Earthquakes and Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Damage evaluation of masonry buildings during Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) earthquakes on February 06, 2023

  • Ercan Isik (Department of Civil Engineering, Bitlis Eren University) ;
  • Aydin Buyuksarac (Can Vocational School, Canakkale Onsekizmart University) ;
  • Fatih Avcil (Department of Civil Engineering, Bitlis Eren University) ;
  • Enes Arkan (Department of Civil Engineering, Bitlis Eren University) ;
  • M.Cihan Aydin (Department of Civil Engineering, Bitlis Eren University) ;
  • Ali Emre Ulu (Department of Civil Engineering, Bitlis Eren University)
  • Received : 2023.03.15
  • Accepted : 2023.08.22
  • Published : 2023.09.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The Mw=7.7 (Pazarcık-Kahramanmaraş) and Mw=7.6 (Elbistan-Kahramanmaraş) earthquakes that occurred in Türkiye on 06.02.2023 with 9 hours' intervals, caused great losses of life and property as the biggest catastrophe in the instrumental period. The earthquakes affecting an area of 14% of the country were enormous and caused a great deal of loss of life and damage. Numerous buildings have collapsed or damaged at different levels, both in the city centers and in rural areas. Within the scope of this study, masonry structure damage built from different types of materials in the earthquake region was taken into consideration. In this study, the damage and causes of such masonry structures that do not generally receive engineering services were examined and explained in detail. Insufficient interlocking between wall-wall and wall-roof, inadequate masonry, lack of horizontal and vertical bond beams, usage of low-strength materials, poor workmanship, and heavy earthen roof are commonly caused to structural damages. Separation at the corner point and out-of-plane mechanism in structural walls, and heavy earthen roof damages are common types of damage in masonry structures.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The research described in this paper was financially supported partially by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK-123D055).

References

  1. Ademovic, N., Kalman Sipos, T. and Hadzima-Nyarko, M. (2020), "Rapid assessment of earthquake risk for Bosnia and Herzegovina", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 18, 1835-1863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00775-1. 
  2. Ademovic, N., Demir, V., Cvijic-Amulic, S., Malek, J., Prachar, I. and Vackar, J. (2021), "Compilation of the seismic hazard maps in Bosnia and Herzegovina", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 141, 106500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106500. 
  3. Ademovic, N., Hadzima-Nyarko, M. and Zagora, N. (2020), "Seismic vulnerability assessment of masonry buildings in Banja Luka and Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina) using the macroseismic model", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 18, 3897-3933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00846-8. 
  4. Ademovic, N., Toholj, M., Radonic, D., Casarin, F., Komesar, S. and Ugarkovic, K. (2022), "Post-earthquake assessment and strengthening of a cultural-heritage residential masonry building after the 2020 Zagreb Earthquake", Build., 12(11), 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12112024. 
  5. Adhikari, R.K. and D'Ayala, D. (2020), "2015 Nepal earthquake: Seismic performance and post-earthquake reconstruction of stone in mud mortar masonry buildings", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 18, 3863-3896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00834-y. 
  6. AFAD (2018), Turkish Earthquake Hazard Map, Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency, Ankara, Turkiye.
  7. Akkaya, I., Ozvan, A., Tapan, M. And Sengul, M.A. (2015), "Determining the site effects of 23 October 2011 earthquake (Van province, Turkey) on the rural areas using HVSR microtremor method", J. Earth Syst. Sci., 124, 1429-1443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-015-0626-1. 
  8. Aksoy, E., Inceoz, M. and Kocyigit, A. (2007), "Lake Hazar basin: A negative fower structure on the east Anatolian fault system (EAFS), SE Turkey", Turk. J. Earth Sci., 16(3), 319-338. 
  9. Alkan, H., Buyuksarac, A., Bektas, O . and Isik, E. (2021), "Coulomb stress change before and after 24.01. 2020 Sivrice (Elazig) Earthquake (Mw=6.8) on the East Anatolian Fault Zone", Arab. J. Geosci., 14(23), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-09080-1. 
