental-friendly and chemical spray calendar for controlling diseases and insect pests of strawberry during nursery seasons. Res. Plant Dis. 21: 273-279. (In Korean) https://doi.org/10.5423/RPD.2015.21.4.273
  108. Nam, M. H., Kim, H. S., Lee, H. D., Whang, K. S. and Kim, H. G. 2014a. Biological control of anthracnose crown rot in strawberry using Bacillus velezensis NSB-1. Acta Hortic. 1049: 685-688. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1049.106
  109. Nam, M. H., Kim, H. S., Nam, Y. G., Peres, N. A. and Kim, H. G. 2011. Fungicide spray program to reduce application in anthracnose of strawberry. Res. Plant Dis. 17: 295-301. (In Korean) https://doi.org/10.5423/RPD.2011.17.3.295
  110. Nam, M. H., Kim, T. I., Gleason, M. L., Song, J. Y. and Kim, H. G. 2008. First report of anthracnose fruit rot caused by Colletotrichum acutatum on strawberry in Korea. Plant Dis. 92: 1247.
  111. Nam, M. H. Lee, I. H. and Kim, H. G. 2014b. Dipping strawberry plants in fungicides before planting to control anthracnose. Res. Plant Dis. 20: 54-58. (In Korean) https://doi.org/10.5423/RPD.2014.20.1.054
  112. Nam, M. H., Lee, I. H., Kwon, K. H. and Kim, H. G. 2004a. Significance and detection of latent infection of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on strawberry. Korean J. Hortic. Sci. Technol. 22: 294-297. (In Korean)
  113. Nam, M. H., Park, M. S., Lee, H. D. and Yu, S. H. 2013. Taxonomic reevaluation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from strawberry in Korea. Plant Pathol. J. 29: 317-322. https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.NT.12.2012.0188
  114. Nam, M. H., Park, M. S., Yoo, J. H., Lee, B. J. and Lee, J. N. 2022. First report of anthracnose crown rot caused by Colletotrichum siamense on strawberry in Korea. Korean J. Mycol. 50: 235-241.
  115. Nam, M. H., Song, J. Y. and Kim, H. G. 2004b. Overwinter and survival of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Glomerella cingulata in soil and plant debris of strawberry. Res. Plant Dis. 10: 198-202. (In Korean) https://doi.org/10.5423/RPD.2004.10.3.198
  116. Nilsson, U., Carlson-Nilsson, U. and Svedelius, G. 2005. First report of anthracnose fruit rot caused by Colletotrichum acutatum on strawberry in Sweden. Plant Dis. 89: 1242.
  117. Novotny, D., Krizkova, I., Kratka, J. and Salava, J. 2007. First report of anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum on strawberry in the Czech Republic. Plant Dis. 91: 1516.
  118. Ntahimpera, N., Madden, L. V. and Wilson, L. L. 1997. Effect of rain distribution alteration on splash dispersal of Colletotrichum acuatum. Phytopathology 87: 649-655. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.6.649
  119. Ntahimpera, N., Wilson, L. L., Ellis, M. A. and Madden, L. V. 1999. Comparison of rain effects on splash dispersal of three Colletotrichum species infecting strawberry. Phytopathology 89: 555-563. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.7.555
  120. Okayama, K. and Hirayama, Y. 2011. Anthracnose of strawberry in nursery medium infested with Glomerella cingulata (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) and fungicidal control of the disease. Jpn. J. Phytopathol. 77: 83-87. (In Japanese) https://doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.77.83
  121. Okayama, K. and Hirayama, Y. 2013. Reduction of latent infection of strawberry anthracnose by long-term cold seeding storage below freezing. Jpn. J. Phytopathol. 79: 269-274. (In Japanese) https://doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.79.269
  122. Okayama, K., Hirayama, Y. and Nishizaki, M. 2007. Detection of benomyl-resistant Glomerella cingulata from latently infected strawberry plants and infested nursery medium using a semiselective medium. Jpn. J. Phytopathol. 73: 155-161. (In Japanese) https://doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.73.155
  123. Okayama, K. and Tsujimoto, A. 1994. Occurrence of strawberry anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) spaulding et Schrenk and pathogenicity of the fungus. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 60: 617-623. (In Japanese) https://doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.60.617
