Journal of the Health Care and Life Science (보건의료생명과학 논문지)

The Korean Society of Medical Informatics Education (한국의료정보교육협회)
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Review of Research Status on the Impact of Oral Microorganisms on Periodontal Disease and Systemic Health

구강 미생물이 치주질환 및 전신건강에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 현황 고찰

  • Sun-Mee Kim (Dept. of Dental Laboratory Technology, Hyejeon College) ;
  • Eun-Ja Kwon (Dept. of Dental Laboratory Technology, Hyejeon College) ;
  • Esther Choi (Dept. of Dental Laboratory Technology, Hyejeon College)
  • Received : 2023.09.08
  • Accepted : 2023.10.15
  • Published : 2023.12.31
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Abstract

Oral diseases have been reported to affect approximately 3.5 billion people worldwide, and in Korea, gingivitis and periodontal disease ranked first in the most frequent diseases from 2019 to 2021. Microorganisms that cause oral diseases include not only some bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus gordonii, Leptotrichia buccalis, Prevotella, and Treponema, but also fungi Candida albicans and archaea Methanobrevibacter oralis. In the process by which oral microorganisms cause periodontal disease, bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans first proliferate to form a biofilm, and then obligate anaerobes, opportunistic bacteria, and pathogens attach, proliferate and settles down, forming plaque in the subgingival area of the host with weakened immunity. In this way, various interactions within the community are important in causing oral disease. Furthermore, substances and inflammation resulting from oral microorganisms and oral diseases are closely related to the occurrence of digestive diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cognitive function, rheumatoid arthritis, premature birth, and cancer, and vice versa.

구강질환은 전 세계적으로 약 35억 명의 인구에 영향을 미치는 것으로 보고되었고, 국내에서 치은염 및 치주질환이 2019년부터 2021년까지 다빈도 상병 1위를 차지하였다. 구강질환을 일으키는 대표적인 박테리아로 Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus gordonii, Leptotrichia buccalis, Prevotella, Treponema 등이 있고, 진균류로는 Candida albicans, 고세균으로 Methanobrevibacter oralis 등이 있다. 구강 미생물이 치주질환을 일으키는 과정을 살펴보면, Streptococcus mutans 와 같은 박테리아가 먼저 증식하여 바이오필름을 형성하고, 이어서 절대혐기성 미생물, 기회감염균 및 병원균이 부착하여 증식하면서 숙주의 치은연하에 치태를 형성하며 정착하게 된다. 이처럼 마이크로바이옴 군집 내 다양한 상호작용이 구강질환 발생에 중요하다. 나아가서 구강 미생물과 구강질환으로 인하여 생성된 물질 및 염증이 소화기질환, 당뇨병, 심혈관질환, 인지기능, 류마티스 관절염, 조산, 암과 같은 질환 발생과 밀접한 관련성이 있으며, 한편으로 이러한 질환들이 구강질환을 일으키는 원인이 된다.

Keywords

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