  10. Anonymous (2023), https://tadas.afad.gov.tr/event-detail/15499. 
  11. Anonymous (2023), https://tadas.afad.gov.tr/event-detail/15512. 
  12. Arun, G. (2005), "Yigma kagir yapi davranisi", Yigma Yapilarin Deprem Guvenliginin Arttirilmasi Calistayi, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, Ankara, Turkiye.
  13. Balan, S.F., Tiganescu, A., Apostol, B.F. and Danet, A. (2020), "Post-earthquake warning for Vrancea seismic source based on code spectral acceleration exceedance", Earthq. Struct., 17(4), 365-372. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2019.17.4.365. 
  14. Bayulke, N. (2011). "Yigma yapilarin deprem davranisi ve guvenligi", Turkiye Deprem Muhendisligi ve Sismoloji Konferansi, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, Ankara, Turkiye.
  15. Bicen, V.S., Isik, E., Arkan, E. and Ulu, A.E. (2020), "A study on determination of regional earthquake risk distribution of masonry structures", ArtGRID- J. Archit. Eng. Fine Arts, 2(2), 74-86. 
  16. Bilgin, H., Hadzima-Nyarko, M., Isik, E., Ozmen, H.B. and Harirchian, E. (2022), "A comparative study on the seismic provisions of different codes for RC buildings", Struct. Eng. Mech., 83(2), 195-206. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2022.83.2.195. 
  17. Bilgin, H. and Huta, E. (2018), "Earthquake performance assessment of low and mid-rise buildings: Emphasis on URM buildings in Albania", Earthq. Struct., 14(6), 599-614. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2018.14.6.000. 
  18. Bilgin, H., Shkodrani, N., Hysenlliu, M., Ozmen, H.B., Isik, E. and Harirchian, E. (2022), "Damage and performance evaluation of masonry buildings constructed in 1970s during the 2019 Albania earthquakes", Eng. Fail. Anal., 131, 105824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105824. 
  19. Buyuksarac, A., Isik, E. and Harirchian, E. (2021), "A case study for determination of seismic risk priorities in Van (Eastern Turkey)", Earthq. Struct., 20(4), 445-455. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2021.20.4.445. 
  20. Cattari, S., Degli Abbati, S., Ottonelli, D., Marano, C., Camata, G., Spacone, E. and Spina, D. (2019), "Discussion on data recorded by the Italian structural seismic monitoring network on three masonry structures hit by the 2016-2017 Central Italy earthquake", Proc. Compdyn., 1, 1889-1906.  https://doi.org/10.7712/120119.7044.20004
  21. Caglar, N., Bayhan, B., Avci, E., Kocakaplan, S., Ozen, S., Yildirim, E. and Sakcali, G.B. (2023), "6 subat 2023 kahramanamaras depremleri inceleme ve degerlendirme raporu", Deprem Muhendisligi Uygulama ve Arastirma Merkezi, Bursa Teknik Universitesi, Bursa, Turkiye.
  22. Caglar, N., Vural, I., Kirtel, O., Saribiyik, A. and Sumer, Y. (2023), "Structural damages observed in buildings after the January 24, 2020 Elazig-Sivrice earthquake in Turkiye", Case Stud. Constr. Mater., 18, e01886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e01886. 
  23. Caglar, N., Kirtel, O., Vural, I., Sumer, Y. and Saribiyik, A. (2020), "24 ocak 2020 Mw 6.8 elazig-Sivrice depremi inceleme ve degerlendirme raporu", Deprem Calismalari Uygulama ve Arastirma Merkezi-DAMER, Sakarya Uygulamali Bilimler Universitesi, Sakarya, Turkiye. 
  24. Celebi, E., Aktas, M., Caglar, N., Ozocak, A., Kutanis, M., Mert, N. and Ozcan, Z. (2013), "October 23, 2011 Turkey/Van-Ercis earthquake: Structural damages in the residential buildings", Nat. Hazard., 65, 2287-2310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0478-9. 
  25. Cirak, I.F. (2011), "Damages observed in masonry structures, causes and recommendations", SDU Int. Techn. Sci., 3(2), 55-60. 
