Acknowledgement
This study was supported by R&D project from Rural Development Administration <Project: Development of anti-inflammatory tartary buckwheat probiotics product using the bioconversion ability of probiotics>, <Project: Development of high-quality and versatile buckwheat varieties (2nd stage), PJ016068032023> and Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs <Project: Discovery and industrial development of postbiotics for modulating human microbiome, 321036-05-1-HD040>, Republic of Korea.
References
- Kim SJ, Sohn HB, Suh JT, Kim GH, Hong SY, Kim KD, et al. 2017. Domestic and overseas status of buckwheat production and future trends. J. Korean Soc. Int. Agr. 29: 226-233. https://doi.org/10.12719/KSIA.2017.29.3.226
- Sofi SA, Ahmed N, Farooq A, Rafiq S, Zargar SM, Kamran F, et al. 2023. Nutritional and bioactive characteristics of buckwheat, and its potential for developing gluten-free products: An updated overview. Food Sci. Nutr. 11: 2256-2276.
- Kim DW, Hwang IK, Lim SS, Yoo KY, Li H, Kim YS, et al. 2009. Germinated buckwheat extract decreases blood pressure and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in aortic endothelial cells in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Phytother. Res. 23: 993-998. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2739
- Chang KJ, Seo GS, Kim YS, Huang DS, Park JI, Park JJ, et al. 2010. Components and biological effects of fermented extract from tartary buckwheat sprouts. Korean J. Plant Res. 23: 131-137.
- Yoon BR, Cho BJ, Lee HK, Kim DJ, Rhee SK, Hong HD, et al. 2012. Antioxidant and anti-adipogenic effects of ethanolic extracts from tartary and common buckwheats. Korean J. Food Preserv. 19: 123-130. https://doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2012.19.1.123
- Nam HK, Hong SH, Shin KC, Oh DK. 2012. Quercetin production from rutin by a thermostable β-rutinosidase from Pyrococcus furiosus. Biotechnol. Lett. 34: 483-489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-011-0786-2
- Kim JA. 2006. Study on the anti-obesity effects of germinated-buckwheat. Ms theses, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea.
- Fukushima T, Tokuji Y, Kinoshita M, Ohnishi M, Kawahara M, Ohba K. 2008. Anti-inflammatory effect of buckwheat sprouts in lipopolysaccharide-activated human colon cancer cells and mice. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 72: 3148-3157. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.80324
- Holasova M, Fiedlerava V, Smrcinova H, Orsak M, Lachman J, Vavreinova S. 2002. Buckwheat-the source of antioxidant activity in functional foods. Food Res. Int. 35: 207-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-9969(01)00185-5
- Kim SJ, Sohn HB, Kim JW, Lim SH, Lee JN, Park SH, et al. 2023. Growth of intestinal bacteria and intestinal inflammation of sprout extract from common buckwheat and tartary buckwheat. Korean J. Plant Res. 36: 455-468.
- Kim SJ, Sohn HB, Lee KT, Shin JS, Kim S, Nam JH, et al. 2019. Anti-inflammatory effects of seed ethanolic extracts of the common buckwheat and tartary buckwheat are mediated through the suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 51: 565-575.
