Acknowledgement
이 논문은 2022년도 정부(교육부)의 재원으로 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행된 기초연구사업임(No. 2020R1A6A1A03044834)
References
- Appel, K. W., Bash, J. O., Fahey, K. M., Foley, K. M., Gilliam, R. C., Hogrefe, C., Hutzell, W. T., Kang, D., Mathur, R., Murphy, B. N, 2021, The community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) model versions 5.3 and 5.3. 1: system updates and evaluation, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2867-2897. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2867-2021
- Barna, M., Lamb, B., 2000, Improving ozone modeling in regions of complex terrain using observational nudging in a prognostic meteorological model, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4889-4906. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00231-4
- Bowden, J. H., Otte, T. L., Nolte, C. G., Otte, M. J., 2012, Examining interior grid nudging techniques using two-way nesting in the WRF model for regional climate modeling, J. Clim., 25, 2805-2823. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00167.1
- Busan Metropolitan City, 2019, Guidelines for Reducing particle matter, https://www.busan.go.kr/depart/cleanair02.
- Busan Metropolitan City, 2023, 2040 Busan City Basic Plan, https://book.busan.go.kr/Viewer/8TM2BNFK821V.
- Busan Metropolitan City Institute of Health and Environment, 2022, The Annual Report of Busan Metropolitan City 2021, https://book.busan.go.kr/Viewer/L4KZJRQNC2YF.
- Busan Metropolitan City Institute of Health and Environment, 2023, The Annual Report of Busan Metropolitan City 2022, https://book.busan.go.kr/Viewer/F52FLJ7LE9F8.
- Byun, D., Schere, K. L., 2006, Review of the governing equations, computational algorithms, and other components of the models-3 community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) modeling system, Appl. Mech. Rev., 59, 51-77. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2128636
- Chlebowska-Stys, A., Kobus, D., Zathey, M., Sowka, I., 2019, The impact of road transport on air quality in selected Polish cities, Ecol. Chem. Eng. A, 26, 19-36.
- Choi, H. J., Lee, H. W., Jeon, W. B., Lee, S. H., 2012, The numerical modeling the sensitivity of coastal wind and ozone concentration to different SST forcing, Atmos. Environ., 46, 554-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.068
- Cox, W. M., Chu, S. H., 1996, Assessment of interannual ozone variation in urban areas from a climatological perspective, Atmos. Environ., 30, 2615-2625. https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(95)00346-0
- Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., Monforti-Ferrario, F., Banja, M., Pagani, F., Solazzo, E., 2022, EDGAR v6.1 global air pollutant emissions.
- Do, W. G., Jung, W. S., 2015, A Study on the characteristics of antecedent meteorologic conditions on high ozone days in Busan, J. Environ. Sci. Int., 24, 993-1001. https://doi.org/10.5322/JESI.2015.24.8.993
- Do, W. G., Lee, H. W., Jung, W. S., 2007, A Numerical simulation of high ozone episode using OZIPR in Busan, J. Environ. Sci. Int., 16, 985-994. https://doi.org/10.5322/JES.2007.16.8.985
- Duncan, B. N., Yoshida, Y., Olson, J. R., Sillman, S., Martin, R. V., Lamsal, L., Hu, Y., Pickering, K. E., Retscher, C., Allen, D. J, 2010, Application of OMI observations to a space-based indicator of NOx and VOC controls on surface ozone formation, Atmos. Environ., 44, 2213-2223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.03.010
- Geng, F., Tie, X., Xu, J., Zhou, G., Peng, L., Gao, W., Tang, X., Zhao, C., 2008, Characterizations of ozone, NOx, and VOCs measured in Shanghai, China., Atmos. Environ., 42, 6873-6883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.05.045
- Guenther, A., Jiang, X., Heald, C. L., Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T., Emmons, L., Wang, X., 2012, The model of emissions of gases and aerosols from nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): an extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 1471-1492. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1471-2012
- Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horanyi, A., Munoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., 2020, The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 146, 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803
- Jacob, D. J., Winner, D. A., 2009, Effect of climate change on air quality, Atmos. Environ., 43, 51-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.051
- Jeon, B. I., 2014, Characteristics of ozone concentration weekend effect in Busan area, J. Environ. Sci. Int., 23, 861-871. https://doi.org/10.5322/JESI.2014.5.861
- Jeon, W., Choi, Y., Lee, H. W., Lee, S. H., Yoo, J. W., Park, J., Lee, H. J., 2015, A Quantitative analysis of grid nudging effect on each process of PM2.5 production in the Korean Peninsula, Atmos. Environ., 122, 763-774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.050
- Jeon, W., Choi, Y., Souri, A. H., Roy, A., Diao, L., Pan, S., Lee, H. W., Lee, S. H., 2018, Identification of chemical fingerprints in long-range transport of burning induced upper tropospheric ozone from Colorado to the North Atlantic Ocean, Sci. Total Environ., 613, 820-828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.177
- Jeon, W. B., Lee, H. W., Lee, S. H., Choi, H. J., Kim, D. H., Park, S. Y., 2011, Numerical study on the impact of meteorological input data on air quality modeling on high ozone episode at coastal region, J. Korean Soc. Atmos., 27, 30-40. https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2011.27.1.030
- Jeon, W. B., Lee, S. H., Lee, H., Park, C., Kim, D. H., Park, S. Y., 2014, A Study on high ozone formation mechanism associated with change of NOx/VOCs ratio at a rural area in the Korean Peninsula, Atmos. Environ., 89, 10-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.02.005
- Jeong, J. P., Yi, S. M., Jung, S. H, Kim, M. J., Heo, J. B., 2015, Reduction plan by source of particle matters in Busan Metropolitan City.
- Jeong, Y. M., Lee, H. W., Lee, S. H., Choi, H. J., Jeon, W. B., 2010, Numerical study on the impact of regional warming on the meterological field and ozone concentration over the South-Eastern part of the Korean peninsula, J. Environ. Sci. Int., 19, 1431- 1445. https://doi.org/10.5322/JES.2010.19.12.1431
- Jeong, Y. M., Lee, S. H., Lee, H. W., Jeon, W. B., 2012, Numerical study on the process analysis of ozone production due to emissions reduction over the Seoul metropolitan area, J. Environ. Sci. Int., 21, 339-349. https://doi.org/10.5322/JES.2012.21.3.339
- Jung, W. S., Lee, H. W., Park, J. K., 2007, Analysis of local wind in Busan metropolitan area according to wind sector division-part III: Division of local wind sector over Busan, J. Environ. Sci. Int., 16, 311-321. https://doi.org/10.5322/JES.2007.16.3.311
- Kang, Y. H., Kim, Y. K., Hwang, M. K., Jeong, J. H., Kim, H., Kang, M. S., 2019, Spatial-temporal variations in surface ozone concentrations in Busan metropolitan area, J. Environ. Sci. Int., 28, 169-182. https://doi.org/10.5322/JESI.2019.28.2.169
- Kim, C. H., Lee, S. H., Jang, M., Chun, S., Kang, S., Ko, K. K., Lee, J. J., Lee, H. J., 2020, A Study on statistical parameters for the evaluation of regional air quality modeling results-Focused on fine dust modeling, J. Environ. Impact Assess., 29, 272-285.
- Kim, T., Jeong, J. H., Kim, Y. K., 2016, Sensitivity analysis of the WRF model according to the impact of nudging for improvement of ozone prediction, J. Environ. Sci. Int., 25, 683-694. https://doi.org/10.5322/JESI.2016.25.5.683
- Kleczek, M. A., Steeneveld, G. J., Holtslag, A. A., 2014, Evaluation of the weather research and forecasting mesoscale model for GABLS3: impact of boundary-layer schemes, boundary conditions and spin-up, Bound.-Layer Meteor., 152, 213-243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-014-9925-3
- Korean Statistical Information Servicd (KOSIS), Busan Metropolitan City e-Local Index, https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1YL0000&vw_cd=MT_GTITLE02&list_id=21&obj_var_id=A&itm_id=21&seqNo=&conn_path=MT_GTITLE02&path=%252FstatisticsList%252FstatisticsListIndex.do.