  26. Combey, A., Mercerat, D.E., Gueguen, P., Langlais, M. and Audin, L. (2022), "Postseismic survey of a historic masonry tower and monitoring of its dynamic behavior in the aftermath of Le Teil earthquake (Ardeche, France)", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 112(2), 1101-1119. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120210258. 
  27. Debnath, P., Halder, L. and Dutta, S.C. (2022), "Damage survey and seismic vulnerability assessment of unreinforced masonry structures in low-intensity Ambasa earthquake of northeast India", Struct., 44, 372-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.08.005. 
  28. Ferrero, C., Lourenco, P.B. and Calderini, C. (2020), "Nonlinear modeling of unreinforced masonry structures under seismic actions: validation using a building hit by the 2016 Central Italy earthquake", Fract. Struct. Integr., 14(51), 92-114. https://doi.org/10.3221/IGF-ESIS.51.08. 
  29. Godinez-Dominguez, E.A., Tena-Colunga, A., Perez-Rocha, L.E., Archundia-Aranda, H.I., Gomez- Bernal, A., Ruiz-Torres, R.P. and Escamilla-Cruz, J.L. (2021), "The September 7, 2017 Tehuantepec, Mexico, earthquake: Damage assessment in masonry structures for housing", Int. J. Dis. Risk Reduct., 56, 102123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102123. 
  30. Hadzima-Nyarko, M., Pavic, G. and Lesic, M. (2016), "Seismic vulnerability of old confined masonry buildings in Osijek, Croatia", Earthq. Struct., 11(4), 629-648. http://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2016.11.4.000. 
  31. Hadzima-Nyarko, M., Ademovic, N., Pavic, G. and Sipos, T.K. (2018), "Strengthening techniques for masonry structures of cultural heritage according to recent Croatian provisions", Earthq. Struct., 15(5), 473-485. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2018.15.5.473. 
  32. Idris, Y., Cummins, P., Rusydy, I., Muksin, U., Syamsidik, Habibie, M.Y. and Meilianda, E. (2022), "Post-earthquake damage assessment after the 6.5 mw earthquake on December 7th 2016 in Pidie Jaya, Indonesia", J. Earthq. Eng., 26(1), 409-426. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2019.1689868. 
  33. Isik, E., Isik, M.F. and Bulbul, M.A. (2017), "Web based evaluation of earthquake damages for reinforced concrete buildings", Earthq. Struct., 13(4), 387-396. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2017.13.4.387. 
  34. Isik, E., Ulu, A.E., Buyuksarac, A. and Aydin, M.C. (2022), "A study on damages in masonry structures and determination of damage levels in the 2020 Sivrice (Elazig) earthquake", Advanced Technologies, Systems, and Applications VII: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Innovative and Interdisciplinary Applications of Advanced Technologies (IAT) 2022, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, June. 
  35. Isik, E., Aydin, M.C. and Buyuksarac, A. (2020), "24 January 2020 Sivrice (Elazig) earthquake damages and determination of earthquake parameters in the region", Earthq. Struct., 19(2), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2020.19.2.145. 
  36. Isik, E., Harirchian, E., Buyuksarac, A. and Ekinci, Y.L. (2021), "Seismic and structural analyses of the eastern anatolian region (Turkey) using different probabilities of exceedance", Appl. Syst. Innov., 4(4), 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4040089. 
  37. Isik, E., Avcil, F., Buyuksarac, A., Izol, R., Arslan, M.H., Aksoylu, C., Harirchian, E., Eyisuren, O., Arkan, E., Gungur, M.S., Gunay, M. and Ulutas, H. (2023), "Structural damages in masonry buildings in Adiyaman during the Kahramanmaras (Turkiye) earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6) on 06 February 2023", Eng. Fail. Anal., 2023, 107405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107405. 
  38. Isik, E., Avcil, F., Arkan, E., Buyuksarac, A., Izol, R. and Topalan, M. (2023), "Structural damage evaluation of mosques and minarets in Adiyaman due to the 06 February 2023 Kahramanmaras Earthquakes", Eng. Fail. Anal., 2023, 107345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107345. 
