Animal Bioscience

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of reducing dietary crude protein level on growth performance, blood profiles, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, and odor emissions in growing-finishing pigs

  • Aaron Niyonsaba (Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University) ;
  • Xing Hao Jin (Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University) ;
  • Yoo Yong Kim (Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University)
  • Received : 2023.04.25
  • Accepted : 2023.06.14
  • Published : 2023.10.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a low-protein diet on growth performance, carcass traits, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and odor emissions in growing-finishing pigs. Methods: A total of 126 crossbred pigs ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) with an average body weight (BW) of 38.56±0.53 kg were used for a 14-week feeding trial. Experimental pigs were allotted to one of 6 treatments in 3 replicates of 7 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were fed each treatment diet with different levels of crude protein (CP). Phase 1 (early growing): 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%; phase 2 (late growing): 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%; phase 3 (early finishing): 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%; phase 4 (late finishing): 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%. All experimental diets in each phase were contained the same concentration of lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), threonine (Thr), and tryptophan (Trp). Results: Over the entire experimental period, there was no significant difference in BW, average daily feed intake, and gain-to-feed ratio among all treatments (p>0.05), but a quadratic effect (p = 0.04) was observed in average daily gain (ADG) during the late finishing phase with higher ADG in Group D. Blood urea nitrogen concentration linearly increased with an increase in dietary CP levels (p<0.01). Regarding nutrient digestibility, excreted nitrogen in urine and feces and nitrogen retention linearly increased as the CP level increased (p<0.01). A linear effect was observed with increasing CP levels in amines, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide in odor emissions (p<0.01). No significant effects were observed in the measurements of carcass traits and meat characteristics (p>0.05). Conclusion: In phase feeding, reducing the CP level to 14% in early-growing pigs, 13% in late-growing pigs, 12% in early-finishing pigs, and 11% in late-finishing pigs is recommended.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (IPET) through the Livestock Industrialization Technology Development Program, funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) (Project No. 321080-3).

