Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

  • 제35권
  • /
  • Pages.9.1-9.10
  • /
  • 2023
  • /
  • 1225-3618(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2052-4374(eISSN)
대한직업환경의학회 (The Korean Society of Occupational & Environmental Medicine)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Correlation of commute time with the risk of subjective mental health problems: 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS)

  • Hyo Choon Lee (Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital) ;
  • Eun Hye Yang (Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital) ;
  • Soonsu Shin (Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital) ;
  • Seoung Ho Moon (Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital) ;
  • Nan Song (Department of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Jae-Hong Ryoo (Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital)
  • 투고 : 2023.01.02
  • 심사 : 2023.04.13
  • 발행 : 2023.12.31
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Background: Studies conducted so far on the link between commute time and mental health among Koreans remain insufficient. In this study, we attempted to identify the relationship between commute time and subjective mental health using the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS). Methods: Self-reported commute time was divided into four groups: ≤ 30 (group 1), 30-60 (group 2), 60-120 (group 3), and > 120 minutes (group 4). Subjective depression was defined as a score of 50 points or less on the WHO-5 well-being index. Subjective anxiety and fatigue were defined as answering 'yes' to the questionnaire on whether they had experienced it over the past year. The analysis of variance, t-test, and χ2 test was used to analyze the differences among the characteristics of the study participants according to commute time, depression, anxiety, and fatigue. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for depression, anxiety, and fatigue according to commute time were calculated using multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for sex, age, monthly income, occupation, company size, weekly working hours, and shift work status. Results: Long commute times showed increased ORs and graded increasing trends for depression, anxiety, and fatigue. The ORs for depression increased significantly in group 2 (1.06 [1.01-1.11]), group 3 (1.23 [1.13-1.33]), and group 4 (1.31 [1.09-1.57]) compared to group 1 (reference). The ORs for anxiety increased significantly in group 2 (1.17 [1.06-1.29]), group 3 (1.43 [1.23-1.65]) and group 4 (1.89 [1.42-2.53]). The ORs for fatigue increased significantly in group 2 (1.09 [1.04-1.15]), group 3 (1.32 [1.21-1.43]), and group 4 (1.51 [1.25-1.82]). Conclusions: This study highlights that the risk of depression, anxiety, and fatigue increases with commute time.

키워드

과제정보

This work was supported by a grant from Kyung Hee University in 2023 (KHU-20230913). The funding organization had no role in the design or performance of this study. This research was supported by "Regional Innovation Strategy (RIS)" through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (MOE) (2021RIS-001).