  39. Isik, E. (2023), "Structural failures of adobe buildings during the February 2023 Kahramanmaras (Turkiye) earthquakes", Appl. Sci., 13(15), 8937. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13158937. 
  40. Inel, M., Ozmen, H.B. and Bilgin, H. (2008), "Re-evaluation of building damage during recent earthquakes in Turkey", Eng. Struct., 30(2), 412-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.04.012. 
  41. Jimenez, B., Saloustros, S. and Pela, L. (2021), "Seismic vulnerability index method for hybrid timber- masonry structures. Numerical calibration and application to the city of Valparaiso, Chile", J. Build. Eng., 44, 103185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103185. 
  42. Karaman, E. (1999), "17 Agustos 1909 Golcuk-Arifiye depremi ve yer bilimleri", Yer Bilimleri Haber Bulteni, 1, 14-26. 
  43. Karasin, A. and O ncu, M.E. (2009), "Evaluation of earthquake safety of multi-storey masonry buildings", Dogu Anadolu Arastirmalari Dergisi, 2009, 63-68. 
  44. Karasin, I.B., Eren, B. and Isik, E. (2016), "Mevcut bir yigma yapinin farkli hizli degerlendirme yontemleri ile degerlendirilmesi", Dicle Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitusu Dergisi, 5(2), 70-76. 
  45. Kocaman, I. (2023), "The effect of the Kahramanmaras earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6) on historical masonry mosques and minarets", Eng. Fail. Anal., 149, 107225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107225. 
  46. Koc, V. (2016), "Depreme maruz kalmis yigma ve kirsal yapi davranislarinin incelenerek yigma yapi yapiminda dikkat edilmesi gereken kurallarin derlenmesi", Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitusu Dergisi, 2(1), 36-57.  https://doi.org/10.28979/comufbed.307874
  47. Kocer, M. and Unal, A. (2023), "RC structural damages observed after October 30, 2020, Seferihisar-IZMIR. Earthquake and analytical evaluation of existing sample RC buildings", Nat. Hazard., 2023, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-05858-6. 
  48. Korkmaz, A., C arhoglu, A.I., Orhon, A.V. and Nuhoglu, A. (2014), "Farkli yapisal malzeme ozelliklerinin yigma yapi davranisina etkisi", Nevsehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 3(1), 69-78.  https://doi.org/10.17100/nevbiltek.210913
  49. Lei, J. and Zhao, D. (2007), "Teleseismic evidence for a break-off subducting slab under Eastern Turkey", Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 257(1-2), 14-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.02.011. 
  50. Li, S., Yu, T. and Jia, J. (2019), "Empirical seismic vulnerability and damage of bottom frame seismic wall masonry structure: A case study in Dujiangyan (China) region", Int. J. Eng., 32(9), 1260-1268.  https://doi.org/10.5829/ije.2019.32.09c.05
  51. Lulic, L., Ozic, K., Kisicek, T., Hafner, I. and Stepinac, M. (2021), "post-earthquake damage assessment- Case study of the educational building after the Zagreb earthquake", Sustainab., 13(11), 6353. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116353. 
  52. Mercimek, O. (2023), "Seismic failure modes of masonry structures exposed to Kahramanmaras earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and 7.6) on February 6, 2023", Eng. Fail. Anal., 2023, 107422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107422. 
  53. Miranda, E., Brzev, S., Bijelic, N., Arbanas, Z., Bartolac, M., Jagodnik, V. and Robertson, I. (2021), "Petrinja, Croatia December 29, 2020, Mw 6.4 Earthquake Joint Reconnaissance Report (JRR)", ETH Zurich, Switzerland. 
  54. Nemutlu, O.F., Balun, B. And Sari, A. (2021), "Damag assessment of buildings after 24 January 2020 Elazig-Sivrice earthquake", Earthq. Struct., 20(3), 325. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2021.20.3.325. 
  55. Oyguc, R.A. (2017), "2011 Van depremlerinden sonra yigma yapilarda gozlemlenen hasarlar", Balikesir universitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitusu Dergisi, 19(2), 296-315.  https://doi.org/10.25092/baunfbed.348482
  56. Ozluk, M.H., Isik, E., Gunsel, E., Buyuksarac, A. and Aydin, M.C. (2019), "Investigation of damages on masonry structures in February 2019 Ayvacik Earthquake", 1. Uluslararasi Uygulamali Bilimler Kongresi, Diyarbakir, Turkey. 