- Mehdipour, V., Memarianfard, M., 2017, Application of support vector machine and gene expression programming on tropospheric ozone prognosticating for Tehran metropolitan, Civ. Eng, J., 3, 557-567. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-030984
- Munoz-Esparza, D., Kosovic, B., 2018, Generation of inflow turbulence in large-eddy simulations of nonneutral atmospheric boundary layers with the cell perturbation method, Mon. Weather Rev., 146, 1889-1909. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-18-0077.1
- National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), 2022, 2021 NIER Annual Report, https://eng.nier.go.kr/NIER/cop/bbs/selectNoLoginBoardArticle.do.
- National Air Emission Inventroy and Research Center (NAIR), 2022, 2019 National Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory, https://www.air.go.kr/eng/capss/emission/year.do?menuId=190.
- Pinto, J. O., Jensen, A. A., Jimenez, P. A., Hertneky, T., Munoz-Esparza, D., Dumont, A., Steiner, M, 2021, Real-time WRF large-eddy simulations to support uncrewed aircraft system (UAS) flight planning and operations during 2018 LAPSE-RATE, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 697-711. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-697-2021
- Seinfeld, J. H., 1989, Urban air pollution: state of the science. Science, 243, 745-752. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.243.4892.745
- Seinfeld, J. H., Pandis, S. N., 2016, Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1326.
- Sillman, S., 1995, The use of NOy, H2O2, and HNO3 as indicators for ozone-NOx-hydrocarbon sensitivity in urban locations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100, 14175-14188. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD02953
- Sillman, S., He, D., 2002, Some theoretical results concerning O3-NOx-VOC chemistry and NOx-VOC indicators, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, ACH 26-21-ACH 26-15.
- Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D. O., Liu, Z., Berner, J., Wang, W., Powers, J. G., Duda, M. G., Barker, D. M., 2019, A Description of the advanced research WRF model version 4, National Center for Atmospheric Research: Boulder, CO, USA.
- Tiwari, S., Dahiya, A., Kumar, N., 2015, Investigation into relationships among NO, NO2, NOx, O3, and CO at an urban background site in Delhi, India, Atmos. Res., 157, 119-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.01.008
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006, Air quality criteria for ozone and related photochemical oxidants, Office, NC f. EA-R., Ed. US EPA: Research Triangle Park, 2, https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/aqmguide/collection/cp2/20060228_ord_epa-600_r-05-004bf_ozone_criteria_document_vol-2.pdf.
- Vivanco, M. G., de Fatima Andrade, M., 2006, Validation of the emission inventory in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area of Brazil, based on ambient concentrations ratios of CO, NMOG and NOx and on a photochemical model, Atmos. Environ., 40, 1189-1198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.041
- Yang, Y., Liu, X., Zheng, J., Tan, Q., Feng, M., Qu, Y., An, J., Cheng, N., 2019, Characteristics of one-year observation of VOCs, NOx, and O3 at an urban site in Wuhan, China., J. Environ. Sci., 79, 297-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2018.12.002
- Yin, H., Liu, C., Hu, Q., Liu, T., Wang, S., Gao, M., Xu, S., Zhang, C., Su, W., 2021, Opposite impact of emission reduction during the COVID-19 lockdown period on the surface concentrations of PM2.5 and O3 in Wuhan, China., Environ. Pollut., 289, 117899.
- Zoran, M. A., Savastru, R. S., Savastru, D. M., Tautan, M. N., 2020, Assessing the relationship between ground levels of ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) with coronavirus (COVID-19) in Milan, Italy, Sci. Total Environ., 740, 140005.