참고문헌

  1. Handy S, Thigpen C. Commute quality and its implications for commute satisfaction: Exploring the role of mode, location, and other factors. Travel Behav Soc 2019;16:241-8.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2018.03.001
  2. Zhu Z, Li Z, Chen H, Liu Y, Zeng J. Subjective well-being in China: how much does commuting matter? Transportation 2019;46(4):1505-24.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-017-9848-1
  3. Olsson LE, Garling T, Ettema D, Friman M, Fujii S. Happiness and satisfaction with work commute. Soc Indic Res 2013;111(1):255-63.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0003-2
  4. Wei J, Wang Q, Gao W. How commuting time affects employees' income in China's urbanization process. Sustainability (Basel) 2022;14(23):15977. 
  5. Statistics Korea. An Indicator of the Quality of Life of the People: Commute Time. Daejeon, Korea: Statistics Korea; 2022.
  6. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Time spent travelling to and from work. https://www.oecd.org/els/family/LMF2_6_Time_spent_travelling_to_and_from_work.pdf. Updated 2016. Accessed November 17, 2022.
  7. Hori D, Sasahara S, Oi Y, Doki S, Andrea CS, Takahashi T, et al. Relationships between insomnia, long working hours, and long commuting time among public school teachers in Japan: a nationwide crosssectional diary study. Sleep Med 2020;75:62-72.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2019.09.017
  8. Kim S, Kim Y, Lim SS, Ryoo JH, Yoon JH. Long commute time and sleep problems with gender difference in work-life balance: a cross-sectional study of more than 25,000 workers. Saf Health Work 2019;10(4):470-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2019.08.001
  9. Wang X, Rodriguez DA, Sarmiento OL, Guaje O. Commute patterns and depression: evidence from eleven Latin American cities. J Transp Health 2019;14:100607. 
  10. Milner A, Badland H, Kavanagh A, LaMontagne AD. Time spent commuting to work and mental health: evidence from 13 waves of an Australian cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2017;186(6):659-67.  https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kww243
  11. Murphy LD, Cobb HR, Rudolph CW, Zacher H. Commuting demands and appraisals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of strain and wellbeing outcomes. Organ Psychol Rev 2022;13(1):11-43.  https://doi.org/10.1177/20413866221131404
  12. Baek S, Yoon J, Won J. Mediating effect of work-family conflict on the relationship between long commuting time and workers' anxiety and insomnia. Saf Health Work 2022;14(1):100-6.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2022.11.003
  13. Kageyama T, Nishikido N, Kobayashi T, Kurokawa Y, Kaneko T, Kabuto M. Long commuting time, extensive overtime, and sympathodominant state assessed in terms of short-term heart rate variability among male white-collar workers in the Tokyo megalopolis. Ind Health 1998;36(3):209-17.  https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.36.209
  14. Urhonen T, Lie A, Aamodt G. Associations between long commutes and subjective health complaints among railway workers in Norway. Prev Med Rep 2016;4:490-5.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.09.001
  15. Zenou Y. How do firms redline workers? J Urban Econ 2002;52(3):391-408.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-1190(02)00526-0
  16. Evans GW, Wener RE. Rail commuting duration and passenger stress. Health Psychol 2006;25(3):408-12.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.25.3.408
  17. Torquati L, Mielke GI, Brown WJ, Burton NW, Kolbe-Alexander TL. Shift work and poor mental health: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Am J Public Health 2019;109(11):e13-20.  https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305278
  18. Brown JP, Martin D, Nagaria Z, Verceles AC, Jobe SL, Wickwire EM. Mental health consequences of shift work: an updated review. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2020;22(2):7. 
  19. Kalin NH. The critical relationship between anxiety and depression. Am J Psychiatry 2020;177(5):365-7.  https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20030305
  20. Watanabe N, Stewart R, Jenkins R, Bhugra DK, Furukawa TA. The epidemiology of chronic fatigue, physical illness, and symptoms of common mental disorders: a cross-sectional survey from the second British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. J Psychosom Res 2008;64(4):357-62.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.12.003
  21. Topp CW, Ostergaard SD, Sondergaard S, Bech P. The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: a systematic review of the literature. Psychother Psychosom 2015;84(3):167-76.  https://doi.org/10.1159/000376585
  22. Christian TJ. Trade-offs between commuting time and health-related activities. J Urban Health 2012;89(5):746-57.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-012-9678-6
  23. Caldwell JA, Caldwell JL, Thompson LA, Lieberman HR. Fatigue and its management in the workplace. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019;96:272-89.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.024
  24. Chapman DP, Presley-Cantrell LR, Liu Y, Perry GS, Wheaton AG, Croft JB. Frequent insufficient sleep and anxiety and depressive disorders among U.S. community dwellers in 20 states, 2010. Psychiatr Serv 2013;64(4):385-7.  https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201200226
  25. Alvaro PK, Roberts RM, Harris JK. A systematic review assessing bidirectionality between sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression. Sleep (Basel) 2013;36(7):1059-68.  https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.2810
  26. Roth T. Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences. J Clin Sleep Med 2007;3(5 Suppl):S7-10. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.26929
  27. Vreeburg SA, Hoogendijk WJ, van Pelt J, Derijk RH, Verhagen JC, van Dyck R, et al. Major depressive disorder and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity: results from a large cohort study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66(6):617-26. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.50
  28. Hegewald J, Schubert M, Freiberg A, Romero Starke K, Augustin F, Riedel-Heller SG, et al. Traffic noise and mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17(17):6175. 
  29. Statistics Korea. Population by District, Gender. Daejeon, Korea: Statistics Korea; 2023.
  30. Statistics Korea. Current Status of Administrative Districts. Daejeon, Korea: Statistics Korea; 2022.
  31. Nagatani T. The physics of traffic jams. Rep Prog Phys 2002;65(9):1331-86.  https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/65/9/203
  32. Statistics Korea. Commuting Population by Time Required and Means of Transportation. Daejeon, Korea: Statistics Korea; 2011.
  33. Jun MJ, Lee J. The effects of commuter's job and housing accessibility on commuting time in the Seoul metropolitan area. J Korean Reg Dev Assoc 2020;32(2):119-36.
  34. Statistics Korea. Number of Businesses and Number of Employees by Size of Employees. Daejeon, Korea: Statistics Korea; 2022.
  35. Chae S, Cho TH. Comparative analysis on the determinants of residential area selection in original residents and immigrants. J Korean Data Anal Soc 2013;15(4):2281-96.
  36. Kim G, Kim K, Kim J. Influence of school age population demand on apartment prices: focused on the school district in Seoul. Korean Policy Sci Rev 2016;20(4):157-71.
  37. Roberts J, Hodgson R, Dolan P. "It's driving her mad": gender differences in the effects of commuting on psychological health. J Health Econ 2011;30(5):1064-76.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.07.006
  38. Marques A, Peralta M, Henriques-Neto D, Frasquilho D, Rubio Gouveira E, Gomez-Baya D. Active commuting and depression symptoms in adults: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17(3):1041.