  57. Ozturk, M., Arslan, M.H. and Korkmaz, H.H. (2023), "Effect on RC buildings of 6 February 2023 Turkey earthquake doublets and new doctrines for seismic design", Eng. Fail. Anal., 2023, 107521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107521. 
  58. Qu, Z., Zhu, B., Cao, Y. and Fu, H. (2022), "Rapid report of seismic damage to buildings in the 2022 M 6.8 Luding earthquake, China", Earthq. Res. Adv., 2022, 100180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eqrea.2022.100180. 
  59. Park, H.J., Ha, J.G., Kim, S.H. and Jo, S.S. (2019), "Seismic performance of ancient masonry structures in Korea rediscovered in 2016 M 5.8 Gyeongju earthquake", Sustainab., 11(6), 1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061565. 
  60. Sayin, E., Yon, B., Calayir, Y. and Karaton, M. (2013), "Failures of masonry and adobe buildings during the June 23, 2011 Maden-(Elazig) earthquake in Turkey", Eng. Fail. Anal., 34, 779-791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2012.10.016. 
  61. Sezen, H., Whittaker, A.S., Elwood, K.J. Amd Mosalam, K.M. (2003), "Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the August 17, 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake, and seismic design and construction practise in Turkey", Eng. Struct., 25(1), 103-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00121-9. 
  62. Strukar, K., Sipos, T.K., Jelec, M. and Hadzima-Nyarko, M. (2019), "Efficient damage assessment for selected earthquake records based on spectral matching", Earthq. Struct., 17(3), 271-282. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2019.17.3.271. 
  63. Tabrizikahou, A., Hadzima-Nyarko, M., Kuczma, M. and Lozancic, S. (2021), "Application of shape memory alloys in retrofitting of masonry and heritage structures based on their vulnerability revealed in the Bam 2003 earthquake", Mater., 14(16), 4480. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164480. 
  64. TADAS (2023a), https://tadas.afad.gov.tr/event-detail/17966. 
  65. TADAS (2023b), https://tadas.afad.gov.tr/event-detail/17969. 
  66. Tapan, M., Comert, M., Demir, C., Sayan, Y., Orakcal, K. and Ilki, A. (2013), "Failures of structures during the October 23, 2011 Tabanli (Van) and November 9, 2011 Edremit (Van) earthquakes in Turkey", Eng. Fail. Anal., 34, 606-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.02.013. 
  67. TBEC-2018 (2018), Turkish Building Earthquake Code, T.C. Resmi Gazete, Ankara, Turkey. 
  68. T.R. Precidency (2023), https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wpcontent/uploads/2023/03/2023-Kahramanmaras-ve-HatayDepremleri-Raporu.pdf. 
  69. Ural, A., Dogangun, A., Sezen, H. and Angin, Z. (2012), "Seismic performance of masonry buildings during the 2007 Bala, Turkey earthquakes", Nat. Hazard., 60, 1013-1026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-9887-4. 
  70. Utkucu, M., Durmus, H., Yalcin, H., Budakoglu, E. and Isik, E. (2013), "Coulomb static stress changes before and after the 23 October 2011 Van, eastern Turkey, earthquake (Mw=7.1): Implications for the earthquake hazard mitigation", Nat. Hazard. Earth Syst. Sci., 13(7), 1889-1902. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1889-2013. 
  71. Vlachakis, G.; Vlachaki, E. and Lourenco, P.B. (2020), "Learning from failure: Damage and failure of masonry structures, after the 2017 Lesvos earthquake (Greece)", Eng. Fail. Anal., 117, 104803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104803. 
  72. Yakut, A., Sucuoglu, H., Binici, B., Canbay, E., Donmez, C., Ilki, A and Ay, B.O. (2021), "Performance of structures in Izmir after the Samos Island earthquake", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 20, 7793-7818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01226-6.