References
- Sharifian-Dorche M, Bahmanyar M, Sharifian-Dorche A, Mohammadi P, Nomovi M, Mowla A. Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis post COVID-19 vaccination; a systematic review. J Neurol Sci 2021;428:117607.
- Swan D, Enright H, Desmond R, et al. Vaccine-induced thrombosis and thrombocytopenia (VITT) in Ireland: a review of cases and current practices. Thromb Update 2021;5:100086.
- Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Coronavirus vaccine: summary of Yellow card reporting [Internet]. London: Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency; 2021 [cited 2023 Jan 10]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-vaccine-adverse-reactions/coronavirus-vaccine-summary-of-yellow-card-reporting
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Johnson & Johnson/Janssen COVID-19 vaccine and thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS): update for clinicians [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2021 [cited 2023 Jan 10]. Available from: https://emergency.cdc.gov/coca/ppt/2021/COCA-Call-4-27-2021-final.pdf
- Cheng D, Machingaifa F, Buntsma D, McGuire R. Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) [Internet]. Melbourne (VIC): Vaccine Education Centre; 2021 [cited 2023 Jan 10]. Available from: https://mvec.mcri.edu.au/references/thrombosis-with-thrombocytopenia-syndrome/
- Schultz NH, Sorvoll IH, Michelsen AE, et al. Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. N Engl J Med 2021;384:2124-30. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2104882
- Scully M, Singh D, Lown R, et al. Pathologic antibodies to platelet factor 4 after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. N Engl J Med 2021;384:2202-11. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2105385
- Greinacher A, Thiele T, Warkentin TE, Weisser K, Kyrle PA, Eichinger S. Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination. N Engl J Med 2021;384:2092-101. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2104840
- Blauenfeldt RA, Kristensen SR, Ernstsen SL, Kristensen CC, Simonsen CZ, Hvas AM. Thrombocytopenia with acute ischemic stroke and bleeding in a patient newly vaccinated with an adenoviral vector-based COVID-19 vaccine. J Thromb Haemost 2021;19:1771-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.15347
- Pavord S, Scully M, Hunt BJ, et al. Clinical features of vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. N Engl J Med 2021;385:1680-9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2109908
- Al-Mayhani T, Saber S, Stubbs MJ, et al. Ischaemic stroke as a presenting feature of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2021;92:1247-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2021-326984
- American Society of Hematology. Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome: vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia [Internet]. Washington (DC): American Society of Hematology; 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 10]. Available from: https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/vaccine-induced-immune-thrombotic-thrombocytopenia
- International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. The ISTH releases interim guidance on vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) [Internet]. Carrboro (NC): International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis; 2021 [cited 2023 Jan 10]. Available from: https://www.isth.org/news/561406/The-ISTH-ReleasesInterim-Guidance-on-Vaccine-Induced-Immune-Thrombotic-Thrombocytopenia-VITT-.htm
- British Society for Haematology. Guidance produced by the expert haematology Panel (EHP) focussed on vaccine induced thrombosis and thrombocytopenia (VITT) [Internet]. London: British Society for Haematology; 2021 [cited 2023 Jan 10]. Available from: https://b-s-h.org.uk/about-us/news/guidance-produced-by-the-expert-haematology-panel-ehp-focussed-on-vaccine-induced-thrombosis-and-thrombocytopenia-vitt/
- Oldenburg J, Klamroth R, Langer F, et al. Diagnosis and management of vaccine-related thrombosis following AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination: guidance statement from the GTH. Hamostaseologie 2021;41:184-9. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1469-7481
- Symptoms of thrombosis and their diagnostic evaluation in VITT (vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia) [Internet]. Waltham (MA): UpToDate; 2021 [cited 2023 Jan 10]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=HEME%2F131492&topicKey=HEME%2F131333&source=see_link
- International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. ISTH Interim Guidance for the Diagnosis and Treatment on Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia [Internet]. Carrboro (NC): International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis; 2021 [cited 2023 Jan 10]. Available from: https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.isth.org/resource/resmgr/ISTH_VITT_Guidance_2.pdf
