References
- Teasell R, Salbach NM, Foley N, Mountain A, Cameron JI, Jong Ad, et al. Canadian stroke best practice recommendations: rehabilitation, recovery, and community participation following stroke. Part one: rehabilitation and recovery following stroke. 6th edition update 2019.J Stroke. 2020;15:763-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747493019897843
- Franks RR, King D, Bodine W, Chisari E, Heller A, Jamal Ft, et al. AOASM position statement on esports, active video gaming, and the role of the sports medicine physician. Clin J Sport Med. 2022;32:e221-e9. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001034
- Machado N, Wingfield M, Kramer S, Olver J, Williams G, Johnson L. Maintenance of cardiorespiratory fitness in people with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2022;103:1410-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2022.01.151
- Lloyd M, Skelton DA, Mead GE, Williams B, van Wijck F. Physical fitness interventions for nonambulatory stroke survivors: a mixed-methods systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav. 2018;8:e01000.
- Boyne P, Dunning K, Carl D, Gerson M, Khoury J, Rockwell B, et al. High-Intensity Interval Training and moderate-Intensity continuous training in ambulatory chronic stroke: feasibility study. Phys Ther. 2016;96:1533-44. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20150277
- Blokland IJ, Schiphorst LF, Stroek JR, Groot FP, van Bennekom CA, van Dieen JH, et al. Relative aerobic load of daily activities after stroke. Phys Ther. 2023;103: pzad005.
- Polese JC, Ada L, Dean CM, Nascimento LR, Teixeira-Salmela LF. Treadmill training is effective for ambulatory adults with stroke: a systematic review. J Physiother. 2013;59:73-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1836-9553(13)70159-0
- MacKay-Lyons M, Billinger SA, Eng JJ, Dromerick A, Giacomantonio N, Hafer-Macko C, et al. Aerobic exercise recommendations to optimize best practices in care after stroke: AEROBICS 2019 update. Phys Ther. 2020;100:149-56. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzz153
- Billinger SA, Coughenour E, Mackay-Lyons MJ, Ivey FM. Reduced cardiorespiratory fitness after stroke: biological consequences and exercise-induced adaptations. Stroke Res Treat. 2012;2012:959120.
- Stoller O, de Bruin ED, Knols RH, Hunt KJ. Effects of cardiovascular exercise early after stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. 2012;12:1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-12-1
- Luo L, Meng H, Wang Z, Zhu S, Yuan S, Wang Y, et al. Effect of high-intensity exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness in stroke survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2020;63:59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2019.07.006
- Gelaw AY, Janakiraman B, Teshome A, Ravichandran H. Effectiveness of treadmill assisted gait training in stroke survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Glob Epidemiol. 2019;1:100012.
- Veldema J, Jansen P. Resistance training in stroke rehabilitation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2020;34:1173-97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520932964
- Regan EW, Handlery R, Stewart JC, Pearson JL, Wilcox S, Fritz S. Integrating survivors of stroke into exercise-ased cardiac rehabilitation improves endurance and functional strength. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10:e017907.
- Zhao H, He Z, Yun H, Wang R, Liu C. Meta-analysis of the effects of different exercise modes on inflammatory response in the elderly. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:10451.
- Bayrakdaroglu S, Topsakal N, Ogu E. The effects of high intensive interval training (HIIT) on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cardiovascular health: a review. Saglik Bilim Derg. 2022;11:346-54. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1052230
- Patel H, Alkhawam H, Madanieh R, Shah N, Kosmas CE, Vittorio T. Aerobic vs anaerobic exercise training effects on the cardiovascular system. World J Cardiol. 2017;9:134.
- Lockard GM, Alayli A, Monsour M, Gordon J, Schimmel S, Elsayed B, et al. Probing interleukin-6 in stroke pathology and neural stem cell transplantation. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:15453.
- Monsour M, Croci DM, Agazzi S, Borlongan CV, Therapeutics. contemplating IL-, a double-dged sword cytokine: which side to use for stroke pathology?. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2023;29:493-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.14041
- Zhu H, Hu S, Li Y, Sun Y, Xiong X, Hu X, et al. Interleukins and Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol. 2022;13:828447.
- Wu W, Guan Y, Zhao G, Fu XJ, Guo TZ, Liu YT, et al. Elevated IL-6 and TNF-α Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients. Mol Neurobiol. 2016;53:3277-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-015-9268-1
- Mengel A, Ulm L, Hotter B, Harms H, Piper SK, Grittner U, et al. Biomarkers of immune capacity, infection and inflammation are associated with poor outcome and mortality after stroke - the PREDICT study. BMC Neurol. 2019;19:148.
- Kowalska K, Klimiec E, Weglarczyk K, Pera J, Slowik A, Siedlar M, et al. Reduced ex vivo release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and elevated plasma interleukin-6 are inflammatory signatures of post-stroke delirium. J Neuroimmunol. 2018;15:111.
- Leasure AC, Kuohn LR, Vanent KN, Bevers MB, Kimberly WT, Steiner T, et al. Association of Serum IL-6 (Interleukin 6) With Functional Outcome After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke. 2021;52:1733-40. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.032888
- Chen JY, Yu Y, Yuan Y, Zhang YJ, Fan XP, Yuan SY, et al. Enriched housing promotes post-stroke functional recovery through astrocytic HMGB1-IL-6-mediated angiogenesis. Cell Death Discov. 2017;3:17054.
