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The Korean Society of Phycology (한국조류학회(藻類))
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Subcritical water extraction of Gracilaria chorda abbreviates lipid accumulation and obesity-induced inflammation

  • Laxmi Sen Thakuri (Department of Nutraceutical Resources, Mokpo National University) ;
  • Chul Min Park (Department of Nutraceutical Resources, Mokpo National University) ;
  • Jin Woo Park (Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 FOUR, Mokpo National University) ;
  • Hyeon-A Kim (Department of Food and Nutrition, Mokpo National University) ;
  • Dong Young Rhyu (Department of Nutraceutical Resources, Mokpo National University)
  • Received : 2022.01.13
  • Accepted : 2022.12.26
  • Published : 2023.03.15
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Abstract

Obesity-induced inflammation is crucial in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we investigated the effects of the Gracilaria chorda (GC) on lipid accumulation and obesity-induced inflammatory changes or glucose homeostasis in cell models (3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages). Samples of GC were extracted using solvents (water, methanol, and ethanol) and subcritical water (SW) at different temperatures (90, 150, and 210℃). The total phenolic content of GCSW extract at 210℃ (GCSW210) showed the highest content compared to others, and GCSW210 highly inhibited lipid accumulation and significantly reduced gene expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, and fatty acid synthase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, GCSW210 effectively downregulated the pro-inflammatory cytokine regulator pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophages, including mitogen-activated protein kinase, signal transducers and activators of transcription and nuclear factor-κB. In co-culture of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages, GCSW210 significantly reduced nitric oxide production and interleukin-6 levels, and improved glucose uptake with dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that GCSW210 improves glucose metabolism by attenuating obesity-induced inflammation in adipocytes, which may be used as a possible treatment option for managing obesity and associated metabolic disorders.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2018R1D1A1B07050273). This research was supported by the Research Funds of the Convergence Research Laboratory established by the Mokpo National University (MNU) Innovation Support Project in 2020. Also, this work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. 2022R1A5A8033794).

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