- Heim KE, Tagliaferro AR, Bobilya DJ. 2002. Flavonoid antioxidants: Chemistry, metabolism and structure activity relationships. J. Nutr. Biochem. 13: 572-584. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(02)00208-5
- Ademosun AO, Oboh G, Bello F, Ayeni PO. 2015. Antioxidative properties and effect of quercetin and its glycosylated form (Rutin) on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities. Evid. Based. Complement. Alternat. Med. 21: NP11-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587215610032
- Yang JW, Lee HN, Sung JH, Kim YH, Jeong HS, Lee JS. 2019. Conversion of rutin to quercetin by acid treatment in relation to biological activities. Prev. Nutr. Food Sci. 24: 313-320. https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2019.24.3.313
- Kim GN, Kwon YI, Jang HD. 2011. Protective mechanism of quercetin and rutin on 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride or Cu2+-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Toxicol. In Vitro 25: 138-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2010.10.005
- Zuo Y, Xin X, Xu H, Yuan H, Li X, Yu Y, et al. 2020. Highly efficient bioconversion of flavonoid glycosides from citrus processing wastes in solvent-buffer systems. Green Chem. 22: 3196-3207. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0GC00669F
- Huynh NT, Smagghe G, Gonzales GB, Camp JV, Raes K. 2018. Bioconversion of kaempferol and quercetin glucosides from plant sources using Rhizopus spp. Fermentation 4: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation4010001
- Amaretti A, Raimondi S, Leonardi A, Quartieri A, Rossi M. 2015. Hydrolysis of the rutinose-conjugates flavonoids rutin and hesperidin by the gut microbiota and bifidobacteria. Nutrients 7: 2788-2800. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042788
- Choi JW, Kwon C, Kim JW, Chung MJ, Yoon JH, Lim SH. 2022. Bioconversion of ginsenosides by Bifidobacterium CBT BG7, BR3 and BL3. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Lett. 50: 395-403. https://doi.org/10.48022/mbl.2208.08005
- Kwon C, Kim JW, Park YK, Kang SB, Chung MJ, Kim SJ, et al. 2023. Bioconversion of rutin in tartary buckwheat by the Korean indigenous probiotics. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Lett. 5: 83-92. https://doi.org/10.48022/mbl.2302.02004
- Kim YH, Lee YJ, Park SO, Lee SJ, Lee OH. 2013. Antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activities of fermented black rice and its fractions. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 45: 262-266. https://doi.org/10.9721/KJFST.2013.45.2.262
- Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, RiceEvans C. 1999. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 26: 1231-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
- Tsikas D. 2005. Review methods of quantitative analysis of the nitric oxide metabolites nitrite and nitrate in human biological fluids. Free Radic. Res. 39: 797-815. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715760500053651
- Kim SJ, Sohn HB, Lee KT, Shin JS, Kim S, Nam JH, et al. 2019. Anti-inflammatory effects of seed ethanolic extracts of the common buckwheat and tartary buckwheat are mediated through the suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 51: 565-575.
- Floegel A, Kim DO, Chung SJ, Koo SI, Chun OK. 2011. Comparison of ABTS/DPPH assays to measure antioxidant capacity in popular antioxidant-rich US foods. J. Food Compos. Anal. 24: 1043-1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2011.01.008
- Lee MH, Cho JH, Kim JC, Kim BK. 2014. Effect of roasting conditions on the antioxidant activities of tartary buckwheat. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 46: 390-393. https://doi.org/10.9721/KJFST.2014.46.3.390
- Ryu JY, Choi Y, Hong KH, Chung YS, Cho SK. 2020. Effect of roasting and brewing on the antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of tartary buckwheat. Foods 9: 1331.
- Kim SJ, Sohn HB, Nam JH, Lee JN, Chang DC, Kim YH. 2022. Comparison of rutin content and quality characteristics of tea products from common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) by different processing and brewing methods. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 54: 185-195.
- Xaus J, Comalada M, Valledor AF, Lloberas J, Lopez-Soriano F, Argiles JM, et al. 2000. LPS induces apoptosis in macrophages mostly through the autocrine production of TNF-α. Blood 95: 3823-3831. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V95.12.3823.012k07_3823_3831
- Salim T, Sershen CL, May EE. 2016. Investigating the role of TNF-α and IFN-γ activation on the dynamics of iNOS gene expression in LPS stimulated macrophages. PLoS One 11: e0153289.
- An S, Lee CM, Haile DH, Yun SJ. 2019. Inactivation of rutin degrading enzymes in buckwheat groats by roasting and steaming. Korean J. Med. Crop Sci. 27: 108-114. https://doi.org/10.7783/KJMCS.2019.27.2.108
- Yang CY, Hsiu SL, Wen KC, Lin SP, Tsai SY, Hou YC, et al. 2005. Bioavailability and metabolic pharmacokinetics of rutin and quercetin in rats. J. Food Drug Anal. 13: 244-250. https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2517