Acknowledgement
We would like to thank Indiana University's Public Safety and Institutional Assurance staff for their partnership and assistance in disseminating the survey.
References
- Hazan M. Longevity and lifetime labour input: data and implications; 2006. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25621384.
- National Fire Protection Association. Fire by occupancy or property type; 2020.
- Pillemer DB, Picariello ML, Pruett JC. Very long-term memories of a salient preschool event. Appl Cogn Psychol 1994;8(2):95-106. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2350080202
- Gershon RR, Magda LA, Riley HE, Merrill JA. Mass fatality preparedness in the death care sector. J Occup Environ Med 2011;53(10):1179-86. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e31822cfe76
- Kuligowski E. Predicting human behavior during fires. Fire Technol 2013;49(1):101-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-011-0245-6
- Proulx G, Pineau J. Differences in the evacuation behaviour of office and apartment building occupants. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications Sage CA; 1996. p. 825-9.
- Thompson MR. The three Rs of fire safety, emergency action, and fire prevention planning: promoting safety at the worksite. AAOHN J 2003;51(4):169-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/216507990305100407
- Fahy RF, Proulx G. Toward creating a database on delay times to start evacuation and walking speeds for use in evacuation modeling; 2001. p. 175-83. Boston, MA, USA.
- Koo J, Kim BI, Kim YS. Estimating the effects of mental disorientation and physical fatigue in a semi-panic evacuation. Expert Syst Appl 2014;41(5):2379-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2013.09.036
- Liu M, Lo SM. The quantitative investigation on people's pre-evacuation behavior under fire. Autom Constr 2011;20(5):620-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2010.12.004
- Tong D, Canter D. The decision to evacuate: a study of the motivations which contribute to evacuation in the event of fire. Fire Saf J 1985;9(3):257-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(85)90036-0
- McEachan RRC, Conner M, Taylor NJ, Lawton RJ. Prospective prediction of health-related behaviours with the theory of planned behaviour: a metaanalysis. Health Psychol Rev 2011;5(2):97-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2010.521684
- McEachan R, Taylor N, Harrison R, Lawton R, Gardner P, Conner M. Meta-analysis of the reasoned action approach (RAA) to understanding health behaviors. Ann Behav Med 2016;50(4):592-612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-016-9798-4
- Steinmetz H, Knappstein M, Ajzen I, Schmidt P, Kabst R. How effective are behavior change interventions based on the theory of planned behavior? Z fur Psychol/J Psychol 2016;224(3):216-33. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000255
- Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Predicting and changing behavior: the reasoned action approach. Psychology Press; 2010.
- Le AB, Middlestadt SE, Lin HC, Docherty CL, Smith TD. Belief factors associated with employees' intention to evacuate during a fire alarm. Workplace Health Saf 2022;70(9):388-97. https://doi.org/10.1177/21650799221093773
- Gershon RR, Magda LA, Riley HE, Sherman MF. The World Trade Center evacuation study: factors associated with initiation and length of time for evacuation. Fire Mater 2012;36(5-6):481-500. https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.1080
- Kinateder MT, Kuligowski ED, Reneke PA, Peacock RD. Risk perception in fire evacuation behavior revisited: definitions, related concepts, and empirical evidence. Fire Sci Rev 2015;4(1):1.
- Kobes M, Helsloot I, De Vries B, Post JG. Building safety and human behaviour in fire: a literature review. Fire Saf J 2010;45(1):1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.08.005
- Proulx G, Reid IM. Occupant behavior and evacuation during the Chicago Cook County Administration Building fire. J Fire Prot Eng 2006;16(4):283-309. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391506065951
- Tsurushima A. Symmetry breaking in evacuation exit choice: impacts of cognitive bias and physical factor on evacuation decision. Springer; 2019. p. 293-316.
- US Fire Administration. U.S. Fire Statistics; 2019. https://www.usfa.fema.gov/statistics/.
- Hsieh HF, Shannon SE. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res 2005;15(9):1277-88.
- Middlestadt SE, Bhattacharyya K, Rosenbaum J, Fishbein M, Shepherd M. The use of theory based semistructured elicitation questionnaires: formative research for CDC's Prevention Marketing Initiative. Public Health Rep 1996;111(Suppl. 1):18.
- McHugh ML. Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochem Med 2012;22(3):276-82. https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2012.031
- Eldredge LKB, Markham CM, Ruiter RA, Fernandez ME, Kok G, Parcel GS. Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. John Wiley & Sons; 2016.
- Fugas CS, Melia JL, Silva SA. The "is" and the "ought": how do perceived social norms influence safety behaviors at work? J Occup Health Psychol 2011;16(1):67.
- Barrientos-Gutierrez T, Gimeno D, Mangione TW, Harrist RB, Amick BC. Drinking social norms and drinking behaviours: a multilevel analysis of 137 workgroups in 16 worksites. Occup Environ Med 2007;64(9):602-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2006.031765
- Wolski A, Dembsey NA, Meacham BJ. Accommodating perceptions of risk in performance-based building fire safety code development. Fire Saf J 2000;34(3):297-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00003-5
- Smith GA, Kistamgari S, Splaingard M. Optimizing smoke alarm signals for those at highest risk for residential fire-related death: testing the effectiveness of children's smoke alarms for sleeping older adults. Fire Technol 2022;58(1):311-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-021-01147-5
- Smith GA, Chounthirath T, Splaingard M. Comparison of the effectiveness of female voice, male voice, and hybrid voice-tone smoke alarms for sleeping children. Pediatr Res 2020;88(5):769-75. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-020-0838-1
- Smith GA, Chounthirath T, Splaingard M. Effectiveness of a voice smoke alarm using the child's name for sleeping children: a randomized trial. J Pediatr 2019;205:250-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.09.027
- Biddinger PD, Savoia E, Massin-Short SB, Preston J, Stoto MA. Public health emergency preparedness exercises: lessons learned. Public Health Rep 2010;125(5_Suppl. l):100-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549101250S514
- Ferrer RR, Ramirez M, Sauser K, Iverson E, Upperman JS, others. Emergency drills and exercises in healthcare organizations: assessment of pediatric population involvement using after-action reports. Am J Disaster Med 2009;4(1):23-32. https://doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2009.0004
- Savoia E, Lin L, Viswanath K. Communications in public health emergency preparedness: a systematic review of the literature. Biosecur Bioterror 2013;11(3):170-84. https://doi.org/10.1089/bsp.2013.0038
- Bandura A, Freeman W, Lightsey R. Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. Springer; 1999.
- Burke MJ, Sarpy SA, Smith-Crowe K, Chan-Serafin S, Salvador RO, Islam G. Relative effectiveness of worker safety and health training methods. Am J Public Health 2006;96(2):315-24. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.059840
- Casey T, Turner N, Hu X, Bancroft K. Making safety training stickier: a richer model of safety training engagement and transfer. J Saf Res 2021;78:303-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2021.06.004
- Dong X, Entzel P, Men Y, Chowdhury R, Schneider S. Effects of safety and health training on work-related injury among construction laborers. J Occup Environ Med 2004:1222-8.
- Raurell-Torreda M, Rascon-Hernan C, Malagon-Aguilera C, Bonmati-Tomas A, Bosch-Farre C, Gelabert-Vilella S, Romero-Collado A. Effectiveness of a training intervention to improve communication between/awareness of team roles: a randomized clinical trial. J Prof Nurs 2021;37(2):479-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2020.11.003
- Fishbein M. A reasoned action approach to health promotion. Med Decis Making 2008;28(6):834-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X08326092