- Thrombosis and Haemostasis Society of Australia and New Zealand. Suspected vaccine induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) [Internet]. Brunswick West (VIC): Thrombosis and Haemostasis Society of Australia and New Zealand; 2021 [cited 2023 Jan 10]. Available from: https://www.thanz.org.au/documents/item/591
- Pai M, Chan B, Stall NM, et al. Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) following adenovirus vector COVID-19 vaccination [Internet]. Toronto (ON): Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table; 2021 [cited 2023 Jan 10]. Available from: https://covid19-sciencetable.ca/sciencebrief/vaccine-induced-immunethrombotic-thrombocytopenia-vitt-following-adenovirus-vector-covid-19-vaccination/
- Furie KL, Cushman M, Elkind MS, Lyden PD, Saposnik G; American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council Leadership. Diagnosis and management of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. Stroke 2021;52:2478-82. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.035564
- Pavord S, Lester W, Makris M, Scully M, Hunt B. Guidance from the Expert Haematology Panel (EHP) on Covid-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (VITT) [Internet]. London: British Society for Haematology; 2021 [cited 2023 Jan 10]. Available from: https://b-s-h.org.uk/media/19590/guidance-version-17-on-mngmt-of-vitt-20210420.pdf
- Aladdin Y, Algahtani H, Shirah B. Vaccine-induced immunethrombotic thrombocytopenia with disseminated intravascular coagulation and death following the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021;30:105938.
- Bano F, Badugama B, Chandra D. Thrombosis and thrombocytopaenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination: a single UK centre experience. BMJ Case Rep 2021;14:e243894.
- Bjornstad-Tuveng TH, Rudjord A, Anker P. Fatal cerebral haemorrhage after COVID-19 vaccine. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2021 Apr 29 [Epub]. https://doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.21.0312
- Castelli GP, Pognani C, Sozzi C, Franchini M, Vivona L. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis associated with thrombocytopenia post-vaccination for COVID-19. Crit Care 2021;25:137.
- Clark RT, Johnson L, Billotti J, et al. Early outcomes of bivalirudin therapy for thrombotic thrombocytopenia and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination. Ann Emerg Med 2021;78:511-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.04.035
- D'Agostino V, Caranci F, Negro A, et al. A rare case of cerebral venous thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation temporally associated to the COVID-19 vaccine administration. J Pers Med 2021;11:285.
- Franchini M, Testa S, Pezzo M, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis and thrombocytopenia post-COVID-19 vaccination. Thromb Res 2021;202:182-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2021.04.001
- Guan CY, Tsai SH, Fan JS, Lin YK, Kao CC. Middle-age Asian male with cerebral venous thrombosis after COVID-19 AstraZeneca vaccination. Am J Emerg Med 2022;51:427.
- Guetl K, Gary T, Raggam RB, Schmid J, Wolfler A, Brodmann M. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia treated with immunoglobulin and argatroban. Lancet 2021;397:e19.
- Kennedy VE, Wong CC, Hong JM, et al. VITT following Ad26. COV2.S vaccination presenting without radiographically demonstrable thrombosis. Blood Adv 2021;5:4662-5. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005388
- Malik B, Kalantary A, Rikabi K, Kunadi A. Pulmonary embolism, transient ischaemic attack and thrombocytopenia after the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine. BMJ Case Rep 2021;14:e243975.
- Mehta PR, Apap Mangion S, Benger M, et al. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination: a report of two UK cases. Brain Behav Immun 2021;95:514-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.04.006
- Muir KL, Kallam A, Koepsell SA, Gundabolu K. Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination. N Engl J Med 2021;384:1964-5. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2105869
- Ramdeny S, Lang A, Al-Izzi S, Hung A, Anwar I, Kumar P. Management of a patient with a rare congenital limb malformation syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced thrombosis and thrombocytopenia (VITT). Br J Haematol 2021;195:299.
- Rodriguez EV, Bouazza FZ, Dauby N, et al. Fatal vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) post Ad26.COV2.S: first documented case outside US. Infection 2022;50:531-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-021-01712-8
- Sangli S, Virani A, Cheronis N, et al. Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after the messenger RNA-1273 vaccine. Ann Intern Med 2021;174:1480-2. https://doi.org/10.7326/L21-0244
- See I, Su JR, Lale A, et al. US case reports of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after Ad26. COV2.S vaccination, March 2 to April 21, 2021. JAMA 2021;325:2448-56. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.7517
- Suresh P, Petchey W. ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). BMJ Case Rep 2021;14:e243931.
