International Journal of Oral Biology

  • 제48권2호
  • /
  • Pages.9-18
  • /
  • 2023
  • /
  • 1226-7155(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2287-6618(eISSN)
대한구강생물학회 (The Korean Academy of Oral Biology)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Trends in the rapid detection of infective oral diseases

  • Ran-Yi Jin (Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University) ;
  • Han-gyoul Cho (Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University) ;
  • Seung-Ho Ohk (Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University)
  • 투고 : 2023.06.09
  • 심사 : 2023.06.14
  • 발행 : 2023.06.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

The rapid detection of bacteria in the oral cavity, its species identification, and bacterial count determination are important to diagnose oral diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria. The existing clinical microbial diagnosis methods are time-consuming as they involve observing patients' samples under a microscope or culturing and confirming bacteria using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kits, making the process complex. Therefore, it is required to analyze the development status of substances and systems that can rapidly detect and analyze pathogenic microorganisms in the oral cavity. With research advancements, a close relationship between oral and systemic diseases has been identified, making it crucial to identify the changes in the oral cavity bacterial composition. Additionally, an early and accurate diagnosis is essential for better prognosis in periodontal disease. However, most periodontal disease-causing pathogens are anaerobic bacteria, which are difficult to identify using conventional bacterial culture methods. Further, the existing PCR method takes a long time to detect and involves complicated stages. Therefore, to address these challenges, the concept of point-of-care (PoC) has emerged, leading to the study and implementation of various chair-side test methods. This study aims to investigate the different PoC diagnostic methods introduced thus far for identifying pathogenic microorganisms in the oral cavity. These are classified into three categories: 1) microbiological tests, 2) microchemical tests, and 3) genetic tests. The microbiological tests are used to determine the presence or absence of representative causative bacteria of periodontal diseases, such as A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, and T. denticola. However, the quantitative analysis remains impossible, and detecting pathogens other than the specific ones is challenging. The microchemical tests determine the activity of inflammation or disease by measuring the levels of biomarkers present in the oral cavity. Although this diagnostic method is based on increase in the specific biomarkers proportional to inflammation or disease progression in the oral cavity, its commercialization is limited due to low sensitivity and specificity. The genetic tests are based on the concept that differences in disease vulnerability and treatment response are caused by the patient's DNA predisposition. Specifically, the IL-1 gene is used in such tests. PoC diagnostic methods developed to date serve as supplementary diagnostic methods and tools for patient education, in addition to existing diagnostic methods, although they have limitations in diagnosing oral diseases alone. Research on various PoC test methods that can analyze and manage the oral cavity bacterial composition is expected to become more active, aligning with the shift from treatment-oriented to prevention-oriented approaches in healthcare.

키워드

과제정보

이 논문은 2020년도 정부(교육부)의 재원으로 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행된 기초연구사업임(No.: 2020R1I1A3072936).

