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The Korean Society of Phycology (한국조류학회(藻類))
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Lack of mixotrophy in three Karenia species and the prey spectrum of Karenia mikimotoi (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae)

  • Jin Hee Ok (School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Hae Jin Jeong (School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • An Suk Lim (Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Hee Chang Kang (School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Ji Hyun You (School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Sang Ah Park (School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Se Hee Eom (School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University)
  • Received : 2023.01.10
  • Accepted : 2023.02.28
  • Published : 2023.03.15
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Abstract

Exploring mixotrophy of dinoflagellate species is critical to understanding red-tide dynamics and dinoflagellate evolution. Some species in the dinoflagellate genus Karenia have caused harmful algal blooms. Among 10 Karenia species, the mixotrophic ability of only two species, Karenia mikimotoi and Karenia brevis, has been investigated. These species have been revealed to be mixotrophic; however, the mixotrophy of the other species should be explored. Moreover, although K. mikimotoi was previously known to be mixotrophic, only a few potential prey species have been tested. We explored the mixotrophic ability of Karenia bicuneiformis, Karenia papilionacea, and Karenia selliformis and the prey spectrum of K. mikimotoi by incubating them with 16 potential prey species, including a cyanobacterium, diatom, prymnesiophyte, prasinophyte, raphidophyte, cryptophytes, and dinoflagellates. Cells of K. bicuneiformis, K. papilionacea, and K. selliformis did not feed on any tested potential prey species, indicating a lack of mixotrophy. The present study newly discovered that K. mikimotoi was able to feed on the common cryptophyte Teleaulax amphioxeia. The phylogenetic tree based on the large subunit ribosomal DNA showed that the mixotrophic species K. mikimotoi and K. brevis belonged to the same clade, but K. bicuneiformis, K. papilionacea, and K. selliformis were divided into different clades. Therefore, the presence or lack of a mixotrophic ability in this genus may be partially related to genetic characterizations. The results of this study suggest that Karenia species are not all mixotrophic, varying from the results of previous studies.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This research was supported by the National Research Foundation funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2022R1A6A3A01086348) award to JHO and the National Research Foundation by the Ministry of Science and ICT (NRF-2021M3I6A1091272; NRF-2021R1A2C1093379) award to HJJ.

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