- Meng C, Zhang JC, Shi RL, Zhang SH, Yuan SY. Inhibition of interleukin-6 abolishes the promoting effects of pair housing on post-stroke neurogenesis. Neurosci. 2015;307:160-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.055
- Jung JE, Kim GS, Chan PH. Neuroprotection by interleukin-6 is mediated by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and antioxidative signaling in ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2011;42:3574-9. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.626648
- Riley RD, Higgins JP, Deeks JJ. Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses. BMJ. 2011;342.
- Deeks JJ, Higgins JP, Altman DG. Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions, 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2019. p. 241-284.
- Hsu CC, Tsai HH, Fu TC, Wang JS. Exercise training enhances platelet mitochondrial bioenergetics in stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Med. 2019;8:2186.
- Serra MC, Hafer-Macko CE, Robbins R, O'Connor JC, Ryan AS. Randomization to treadmill training improves physical and metabolic health in association with declines in oxidative stress in stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2022;103:2077-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2022.06.011
- Krawcyk RS, Vinther A, Petersen NC, Faber J, Iversen HK, Christensen T, et al. Effect of home-based high-intensity interval training in patients with lacunar stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Front Neurol. 2019;10:664.
- Page MJ, Higgins JP, Sterne JA. Assessing risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions, 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2019. p. 349-374.
- Chen X, Sun X, Wang C, He H, Longevity C. Effects of exercise on inflammatory cytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020; 6660557.
- Zhao H, Cheng R, Teng J, Song G, Huang C, Yuan S, et al. A meta-analysis of the effects of different training modalities on the inflammatory response in adolescents with obesity. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:13224.
- Kirzinger B, Stroux A, Rackoll T, Endres M, Flol A, Ebinger M, et al. Elevated serum inflammatory markers in subacute stroke are associated with clinical outcome but not modified by aerobic fitness training: results of the randomized controlled phys-stroke trial. Front Neurol. 2021;12:713018.
- Kaminska J, Dymicka-Piekarska V, Chrzanowski R, Sawicki K, Milewska AJ, Zinczuk J, et al. IL-6 quotient (the ratio of cerebrospinal fluid IL-6 to serum IL-6) as a biomarker of an unruptured intra- cranial aneurysm. J Inflamm Res. 2021;14:6103-14. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S335618
- Zhu H, Hu S, Li Y, Sun Y, Xiong X, Hu X, et al. Interleukins and ischemic stroke. Front Immunol. 2022;13:828447.
- Hotter B, Hoffmann S, Ulm L, Meisel C, Fiebach JB, Meisel A. IL-6 plasma levels correlate with cerebral perfusion deficits and infarct sizes in stroke patients without associated infections. Front Neurol. 2019;10:83.
- Leasure AC, Kuohn LR, Vanent KN, Bevers MB, Kimberly WT, Steiner T, et al. Association of serum IL-6 (interleukin 6) with functional outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2021;52:1733-40. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.032888
- Chen Y, Pu J, Liu Y, Tian L, Chen X, Gui S, et al. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with the development of post-stroke depression in the acute stage of stroke: a meta-analysis. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2020;27:620-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10749357.2020.1755813
- Anderson T, Berry NT, Wideman L. Exercise and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: a special focus on acute cortisol and growth hormone responses. Curr Opin Endocr Metab Res. 2019;9:74-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coemr.2019.08.002
- Athanasiou N, Bogdanis GC, Mastorakos G. Endocrine responses of the stress system to different types of exercise. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2023;24:251-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-022-09758-1
- Tsatsoulis A, Fountoulakis S. The protective role of exercise on stress system dysregulation and comorbidities. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2006;1083:196-213. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1367.020
- Corazza DI, Sebastia E Pedroso RV, Andreatto CAA, de Melo Coelho FG, Gobbi S, et al. Influence of chronic exercise on serum cortisol levels in older adults. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act. 2014;11:25-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11556-013-0126-8
- Alesci S, Martinez PE, Kelkar S, Ilias I, Ronsaville DS, Listwak SJ, et al. Major depression is associated with significant diurnal elevations in plasma interleukin-6 levels, a shift of its circadian rhythm, and loss of physiological complexity in its secretion: clinical implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:2522-30. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-1667
- Thompson D, Markovitch D, Betts JA, Mazzatti D, Turner J, Tyrrell RM. Time course of changes in inflammatory markers during a 6-mo exercise intervention in sedentary middle-aged men: a randomized-controlled trial. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010;108:769-79. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00822.2009
- Mitchell AJ. Clinical implications of poststroke hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis dysfunction: a critical literature review. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 1997;6:377-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1052-3057(97)80038-9
- Boyne P, Meyrose C, Westover J, Whitesel D, Hatter K, Reisman DS, et al. Effects of exercise intensity on acute circulating molecular responses poststroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2020;34:222-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968319899915
- Timmerman KL, Amonette WE, Markofski MM, Ansinelli HA, Gleason EA, Rasmussen BB, et al. Blunted IL-6 and IL-10 response to maximal aerobic exercise in patients with traumatic brain injury. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2015;115:111-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-2997-4