Acknowledgement
This study was funded by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) under the Science for Equity and Empowerment and Development (SEED) division, project number SEED/WS/2019/351.
References
- Mah ND, Birmingham AR, Treu CN, Bodkin RP, Awad NI, Acquisto NM. Sexually transmitted infection review for the acute care pharmacist. J Pharm Pract. 2020;33(1):63-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0897190018764567
- Sarkar S, Patra AC, Srinivas P, Ghosh A, Kushbaha G, Saha S. Pattern of sexually transmitted infections: a profile from a rural- and tribal-based sexually transmitted infections clinic of a tertiary care hospital of Eastern India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2018;7(5):1042-6. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_80_17
- Behzadi P, Behzadi E, Pawlak-Adamska EA. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) or genital tract infections (GTIs)? It's the diagnostics that count. GMS Hyg Infect Control. 2019;14:Doc14.
- Bhalla P, Sethi K, Reddy BS, Mathur MD. Antimicrobial susceptibility and plasmid profile of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in India (New Delhi). Sex Transm Infect. 1998;74(3):210-2. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.74.3.210
- Ray K, Bala M, Kumar J, Misra RS. Trend of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae at New Delhi, India. Int J STD AIDS. 2000;11(2):115-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/095646240001100209
- Chaudhry U, Saluja D. Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by PCR using orf1 gene as target. Sex Transm Infect. 2002;78(1):72.
- Rao VG, Anvikar A, Savargaonkar D, Bhat J, Yadav R, Tiwary BK, et al. Prevalence of sexually transmitted disease syndromes in tribal population of central India. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2009;63(10):805-6. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2008.082909
- Sharma P, Netam AK, Singh R. Prevalence and in vitro antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial strains isolated from tribal women suffering from urinary tract infections in District Anuppur, Madhya Pradesh, India. Biomed Res Ther. 2020;7(8):3944-53. https://doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v7i8.625
- Levy SB, Marshall B. Antibacterial resistance worldwide: causes, challenges and responses. Nat Med. 2004;10(12 Suppl):S122-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1145
- Sonkar SC, Wasnik K, Kumar A, Sharma V, Mittal P, Mishra PK, et al. Evaluating the utility of syndromic case management for three sexually transmitted infections in women visiting hospitals in Delhi, India. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1465.
- Unemo M, Shafer WM. Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the 21st century: past, evolution, and future. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(3):587-613. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00010-14
- Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(3):268-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x
- Yadav RNS, Agarwala M. Phytochemical analysis of some medicinal plants. J phytol. 2011;3(12):10-4.
- Sagar PK, Sharma P, Singh R. Inhibition of quorum sensing regulated virulence factors and biofilm formation by Eucalyptus globulus against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Pharmacopuncture. 2022;25(1):37-45. https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2022.25.1.37
- Gadisa E, Tadesse E. Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants used for urinary tract infections in pastoralist community in Ethiopia. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021;21(1):74.
- Rajandeep K, Suman K, Anil SK. Medicinal plants for the treatment of sexual transmitted diseases. Int J Pharm Innov. 2012;2(3):13-23.
- Vaou N, Stavropoulou E, Voidarou C, Tsigalou C, Bezirtzoglou E. Towards advances in medicinal plant antimicrobial activity: a review study on challenges and future perspectives. Microorganisms. 2021;9(10):2041.
- Hossan S, Agarwala B, Sarwar S, Karim M, Jahan R, Rahmatullah M. Traditional use of medicinal plants in Bangladesh to treat urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases. Ethnobot Res Appl. 2010;8:61-74. https://doi.org/10.17348/era.8.0.61-74
- Kamatenesi-Mugisha M, Oryem-Origa H, Odyek O, Makawiti DW. Medicinal plants used in the treatment of fungal and bacterial infections in and around Queen Elizabeth Biosphere Reserve, Western Uganda. Afr J Ecol. 2008;46(S1):90-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.00935.x
- Ajibesin KK, Bala DN, Umoh UF. The use of medicinal plants to treat sexually transmitted diseases in Nigeria: ethnomedicinal survey of Niger Delta Region. Int J Green Pharm. 2011;5(3):181-91. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-8258.91224
- Mongalo NI, Raletsena MV. An inventory of South African medicinal plants used in the management of sexually transmitted and related opportunistic infections: an appraisal and some scientific evidence (1990-2020). Plants (Basel). 2022;11(23):3241.
- Tewari R, Kumar V, Sharma HK. Physical and chemical characteristics of different cultivars of Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis). J Food Sci Technol. 2019;56(3):1641-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03595-y
- Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) International, Latimer GW. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. 19th ed. Gaithersburg: AOAC International; 2012.
- Singh R, Chandra R, Bose M, Luthra PM. Antibacterial activity of Curcuma longa rhizome extract on pathogenic bacteria. Curr Sci. 2002;83(6):737-40.
- Hui YH. Handbook of fruit and vegetable flavors. Hoboken: Wiley; 2010. 1095 p.
- Hussain SZ, Naseer B, Qadri, T, Fatima T, Bhat TA. Citrus fruits-morphology, taxonomy, composition and health benefits. In: Hussain SZ, Naseer B, Qadri, T, Fatima T, Bhat TA, editors. Fruits grown in highland regions of the Himalayas. Cham: Springer; 2021. p. 229-44.
- Gul M, Liu ZW, Iahtisham-Ul-Haq, Rabail R, Faheem F, Walayat N, et al. Functional and nutraceutical significance of amla (Phyllanthus emblica L.): a review. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022;11(5):816.
- Khurana SK, Tiwari R, Sharun K, Yatoo MI, Gugjoo MB, Dhama K. Emblica officinalis (Amla) with a particular focus on its antimicrobial potentials: a review. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2019;13(4):1995-2012. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.13.4.11
- Liu Y, Heying E, Tanumihardjo SA. History, global distribution, and nutritional importance of citrus fruits. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2012;11(6):530-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2012.00201.x
- Satpal D, Kaur J, Bhadariya V, Sharma K. Actinidia deliciosa (Kiwi fruit): a comprehensive review on the nutritional composition, health benefits, traditional utilization, and commercialization. J Food Process Preserv. 2021;45(6):e15588.
- Hossain MF, Akhtar S, Anwar M. Nutritional value and medicinal benefits of pineapple. Int J Nutr Food Sci. 2015;4(1):84-8. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20150401.22
- Banerjee S, Ray Pal S. Inhibitory and complementary therapeutic effect of sweet lime (Citrus limetta) against RNA-viruses. J Prev Med Holistic Health. 2021;7(1):37-44. https://doi.org/10.18231/j.jpmhh.2021.009
- Hazra B, Sarkar R, Biswas S, Mandal N. Comparative study of the antioxidant and reactive oxygen species scavenging properties in the extracts of the fruits of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica and Emblica officinalis. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2010;10:20.
- Potdar S, Nagesh L, Goud R S. Antimicrobial efficacy of Emblica Officinalis fruit extracts on S. Mutans, E. Faecalis and C. Albicans. Adv Hum Biol. 2014;4(1):26-30.
- Shuaib MJ, Shailabi TI, Borwis EO, Muhammed AS. Antimicrobial activity evaluation of citrus lemon against Streptococcus pyogenes and Escherichia coli. IOSR J Pharm. 2021;11(12):11-6.
- Schwarz S, Silley P, Simjee S, Woodford N, van Duijkeren E, Johnson AP, et al. Editorial: assessing the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria obtained from animals. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65(4):601-4. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkq037
- Tronchin G, Pihet M, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Bouchara JP. Adherence mechanisms in human pathogenic fungi. Med Mycol. 2008;46(8):749-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/13693780802206435
- Thaweboon B, Thaweboon S. Effect of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. on candida adhesion to oral epithelium and denture acrylic. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011;4(1):41-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60029-1