- Tolboll Sorensen AL, Rolland M, Hartmann J, et al. A case of thrombocytopenia and multiple thromboses after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 against SARS-CoV-2. Blood Adv 2021;5:2569-74. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004904
- Xie C, Vincent L, Chadwick A, Peschl H. COVID-19 vaccine induced prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia. Eur Heart J 2021;42:3206.
- Perry RJ, Tamborska A, Singh B, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis after vaccination against COVID-19 in the UK: a multicentre cohort study. Lancet 2021;398:1147-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01608-1
- Sanchez van Kammen M, Aguiar de Sousa D, Poli S, et al. Characteristics and Outcomes of patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. JAMA Neurol 2021;78:1314-23.
- Tiede A, Sachs UJ, Czwalinna A, et al. Prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination. Blood 2021;138:350-3. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2021011958
- Wolf ME, Luz B, Niehaus L, Bhogal P, Bazner H, Henkes H. Thrombocytopenia and intracranial venous sinus thrombosis after "COVID-19 vaccine AstraZeneca" exposure. J Clin Med 2021;10:1599.
- Tsilingiris D, Vallianou NG, Karampela I, Dalamaga M. Vaccine induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia: the shady chapter of a success story. Metabol Open 2021;11:100101.
- McGonagle D, De Marco G, Bridgewood C. Mechanisms of immunothrombosis in vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) compared to natural SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Autoimmun 2021;121:102662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102662
- Greinacher A, Selleng K, Palankar R, et al. Insights in ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. Blood 2021;138:2256-68. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2021013231
- Iba T, Levy JH. The roles of platelets in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2022;32:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2021.08.012
- Ruggeri ZM, Ruf W. Is VITT really a HIT. Nat Immunol 2021;22:1352-3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-021-01042-9
- Cines DB, Bussel JB. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 2021;384:2254-6. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe2106315
- What is venous thromboembolism? [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (NIH); 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 10]. Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/venous-thromboembolism
- Fields JM, Dean AJ. DVT, limited compression ultrasonography. In: Vincent JL, Hall JB, editors. Encyclopedia of intensive care medicine. Berlin: Springer; 2012. p. 769-75.
- Kabashneh S, Singh V, Alkassis S. A comprehensive literature review on the management of distal deep vein thrombosis. Cureus 2020;12:e8048.
- Ouellette DR, Harrington A, Kamangar N. Pulmonary embolism (PE) [Internet]. New York (NY): Medscape; 2020 [cited 2023 Jan 10]. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300901-overview
- Pongmoragot J, Saposnik G. Intracerebral hemorrhage from cerebral venous thrombosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2012;14:382-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-012-0260-1
- Tadi P, Behgam B, Baruffi S. Cerebral venous thrombosis. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
- Humbert K, Favilla CG. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. In: Cucchiara BL, Price RS, editors. Decision-making in adult neurology. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier; 2021. p. 118-9.