  124. Oliveira, M. S., Cordova, L. G. and Peres, N. A. 2020. Efficacy and baseline sensitivity of succinate-dehydrogenase-inhibitor fungicides for management of Colletotrichum crown rot of strawberry. Plant Dis. 104: 2860-2865. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-20-0083-RE
  125. Oliveira, M. S., Wang, N.-Y. and Peres, N. A. 2022. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex causing crown rot on strawberry in Florida. Phytopathology 112: 898-906. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-04-20-0151-R
  126. Paredes, B. S. G. and Munoz, F. R. 2002. Effect of different fungicides in the control of Colletotrichum acutatum, causal agent of anthracnose crown rot in strawberry plants. Crop Prot. 21: 11-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00054-0
  127. Park, G. S., Nam, M. H. and Choi, J. M. 2016. The effect of expanded rice hulls as a root substrate on the suppression of anthracnose crown rot in strawberry. Korean J. Hortic. Sci Technol. 34: 242-248. https://doi.org/10.12972/kjhst.20160025
  128. Parikka, P. and Kokkola, M. 2001. First report of Colletotrichum acutatum on strawberry in Finland. Plant Dis. 85: 923.
  129. Parikka, P. and Lemmetty, A. 2004. Tracing latent infection of Colletotrichum acutatum on strawberry by PCR. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110: 393-398. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EJPP.0000021073.67137.d2
  130. Pavan, W., Fraisse, C. W. and Peres, N. A. 2011. Development of a web-based disease forecasting system for strawberries. Comput. Electron. Agric. 75: 169-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2010.10.013
  131. Peres, N. A., Seijo, T. E. and Turechek, W. W. 2010. Pre- and post-inoculation activity of a protectant and a systemic fungicide for control of anthracnose fruit rot of strawberry under different wetness durations. Crop Prot. 29: 1105-1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2010.05.010
  132. Peres, N. A., Timmer, L. W., Adaskaveg, J. E. and Correll, J. C. 2005. Lifestyles of Colletotrichum acutatum. Plant Dis. 89: 784-796. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-89-0784
  133. Perez-Hernandez, O., Nam, M. H., Gleason, M. L. and Kim, H. G. 2008. Development of a nested polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum on symptomless strawberry leaves. Plant Dis. 92: 1655-1661. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-12-1655
  134. Phoulivong, S., Cai, L., Chen, H., McKenzie, E. H. C., Abdelsalam, K., Chukeatirote, E. et al. 2010. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is not a common pathogen on tropical fruits. Fungal Divers. 44: 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-010-0046-0
  135. Poling, E. B. 2008. Anthracnose on strawberry: its etiology, epidemiology, and pathology, together with management strategies for strawberry nurseries: introduction to the workshop. HortScience 43: 59-65. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.43.1.59
  136. Polizzi, G., Aiello, D., Guarnaccia, V., Vitale, A., Perrone, G. and Stea, G. 2011. First report of damping-off on strawberry tree caused by Colletotrichum acutatum and C. simmondsii in Italy. Plant Dis. 95: 1588.
  137. Rahman, M. and Louws, F. J. 2017. Epidemiological significance of crown rot in the fruiting field in relation to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infection of strawberry nursery plants. Plant Dis. 101: 907-915. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-16-0802-RE
  138. Rahman, M., Ojiambo, P. and Louws, F. 2015. Initial inoculum and spatial dispersal of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the causal agent of strawberry anthracnose crown rot. Plant Dis. 99: 80-86. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-13-0144-RE
  139. Ramallo, C. J., Ploper, L. D., Ontivero, M., Filippone, M. P., Castagnaro, A. and Diaz Ricci, J. 2000. First report of Colletotrichum acutatum on strawberry in Northwestern Argentina. Plant Dis. 84: 706.
