Acknowledgement
This work was supported by grants from the World Institute of Kimchi (KE2201-1).
References
- Choi MK. Consumption status of foods using kimchi by Korean adults: analysis of the 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Korean J Food Cookery Sci 2018; 34(3): 319-326. https://doi.org/10.9724/kfcs.2018.34.3.319
- Kim EK, Park YK, Ju SY, Choi EO. A study on the kimchi consumption of Korean adults: using Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010~2012). J Korean Soc Food Cult 2015; 30(4): 406-412. https://doi.org/10.7318/KJFC/2015.30.4.406
- Park J, Lee HJ. Shifts in kimchi consumption between 2005 and 2015 by region and income level in the Korean population: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005, 2015). Korean J Community Nutr 2017; 22(2): 145-158. https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.2.145
- Lee KH, Bong YJ, Lee HA, Kim HY, Park KY. Probiotic effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides isolated from kimchi. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 2016; 45(1): 12-19. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2016.45.1.012
- Song S, Lee HJ, Kim JH, Oh S. Probiotic characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolated from home-made kimchi and infant feces. Curr Top Lact Acid Bact Probiotics 2015; 3(2): 76-88. https://doi.org/10.35732/ctlabp.2015.3.2.76
- Yoon JA, Lee YJ, Park EH, Chung BH, Kim MD. Health-promoting properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi: a review. J Agric Life Environ Sci 2021; 33(3): 237-249.
- Lee SM, Cho Y, Chung HK, Shin DH, Ha WK, Lee SC, et al. Effects of kimchi supplementation on blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy with varying sodium content in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Nutr Res Pract 2012; 6(4): 315-321. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2012.6.4.315
- Park HR, Jeong GO, Lee SL, Kim JY, Kang SA, Park KY, et al. Workers intake too much salt from dishes of eating out and food service cafeterias; direct chemical analysis of sodium content. Nutr Res Pract 2009; 3(4): 328-333. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2009.3.4.328
- Song HJ, Lee HJ. Consumption of kimchi, a salt fermented vegetable, is not associated with hypertension prevalence. J Ethn Foods 2014; 1(1): 8-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jef.2014.11.004
- Hwang ES, Kim HS, Kim SH, Ko HJ, Lee MY, Yoon EK. Quality and sensory characteristics of commercial kimchi according to sodium contents. Korean J Food Sci Technol 2016; 48(5): 413-417. https://doi.org/10.9721/KJFST.2016.48.5.413
- Yu KW, Hwang JH. Fermentative characteristics of low-sodium kimchi prepared with salt replacement. Korean J Food Nutr 2011; 24(4): 753-760. https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2011.24.4.753
- Song WJ, Chung HY, Kang DH, Ha JW. Microbial quality of reduced-sodium napa cabbage kimchi and its processing. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7(2): 628-635. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.898
- Kwon JH, Shim JE, Park MK, Paik HY. Evaluation of fruits and vegetables intake for prevention of chronic disease in Korean adults aged 30 years and over: using the Third Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES III), 2005. Korean J Nutr 2009; 42(2): 146-157. https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2009.42.2.146
- Kim EK, Ha AW, Choi EO, Ju SY. Analysis of kimchi, vegetable and fruit consumption trends among Korean adults: data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998-2012). Nutr Res Pract 2016; 10(2): 188-197. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2016.10.2.188
- Kim H, Oh SY, Kang MH, Kim KN, Kim Y, Chang N. Association between kimchi intake and asthma in Korean adults: the fourth and fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2011). J Med Food 2014; 17(1): 172-178. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2013.3013
- Kim EH, Kim SR. A survey on the notion and intake of kimchi among college women. Korean J Food Nutr 1998; 11(5): 513-520.
- Lee SY, Song YO, Han ES, Han JS. Comparative study on dietary habits, food intakes, and serum lipid levels according to kimchi consumption in college students. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 2012; 41(3): 351-361. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2012.41.3.351
- Bae YJ, Lee KH, Yu K. Fruit consumption by fruit type and its relation to metabolic factors in Korean adults. Korean J Food Nutr 2020; 33(6): 721-731.
- Baek Y, Kweon S, Oh K. Energy and nutrient intakes from fruit in Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Public Health Wkly Rep 2015; 8(33): 777-780.
- Baek Y, Joung H, Shin S. The association between vegetable intake and marital status in Korean adults aged 30 years and over: based on the 2007~2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Nutr Health 2015; 48(2): 192-198. https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2015.48.2.192
- Choi JS, Ki SM, Park HY, Hong SM. A study on the eating habits and dietary consciousness of adults in urban area. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 2003; 32(7): 1132-1146. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2003.32.7.1132
- Shin KO, Choi KS. The comparison of health and nutrient intakes between male smokers and nonsmokers. Korean J Food Nutr 2013; 26(4): 713-724. https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2013.26.4.713
- Song Y, Joung H. A traditional Korean dietary pattern and metabolic syndrome abnormalities. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22(5): 456-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2010.09.002
- Kim JS, Ahn SH, Son SM. Risk of metabolic syndrome according to intake of white rice and kimchi in Korean adults: based on the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013-2015. Korean J Community Nutr 2018; 23(6): 525-537. https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.6.525
- Stea TH, Nordheim O, Bere E, Stornes P, Eikemo TA. Fruit and vegetable consumption in Europe according to gender, educational attainment and regional affiliation-A cross-sectional study in 21 European countries. PLoS One 2020; 15(5): e0232521.
- Rehm CD, Penalvo JL, Afshin A, Mozaffarian D. Dietary intake among US adults, 1999-2012. JAMA 2016; 315(23): 2542-2553. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.7491
- Kim MH. Metabolic risk and nutrient intake by nutrition education in Korean adult men: result from the 2016~2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Korean J Food Nutr 2019; 32(3): 251-258.
- Lee J, Shin A. Vegetable and fruit intake in one person household: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010~2012). J Nutr Health 2015; 48(3): 269-276. https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2015.48.3.269
- Kang NY, Jung BM. Analysis of the difference in nutrients intake, dietary behaviors and food intake frequency of single- and non single-person households: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2014-2016. Korean J Community Nutr 2019; 24(1): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.1.1
- Ha JK, Lee S. The effect of health-related habitual consumption and lifetime on subjective health of one person households: focusing on comparison between non-one person households and generations. Hum Ecol Rev 2017; 55(2): 141-152.