참고문헌

  1. Miller WD. Diseases of the human body which have been traced to the action of mouth-bacteria. Am J Dent Sci 1891;25:311-9.
  2. Read E, Curtis MA, Neves JF. The role of oral bacteria in inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;18:731-42. doi: 10.1038/s41575-021-00488-4
  3. Tuominen H, Rautava J. Oral microbiota and cancer development. Pathobiology 2021;88:116-26. doi: 10.1159/000510979
  4. Li Y, Cui J, Liu Y, Chen K, Huang L, Liu Y. Oral, tongue-coating microbiota, and metabolic disorders: a novel area of interactive research. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021;8:730203. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.730203
  5. Kamer AR, Pushalkar S, Gulivindala D, Butler T, Li Y, Annam KRC, Glodzik L, Ballman KV, Corby PM, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Saxena D, de Leon MJ. Periodontal dysbiosis associates with reduced CSF Aβ42 in cognitively normal elderly. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2021;13:e12172. doi: 10.1002/dad2.12172
  6. Matsha TE, Prince Y, Davids S, Chikte U, Erasmus RT, Kengne AP, Davison GM. Oral microbiome signatures in diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease. J Dent Res 2020;99:658-65. doi: 10.1177/0022034520913818
  7. Huang Z, Chen J, Li B, Zeng B, Chou CH, Zheng X, Xie J, Li H, Hao Y, Chen G, Pei F, Shen B, Kraus VB, Wei H, Zhou X, Cheng L. Faecal microbiota transplantation from metabolically compromised human donors accelerates osteoarthritis in mice. Ann Rheum Dis 2020;79:646-56. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216471
  8. Gomez LA, De Avila J, Castillo DM, Montenegro DA, Trujillo TG, Suarez LJ, Lafaurie GI. Porphyromonas gingivalis placental atopobiosis and inflammatory responses in women with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Front Microbiol 2020;11:591626. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.591626
  9. Takahashi N, Nyvad B. The role of bacteria in the caries process: ecological perspectives. J Dent Res 2011;90:294-303. doi: 10.1177/0022034510379602
  10. Aral CA, Kesim S, Greenwell H, Kara M, Cetin A, Yakan B. Alveolar bone protective and hypoglycemic effects of systemic propolis treatment in experimental periodontitis and diabetes mellitus. J Med Food 2015;18:195-201. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2013.3137
  11. Slots J. Subgingival microflora and periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 1979;6:351-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1979.tb01935.x
  12. Haffajee AD, Socransky SS, Patel MR, Song X. Microbial complexes in supragingival plaque. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2008;23:196-205. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-302X.2007.00411.x
  13. Consensus report. Periodontal diseases: pathogenesis and microbial factors. Ann Periodontol 1996;1:926-32. doi: 10.1902/annals.1996.1.1.926
  14. Lee YH, Wong DT. Saliva: an emerging biofluid for early detection of diseases. Am J Dent 2009;22:241-8.
  15. Naginyte M, Do T, Meade J, Devine DA, Marsh PD. Enrichment of periodontal pathogens from the biofilms of healthy adults. Sci Rep 2019;9:5491. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41882-y
  16. Chen C, Slots J. Microbiological tests for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Periodontol 2000 1999;20:53-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1999.tb00157.x
  17. Paster BJ, Dewhirst FE. Molecular microbial diagnosis. Periodontol 2000 2009;51:38-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2009.00316.x
  18. Nadkarni MA, Martin FE, Jacques NA, Hunter N. Determination of bacterial load by real-time PCR using a broad-range (universal) probe and primers set. Microbiology (Reading) 2002;148(Pt 1):257-66. doi: 10.1099/00221287-148-1-257
  19. Kim HS, Song SK, Yoo SY, Jin DC, Shin HS, Lim CK, Kim MS, Kim JS, Choe SJ, Kook JK. Development of strain-specific PCR primers based on a DNA probe Fu12 for the identification of fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum ATCC 25586T. J Microbiol 2005;43:331-6. Erratum in: J Microbiol 2005;43:473.
  20. Giannobile WV, Beikler T, Kinney JS, Ramseier CA, Morelli T, Wong DT. Saliva as a diagnostic tool for periodontal disease: current state and future directions. Periodontol 2000 2009;50:52-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00288.x