  140. Rebello, C. S., Baggio, J. S., Forcelini, B. B. and Peres, N. A. 2022. Sensitivity of Colletotrichum acutatum species complex from strawberry to fungicide alternatives to quinone-outside inhibitors. Plant Dis. 106: 2053-2059. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-21-1934-RE
  141. Reulet, P. and Nourrisseau, J. G. 1990. L'anthracnose: etat actuel des connaissances et strategie de lutte possible. Fruits Leg. 75: 34-37. (In French)
  142. Shivas, R. G. and Tan, Y. P. 2009. A taxonomic re-assessment of Colletotrichum acutatum, introducing C. fioriniae comb. et stat. nov. and C. simmondsii sp. nov. Fungal Divers. 39:111-122.
  143. Shivas, R., Tan, Y. P., Edwards, J., Dinh, Q., Maxwell, A., Andjic, V. et al. 2016. Colletotrichum species in Australia. Australas. Plant Pathol. 45: 447-464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-016-0443-2
  144. Simmonds, J. H. 1965. A study of the species of Colletotrichum causing ripe fruit rots in Queensland. Queensl. J. Agric. Anim. Sci. 22: 437-459.
  145. Singh, B., Singh, S. K., Agarwal, P. C., Rani, I. and Khetarpal, R. K. 2003. Colletotrichum dematium causing anthracnose in hybrid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa): a new host record for India. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 73: 238-239.
  146. Sjulin, T. M. 2008. Special problems in nursery propagation of dayneutral strawberry cultivars susceptible to Colletotrichum acutatum. HortScience 43: 78-80. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.43.1.78
  147. Smith, B. J. 2008. Epidemiology and pathology of strawberry anthracnose: a North American perspective. HortScience 43: 69-73. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.43.1.69
  148. Smith, B. J. 2009. Influence of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on the severity of strawberry anthracnose crown rot. Acta Hortic. 842: 235-238. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.842.37
  149. Smith, B. J. 2013. Strawberry anthracnose: progress toward control through science. Int. J. Fruit Sci. 13: 91-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2012.697025
  150. Smith, B. J., Wedge, D. E. and Pace, P. F. 2013. A microtiter assay shows effectiveness of fungicides for control of Colletotrichum spp. from strawberry. Int. J. Fruit Sci. 13: 205-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2012.698171
  151. Sreenivasaprasad, S., Sharada, K., Brown, A. E. and Mills, P. R. 1996. PCR-based detection of Colletotrichum acutatum on strawberry. Plant Pathol. 45: 650-655. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1996.d01-3.x
  152. Sreenivasaprasad, S. and Talhinhas, P. 2005. Genotypic and phenotypic diversity in Colletotrichum acutatum, a cosmopolican pathogen causing anthracnose on a wide range of host. Mol. Plant Pathol. 6: 361-378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2005.00291.x
  153. Stensvand, A., Stromeng, G. M., Langnes, R., Hjeljord, L. G. and Tronsmo, A. 2001. First report of Colletotrichum acutatum in strawberry in Norway. Plant Dis. 85: 558.
  154. Sundelin, T., Schiller, M., Lubeck, M., Jensen, D. F., Paaske, K. and Petersen, B. D. 2005. First report of anthracnose fruit rot caused by Colletotrichum acutatum on strawberry in Denmark. Plant Dis. 89: 432.
  155. Talhinhas, P., Sreenivasaprasad, S., Neves-Martins, J. and Oliveira, H. 2005. Molecular and phenotypic analyses reveal association of diverse Colletotrichum acutatum groups and a low level of C. gloeosporioides with olive anthracnose. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 2987-2998. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.6.2987-2998.2005
  156. Tian, G., Bi, Y., Sun, Z. and Zhang, L. 2015. Phenolic acids in the plow layer soil of strawberry fields and their effects on the occurrence of strawberry anthracnose. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 143: 581-594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-015-0711-y
  157. Turechek, W. W., Peres, N. A. and Werner, N. A. 2006. Pre- and post-infection activity of pyraclostrobin for control of anthracnose fruit rot of strawberry caused by Colletotrichum acutatum. Plant Dis. 90: 862-868. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-90-0862
  158. Urena-Padilla, A. R., Mitchell, D. J. and Legard, D. E. 2001. Oversummer survival of inoculum for Colletotrichum crown rot in buried strawberry crown tissue. Plant Dis. 85: 750-754. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.7.750
  159. Wang, C., Tang, Y., Qiao, N., Zhang, D., Chi, W., Liu, J. et al. 2022. First report of Colletotrichum black leaf spot on strawberry caused by Colletotrichum siamense in China. J. Phytopathol. 170: 279-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.13080
  160. Wang, N.-Y., Forcelini, B. B. and Peres, N. A. 2019. Anthracnose fruit and root necrosis of strawberry are caused by a dominant species within the Colletotrichum acutatum species complex in the United States. Phytopathology 109: 1293-1301. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-12-18-0454-R
  161. Weir, B. S., Johnston, P. R. and Damm, U. 2012. The Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex. Stud. Mycol. 73: 115-180. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0011
  162. Wilson, L. L., Madden, L. V. and Ellis, M. A. 1990. Influence of temperature and wetness duration on infection of immature and mature strawberry fruit by Colletotrichum acutatum. Phytopathology 80: 111-116. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-80-111
  163. Wilson, L. L., Madden, L. V. and Ellis, M. A. 1992. Overwinter survival of Colletotrichum acutatum in infected strawberry fruit in Ohio. Plant Dis. 76: 948-950. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-76-0948
  164. Wu, J. Y., Hu, X. R. and Zhang, C. Q. 2019. Molecular detection of QoI resistance in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing strawberry anthracnose based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. Plant Dis. 103: 1319-1325. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-18-1593-RE
  165. Xiao, C. L., MacKenzie, S. J. and Legard, D. E. 2004. Genetic and pathogenic analyses of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates from strawberry and noncultivated hosts. Phytopathology 94: 446-453. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2004.94.5.446
  166. Yang, J., Duan, K., Liu, Y., Song, L. and Gao, Q.-H. 2022. Method to detect and quantify colonization of anthracnose causal agent Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex in strawberry by real-time PCR. J. Phytopathol. 170: 326-336. https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.13082
  167. Yang, X., Madden, L. V., Reichard, D. L., Wilson, L. L. and Ellis, M. A. 1992. Splash dispersal of Colletotrichum acutatum and Phytophthora cactorum from strawberry fruit by single drop impactions. Phytopathology 82: 332-340. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-82-332
  168. Yang, X., Madden L. V., Wilson, L. L. and Ellis, M. A. 1990a. Effects of surface topography and rain intensity on splash dispersal of Colletotrichum acutatum. Phytophthology 80: 1115-1120. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-80-1115
  169. Yang, X., Wilson, L. L., Madden, L. V. and Ellis, M. A. 1990b. Rain splash dispersal of Colletotrichum acutatum from infected strawberry fruit. Phytopathology 80: 590-595. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-80-590
  170. Yonemoto, K., Miki, T., Hirota, K. and Bando, K. 2008. Suppression of transmission of Glomerlla cingulata with a hydrophilic, nonwoven fabric sheet. Jpn. J. Phytopathol. 74: 328-334. (In Japanese) https://doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.74.328
  171. Zhang, L., Song, L., Xu, X., Zou, X., Duan, K. and Gao, Q. 2020. Characterization and fungicide sensitivity of Colletotrichum species causing strawberry anthracnose in eastern China. Plant Dis. 104: 1960-1968. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-19-2241-RE
  172. Zhang, X., Batzer, J. C., Li, X., Peres, N. A. and Gleason, M. L. 2019. Validation of a Florida strawberry anthracnose fruit rot (AFR) warning system in Iowa. Plant Dis. 103: 28-33. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-17-1762-RE
  173. Zhang, X., Harrington, T. C., Batzer, J. C., Kubota, R., Peres, N. A. and Gleason, M. L. 2016. Detection of Colletotrichum acutatum sensu lato on strawberry by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Plant Dis. 100:1804-1812. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-15-1013-RE
  174. Zhang, Y., Yu, H., Hu, M., Wu, J. and Zhang, C. 2022. Fungal pathogens associated with strawberry crown rot disease in China. J. Fungi 8: 1161.
  175. Zhong, S., Miao, J., Liu, X. and Zhang, G. 2021. Characterization of Colletotrichum spp. sensitivity to carbendazim for isolates causing strawberry anthracnose in China. Plant Dis. 105: 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-20-0875-RE