References

  1. Houmard NM, Mainville JL, Bonin CP, Huang S, Luethy MH, Malvar TM. High lysine corn generated by endosperm-specific suppression of lysine catabolism using RNAi. Plant Biotechnol J 2007;5:605-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7652.2007.00265.x
  2. Chen HY, Yi XW, Zhang GJ, et al. Studies on reducing nitrogen excretion: I. net energy requirement of finishing pigs maximizing performance and carcass quality fed low crude protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2011;2:84-93.
  3. Zhao Y, Tian G, Chen D, et al. Effect of different dietary protein levels and amino acids supplementation patterns on growth performance, carcass characteristics and nitrogen excretion in growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019;10:75. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-019-0381-2
  4. Yue LY, Qiao SY. Effects of low-protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids on performance and intestinal development in piglets over the first 2 weeks after weaning. Livest Sci 2008;115:144-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.06.018
  5. Li N, Xie CY, Zeng XF, Wang DH, Qiao SY. Effects of dietary crude protein level and amino acid balance on growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality of finishing pigs. J Anim Nutr 2018;30:498-506. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2018.02.013
  6. Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Swine, National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of swine. Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press; 1998.
  7. Prandini A, Sigolo S, Morlacchini M, Grilli E, Fiorentini L. Microencapsulated lysine and low-protein diets: effects on performance, carcass characteristics and nitrogen excretion in heavy growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2013;91:4226-34. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6412
  8. Kerr BJ, Mckeith FK, Easter RA. Effect on performance and carcass characteristics of nursery to finisher pigs fed reduced crude protein, amino acid-supplemented diets. J Anim Sci 1995;73:433-40. https://doi.org/10.2527/1995.732433x
  9. Qin CF, Huang P, Qiu K, et al. Influences of dietary protein sources and crude protein levels on intracellular free amino acid profile in the longissimus dorsi muscle of finishing gilts. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2015;6:52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-015-0052-x
  10. Yi XW, Zhang SR, Yang Q, Yin HH, Qiao SY. Influence of dietary net energy content on performance of growing pigs fed low crude protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids. J Swine Health Prod 2010;18:294-300. https://doi.org/10.54846/jshap/642
  11. Figueroa JL, Lewis AJ, Miller PS, Fischer RL, Gomez RS, Diedrichsen RM. Nitrogen metabolism and growth performance of gilts fed standard corn-soybean meal diets or low-crude protein, amino acid-supplemented diets. J Anim Sci 2002;80:2911-9. https://doi.org/10.2527/2002.80112911x
  12. Tuitoek K, Young LG, De Lange CF, Kerr BJ. The effect of reducing excess dietary amino acids on growing-finishing pig performance: an elevation of the ideal protein concept. J Anim Sci 1997;75:1575-83. https://doi.org/10.2527/1997.7561575x
  13. Jorgensen H, Jakobsen K, Eggum BO. The influence of different protein, fat and mineral levels on the digestibility of fat and fatty acids measured at the terminal ileum and in faeces of growing pigs. Acta Agric Scand A Anim Sci 1992;42:177-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064709209410125
  14. Adams KL, Jensen AH. Effect of dietary protein and fat levels on the utilization of the fat in sunflower seeds by the young pig. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1985;13:159-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(85)90019-7
  15. Riedel SM, Field WE. Summation of the frequency, severity, and primary causative factors associated with injuries and fatalities involving confined spaces in agriculture. J Agric Saf Health 2013;19:83-100. https://doi.org/10.13031/jash.19.9326
  16. Liu S, Ni JQ, Radcliffle JS, Vonderohe C. Hydrogen sulfide emissions from a swine building affected by dietary crude protein. J Environ Manage 2017;204:136-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.08.031
  17. Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Swine, National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of swine. 11th ed. Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press; 2012.
  18. Latimer GW; AOAC International. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. 19th ed. Gaithersburg, MD, USA: AOAC International; 2012.
  19. Roux ML, Donsbough AL, Waguespack AM, et al. Maximizing the use of supplemental amino acids in corn-soybean meal diets for 20- to 45-kilogram pigs. J Anim Sci 2011;89:2415-24. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3756
  20. Bergner H. Protein evaluation and protein metabolism. In: Adler-Nissen J, Eggum BO, Munck L, editors. Biochemical aspects of new protein food. FEBS 11th Meeting. Copenhagen, Danmark: Pergamon Press; 1977. pp. 149-60.
  21. Coma J, Zimmerman DR, Carrion D. Lysine requirement of the lactating sow determined by using plasma urea nitrogen as a rapid response criterion. J Anim Sci 1996;74:1056-62. https://doi.org/10.2527/1996.7451056x
  22. Chen HY, Miller PS, Lewis AJ, Wolverton CK, Stroup WW. Changes in plasma urea concentration can be used to determine protein requirements of two populations of pigs with different protein accretion rates. J Anim Sci 1995;73:2631-9. https://doi.org/10.2527/1995.7392631x
  23. Han IK, Kim JH, Chu KS, Xuan ZH, Sohn KS, Kim MK. Effect of phase feeding on the growth performance and nutrient utilization in finishing pigs. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 1998;11:559-65. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1998.559
  24. Bergsjo B, Langseth W, Nafstad I, Jansen JH, Larsen HJ. The effects of naturally deoxynivalenol-contaminated oats on the clinical condition, blood parameters, performance and carcass composition of growing pigs. Vet Res Commun 1993;17:283-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01839219
  25. Matthews JO, Gentry LR, Chapa AM, et al. Changes in plasma metabolites and hormones in pigs relative to time of feeding. J Anim Sci 1998;76(Suppl 1):168.
  26. Van der Schoor SRD, Goudoever JBV, Stoll B, et al. The pattern of intestinal substrate oxidation is altered by protein restriction in pigs. Gastroenterol 2001;121:1167-75. https://doi.org/10.1053/gast.2001.29334
  27. Baxmann AC, Ahmed MS, Marques NC, et al. Influence of muscle mass and physical activity on serum and urinary creatinine and serum cystatin C. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3:348-54. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.02870707
  28. O'connell JM, Callan JJ, O'doherty JV. The effect of dietary crude protein level, cereal type and exogenous enzyme supplementation on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen excretion, faecal volatile fatty acid concentration and ammonia emissions from pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006;127:73-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.09.002
  29. Zervas S, Zijlstra RT. Effects of dietary protein and oathull fiber on nitrogen excretion patterns and postprandial plasma urea profiles in grower pigs. J Anim Sci 2002;80:3238-46. https://doi.org/10.2527/2002.80123238x
  30. Wang YM, Yu HT, Zhou JY, et al. Effects of feeding growing-finishing pigs with low crude protein diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and nutrient digestibility in different areas of China. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019;256:114256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114256
  31. Wang Y, Zhou J, Wang G, Cai S, Zeng X, Qiao S. Advances in low-protein diets for swine. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018;9:60. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-018-0276-7
  32. Le PD, Aarnink AJA, Jongbloed AW, Vander Peet-Schwering CMC, Ogink NWM, Verstegen MWA. Effects of dietary crude protein level on odour from pig manure. Animal 2007;1:734-44. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731107710303
  33. Hayes ET, Leek ABG, Curran TP, et al. The influence of diet crude protein level on odour and ammonia emissions from finishing pig houses. Bioresour Technol 2004;91:309-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00184-6
  34. Powers WJ, Zamzow SB, Kerr BJ. Reduced crude protein effects on aerial emissions from swine. Appl Eng Agric 2007;23:539-46. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.23487
  35. Liu S, Ni JQ, Radcliffe JS, Vonderohe CE. Mitigation of ammonia emissions from pig production using reduced dietary crude protein with amino acid supplementation. Bioresour Technol 2017;233:200-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.082
  36. Stewart LL, Kil DY, Ji F, et al. Effects of dietary soybean hulls and wheat middlings on body composition, nutrient and energy retention, and the net energy of diets and ingredients fed to growing and finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2013;91:2756-65. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5147
  37. Fang LH, Jin YH, Do SH, et al. Effects of dietary energy and crude protein levels on growth performance, blood profiles, and carcass traits in growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci Technol 2019;61:204-15. https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2019.61.4.204
  38. Hong JS, Lee GI, Jin XH, Kim YY. Effect of dietary energy levels and phase feeding by protein levels on growth performance, blood profiles and carcass characteristics in growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci Technol 2016;58:37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40781-016-0119-z
  39. Zhu YP, Zhou P, Li JL, Zhang L, Gao F, Zhou GH. Effects of adding cysteamine to low-protein amino acid balanced diet on growing pork quality and related gene expression. J Anim Husb Vet Med 2017;48:660-8. https://doi.org/10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2017.04.009
  40. Li N, Xie CY, Zeng XF, Wang DH, Qiao SY. Effects of dietary crude protein level and amino acid balance on growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality of finishing pigs. J Anim Nutr 2018;30:498-506. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2018.02.013