  21. Jenkins WM, MacFarlane TW, Gilmour WH. Longitudinal study of untreated periodontitis (I). Clinical findings. J Clin Periodontol 1988;15:324-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1988.tb01591.x
  22. Brown LJ, Oliver RC, Loe H. Periodontal diseases in the U.S. in 1981: prevalence, severity, extent, and role in tooth mortality. J Periodontol 1989;60:363-70. doi: 10.1902/jop.1989.60.7.363
  23. Van der Velden U, Abbas F, Van Steenbergen TJ, De Zoete OJ, Hesse M, De Ruyter C, De Laat VH, De Graaff J. Prevalence of periodontal breakdown in adolescents and presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in subjects with attachment loss. J Periodontol 1989;60:604-10. doi: 10.1902/jop.1989.60.11.604
  24. Andrade R, Espinoza M, Gomez EM, Espinoza JR, Cruz E. Intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility of manual probing depth. Braz Oral Res 2012;26:57-63. doi: 10.1590/s1806-83242012000100010
  25. Lafzi A, Mohammadi AS, Eskandari A, Pourkhamneh S. Assessment of intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility of probing depth measurements with a manual periodontal probe. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2007;1:19-25. doi: 10.5681/joddd.2007.004
  26. Kim MJ, Min JB, Lim SA, Kook JK. Strain-specific PCR primers for the detection of Prevotella intermedia ATCC 49046. Int J Oral Biol 2011;36:79-82.
  27. Curtis MA, Gillett IR, Griffiths GS, Maiden MF, Sterne JA, Wilson DT, Wilton JM, Johnson NW. Detection of high-risk groups and individuals for periodontal diseases: laboratory markers from analysis of gingival crevicular fluid. J Clin Periodontol 1989;16:1-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1989.tb01604.
  28. Biomarkers Definitions Working Group. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001;69:89-95. doi: 10.1067/mcp.2001.113989
  29. Srivastava N, Nayak PA, Rana S. Point of care- a novel approach to periodontal diagnosis-a review. J Clin Diagn Res 2017;11:ZE01-6. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/26626.10411
  30. Gul SS, Abdulkareem AA, Sha AM, Rawlinson A. Diagnostic accuracy of oral fluids biomarker profile to determine the current and future status of periodontal and peri-implant diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020;10:838. doi: 10.3390/di-agnostics10100838
  31. Miller SM. Saliva testing--a nontraditional diagnostic tool. Clin Lab Sci 1994;7:39-44.
  32. Subbarao KC, Nattuthurai GS, Sundararajan SK, Sujith I, Joseph J, Syedshah YP. Gingival crevicular fluid: an overview. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2019;11(Suppl 2):S135-9. doi: 10.4103/JPBS.JPBS_56_19
  33. Champagne CM, Buchanan W, Reddy MS, Preisser JS, Beck JD, Offenbacher S. Potential for gingival crevice fluid measures as predictors of risk for periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 2003;31:167-80. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0757.2003.03110.x
  34. Zia A, Khan S, Bey A, Gupta ND, Mukhtar-Un-Nisar S. Oral biomarkers in the diagnosis and progression of periodontal diseases. Biol Med (Aligarh) 2011;3:45-52.
  35. Chapple IL. Periodontal diagnosis and treatment--where does the future lie? Periodontol 2000 2009;51:9-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2009.00319.x
  36. Kaklamanos EG, Tsalikis L. A review on peri-implant crevicular fluid assays potential in monitoring and predicting periimplant tissue responses. J Int Acad Periodontol 2002;4:49-59.
  37. Dursun E, Tozum TF. Peri-implant crevicular fluid analysis, enzymes and biomarkers: a systemetic review. J Oral Maxillofac Res 2016;7:e9. doi: 10.5037/jomr.2016.7309
  38. Kuehl FA Jr, Egan RW. Prostaglandins, arachidonic acid, and inflammation. Science 1980;210:978-84. doi: 10.1126/science.6254151
  39. Offenbacher S, Heasman PA, Collins JG. Modulation of host PGE2 secretion as a determinant of periodontal disease expression. J Periodontol 1993;64(5 Suppl):432-44. doi: 10.1902/jop.1993.64.5s.432
  40. Nakashima K, Roehrich N, Cimasoni G. Osteocalcin, prostaglandin E2 and alkaline phosphatase in gingival crevicular fluid: their relations to periodontal status. J Clin Periodontol 1994;21:327-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1994.tb00721.x
  41. Kumar AK, Reddy NR, Babu M, Kumar PM, Reddy VS, Chavan CV. Estimation of prostaglandin E2 levels in gingival crevicular fluid in periodontal health, disease and after treatment. Contemp Clin Dent 2013;4:303-6. doi: 10.4103/0976-237X.118354
  42. Takeuchi O, Akira S. Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation. Cell 2010;140:805-20. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.02
  43. Cheng R, Wu Z, Li M, Shao M, Hu T. Interleukin-1β is a potential therapeutic target for periodontitis: a narrative review. Int J Oral Sci 2020;12:2. doi: 10.1038/s41368-019-0068-8
  44. Rangbulla V, Nirola A, Gupta M, Batra P, Gupta M. Salivary IgA, Interleukin-1β and MMP-8 as salivary biomarkers in chronic periodontitis patients. Chin J Dent Res 2017;20:43-51. doi: 10.3290/j.cjdr.a37741
  45. Schett G, Dayer JM, Manger B. Interleukin-1 function and role in rheumatic disease. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2016;12:14-24. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.166
  46. Gabay C. Interleukin-6 and chronic inflammation. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8 Suppl 2:S3. doi: 10.1186/ar1917
  47. Batool H, Nadeem A, Kashif M, Shahzad F, Tahir R, Afzal N. Salivary levels of IL-6 and IL-17 could be an indicator of disease severity in patients with calculus associated chronic periodontitis. Biomed Res Int 2018;2018:8531961. doi: 10.1155/2018/8531961
  48. Hosokawa Y, Hosokawa I, Ozaki K, Nakae H, Matsuo T. Increase of CCL20 expression by human gingival fibroblasts upon stimulation with cytokines and bacterial endotoxin. Clin Exp Immunol 2005;142:285-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02912.x
  49. Roberts FA, McCaffery KA, Michalek SM. Profile of cytokine mRNA expression in chronic adult periodontitis. J Dent Res 1997;76:1833-9. doi: 10.1177/00220345970760120501
  50. Sorsa T, Tjaderhane L, Salo T. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in oral diseases. Oral Dis 2004;10:311-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2004.01038.x
  51. Sorsa T, Gursoy UK, Nwhator S, Hernandez M, Tervahartiala T, Leppilahti J, Gursoy M, Kononen E, Emingil G, Pussinen PJ, Mantyla P. Analysis of matrix metalloproteinases, especially MMP-8, in gingival creviclular fluid, mouthrinse and saliva for monitoring periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 2016;70:142-63. doi: 10.1111/prd.12101
  52. Sorsa T, Mantyla P, Tervahartiala T, Pussinen PJ, Gamonal J, Hernandez M. MMP activation in diagnostics of periodontitis and systemic inflammation. J Clin Periodontol 2011;38:817-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2011.01753.x
  53. Peeling RW, Holmes KK, Mabey D, Ronald A. Rapid tests for sexually transmitted infections (STIs): the way forward. Sex Transm Infect 2006;82 Suppl 5:v1-6. doi: 10.1136/sti.2006.024265
  54. Chepuri T, Gooty JR, Durvasala S, Palaparthi R. Chair side diagnostic test kits in periodontics. Indian J Dent Adv 2015;7:41-5. doi: 10.5866/2015.7.10041
  55. Nabors TW, McGlennen RC, Thompson D. Salivary testing for periodontal disease diagnosis and treatment. Dent Today 2010;29:53-4, 56, 58-60; quiz 61.
  56. He W, You M, Wan W, Xu F, Li F, Li A. Point-of-care periodontitis testing: biomarkers, current technologies, and perspectives. Trends Biotechnol 2018;36:1127-44. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.05.013
  57. Persson GR, DeRouen TA, Page RC. Relationship between levels of aspartate aminotransferase in gingival crevicular fluid and gingival inflammation. J Periodontal Res 1990;25:17-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1990.tb01203.x
  58. Armitage GC, Jeffcoat MK, Chadwick DE, Taggart EJ Jr, Numabe Y, Landis JR, Weaver SL, Sharp TJ. Longitudinal evaluation of elastase as a marker for the progression of periodontitis. J Periodontol 1994;65:120-8. doi: 10.1902/jop.1994.65.2.120
  59. Sorsa T, Gieselmann D, Arweiler NB, Hernandez M. A quantitative point-of-care test for periodontal and dental periimplant diseases. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017;3:17069. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.69
  60. Buduneli N. Biomarkers in periodontal health and disease: rationale, benefits, and future directions. Springer International Publishing; 2020.