- Expert Haematology Panel. Letter to MHRA from Expert Haematology Panel group and endorsed by Thrombosis UK [Internet]. London: British Society for Haematology; 2021 [cited 2023 Jan 10]. Available from: https://b-s-h.org.uk/media/19537/letter-to-mhra-from-expert-haematology-group-endorsed-by-thrombosis-uk-1300-8th-april-2021.pdf
- Public Health Agency. Blood clotting following COVID-19 vaccination [Internet]. Belfast: Public Health Agency; 2021 [cited 2023 Jan 10]. Available from: https://www.publichealth.hscni.net/sites/default/files/2021-07/COVID-19_V4_AZ_factsheet_9pp_A4_11_07_21_final.pdf
- Updated Proposed Brighton Collaboration process for developing a standard case definition for study of new clinical syndrome X, as applied to Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) [Internet]. Decatur (GA): Brighton Collaboration; 2021 [cited 2023 Jan 10]. Available from: https://brightoncollaboration.us/thrombosis-with-thrombocytopenia-syndrome-interim/
- Bussel JB, Connors JM, Cines DB, et al. Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome: vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia [Internet]. Washington (DC): American Society of Hematology; 2021 [cited 2023 Jan 10]. Available from: https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/vaccine-induced-immune-thrombotic-thrombocytopenia
- Favaloro EJ, Pasalic L, Lippi G. Review and evolution of guidelines for diagnosis of COVID-19 vaccine induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT). Clin Chem Lab Med 2021;60:7-17. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2021-1039
- Favaloro EJ. Laboratory testing for suspected COVID-19 vaccine-induced (immune) thrombotic thrombocytopenia. Int J Lab Hematol 2021;43:559-570. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijlh.13629
- Warkentin TE, Cuker A. COVID-19: vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) [Internet]. Waltham (MA): UpToDate; 2023 [cited 2023 Jan 10]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/covid-19-vaccine-induced-immune-thrombotic-thrombocytopenia-vitt#H3576070944
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (VITT) [Internet]. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2021 [cited 2023 Jan 10]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng200/resources/covid19-rapid-guidelinevaccineinduced-immune-thrombocytopenia-and-thrombosis-vitt-pdf-51036811744
- Platton S, Bartlett A, MacCallum P, et al. Evaluation of laboratory assays for anti-platelet factor 4 antibodies after ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 vaccination. J Thromb Haemost 2021;19:2007-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.15362
- Greinacher A, Langer F, Makris M, et al. Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT): update on diagnosis and management considering different resources. J Thromb Haemost 2022;20:149-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.15572
- Akhondi H, Ganjali S, Nagalli S. Splanchnic venous thrombosis. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
- Heijboer H, Buller HR, Lensing AW, Turpie AG, Colly LP, ten Cate JW. A comparison of real-time compression ultrasonography with impedance plethysmography for the diagnosis of deep-vein thrombosis in symptomatic outpatients. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1365-9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199311043291901
- Lensing AW, Prandoni P, Brandjes D, et al. Detection of deep-vein thrombosis by real-time B-mode ultrasonography. N Engl J Med 1989;320:342-5. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198902093200602
- Swanson E. Doppler ultrasound imaging for detection of deep vein thrombosis in plastic surgery outpatients: a prospective controlled study. Aesthet Surg J 2015;35:204-14. https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sju052
- Perrier A. Noninvasive diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Haematologica 1997;82:328-31.
- Moore AJ, Wachsmann J, Chamarthy MR, Panjikaran L, Tanabe Y, Rajiah P. Imaging of acute pulmonary embolism: an update. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2018;8:225-43. https://doi.org/10.21037/cdt.2017.12.01
- Dogan H, de Roos A, Geleijins J, Huisman MV, Kroft LJ. The role of computed tomography in the diagnosis of acute and chronic pulmonary embolism. Diagn Interv Radiol 2015;21:307-16. https://doi.org/10.5152/dir.2015.14403
- Kjaergaard J, Schaadt BK, Lund JO, Hassager C. Quantification of right ventricular function in acute pulmonary embolism: relation to extent of pulmonary perfusion defects. Eur J Echocardiogr 2008;9:641-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejechocard/jen033
- Pluta RM, Lynm C, Golub RM. JAMA patient page. Stroke imaging. JAMA 2011;306:1277.
- MRI more sensitive than CT in diagnosing stroke. Emerg Med News 2007;29:29.
- Rizk JG, Gupta A, Sardar P, et al. Clinical characteristics and pharmacological management of COVID-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a review. JAMA Cardiol 2021;6:1451-60. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2021.3444
- Makris M, Pavord S, Lester W, Scully M, Hunt B. Vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (VITT). Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2021;5:e12529.
- Gessler F, Schmitz AK, Dubinski D, et al. Neurosurgical considerations regarding decompressive craniectomy for intracerebral hemorrhage after SARS-CoV-2-vaccination in vaccine induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia-VITT. J Clin Med 2021;10:2777.
- Thomas S, Makris M. The reversal of anticoagulation in clinical practice. Clin Med (Lond) 2018;18:314-9. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.18-4-314
- Kuramatsu JB, Sembill JA, Gerner ST, et al. Management of therapeutic anticoagulation in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage and mechanical heart valves. Eur Heart J 2018;39:1709-23. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy056