DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Numerical investigation of glass windows under near-field blast

  • 투고 : 2023.03.28
  • 심사 : 2023.04.30
  • 발행 : 2023.04.25

초록

The determination of the blast protection level and the corresponding minimum load-bearing capacity for a laminated glass (LG) window is of crucial importance for safety and security design purposes. In this paper, the focus is given to the window response under near-field blast loading, i.e., where relatively small explosives would be activated close to the target, representative of attack scenarios using small commercial drones. In general, the assessment of the load-bearing capacity of a window is based on complex and expensive experiments, which can be conducted for a small number of configurations. On the other hand, nowadays, validated numerical simulations tools based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) are available to partially substitute the physical tests for the assessment of the performance of various LG systems, especially for the far-field blast loading. However, very little literature is available on the LG window performance under near-field blast loads, which differs from far-field situations in two points: i) the duration of the load is very short, since the blast wavelength tends to increase with the distance and ii) the load distribution is not uniform over the window surface, as opposed to the almost plane wave configuration for far-field configurations. Therefore, the current study focuses on the performance assessment and structural behaviour of LG windows under near-field blasts. Typical behavioural trends are investigated, by taking into account possible relevant damage mechanisms in the LG window components, while size effects for target LG windows are also addressed under a multitude of blast loading configurations.

키워드

과제정보

The research described in this paper was financially supported by the European Commission-Joint Research Centre.

참고문헌

  1. Amadio, C. and Bedon, C. (2012), "Viscoelastic spider connectors for the mitigation of cable-supported facades subjected to air blast loading", Eng. Struct., 42, 190-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.04.023.
  2. Bedon, C. and Amadio, C. (2018), "Numerical assessment of vibration control systems for multi-hazard design and mitigation of glass curtain walls", J. Build. Eng., 15, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.11.004.
  3. Bedon, C. and Louter, C. (2014), "Exploratory numerical analysis of SG-laminated reinforced glass beam experiments", Eng. Struct., 75, 457-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.06.022.
  4. Bedon, C., Larcher, M., Bez, A. and Amadio, C. (2022), "Numerical analysis of TGU windows under Blast-GLASS-SHARD outlook", Proceedings of Challenging Glass, Ghent, Belgium, June.
  5. Bedon, C., Machalicka, K., Eliasova, M. and Vokac, M. (2018b), "Numerical modelling of adhesive connections including cohesive damage", Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings, 6, https://doi.org/10.7480/cgc.6.2155.
  6. Bedon, C., Zhang, X., Santos, F., Honfi, D., Kozlowski, M., Arrigoni, M., Figuli, L. and Lange, D. (2018a), "Performance of structural glass facades under extreme loads-design methods, existing research, current issues and trends", Constr. Build. Mater., 163, 921-937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.153.
  7. Catovic, A. and Kljuno, E. (2021), "Comparation of analytical models and review of numerical simulation method for blast wave overpressure estimation after the explosion", Adv. Sci., Technol. Eng. Syst. J., 6(1), 748-756. https://doi.org/10.25046/aj060182.
  8. Chen, X., Chen, S. and Li, G.Q. (2021), "Experimental investigation on the blast resistance of framed PVB-laminated glass", Int. J. Impact Eng., 149, 103788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2020.103788.
  9. Deng, R. and Jin, X. (2010), "Numerical simulation for blast analysis of insulating glass in a curtain wall", Int. J. Comput. Meth. Eng. Sci. Mech., 11(3), 162-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502281003702302.
  10. Dua, A. and Braimah, A. (2016), "State-of-the-art in near-field and contact explosion effects on reinforced concrete columns", Proceedings of Resilient Infrastructure, London, UK.
  11. EN 13541 (2012), Glass in Building-Security Glazing-Testing and Classification of Resistance Against Explosion Pressure, European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium.
  12. Figuli, L., Cekerevac, D., Bedon, C. and Leitner, B. (2020), "Numerical analysis of the blast wave propagation due to various explosive charges", Adv. Civil Eng., 2020, Article ID 8871412. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8871412.
  13. Gao, W., Xiang, J., Chen, S., Yin, S., Zang, M. and Zheng, X. (2017), "Intrinsic cohesive modeling of impact fracture behavior of laminated glass", Mater. Des., 127, 321-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.04.059.
  14. Haldimann, M., Luible, A. and Overend, M. (2008), "Structural use of glass", IABSE, Zurich, Switzerland,
  15. Hyde, D. (1999), Users' Guide for Microcomputer Programs CONWEP and FUNPRO-Applications of TM 5-885-1, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experimental Station, Vicksburg, VA.
  16. Karlos, V., Solomos, G. and Larcher, M. (2016), "Analysis of blast parameters in the near-field for spherical free-air explosions", JRC Technical Report, EUR 27823, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
  17. Kingery, C. and Bulmash, G. (1984), "Air blast parameters from TNT spherical air burst and hemispherical burst", Technical report ARBRL-TR-02555, AD-B082 713, U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD Ballistic Research Laboratories.
  18. Kranzer, C., Gurke, G. and Mayrhofer, C. (2005), "Testing of bomb resistant glazing systems. Experimental investigation of the time dependent deflection of blast loaded 7.5 mm laminated glass", Proceedings of the Glass Processing Days, Tampere.
  19. Larcher, M., Arrigoni, M., Bedon, C., van Doormaal, J.C.A.M., Haberacker, C., Husken, G., Millon, O., Saarenheimo, A., Solomos, G., Thamie, L., Valsamos, G., Williams, A. and Stolz, A. (2016), "Design of blast-loaded glazing windows and facades: A review of essential requirements towards standardization", Adv. Civil Eng., 2016, Article ID 2604232. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2604232.
  20. Larcher, M., Solomos, G., Casadei, F. and Gebbeken, N. (2012), "Experimental and numerical investigations of laminated glass subjected to blast loading", Int. J. Impact Eng., 39, 42-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2011.09.006.
  21. Marchand, K., Davis, C., Sammarco, E., Buy, J. and Casper, J. (2017), "Coupled glass and structure response of conventional curtain walls subjected to blast loads: validation tests and analysis", Glass Struct. Eng., 2, 17-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40940-016-0037-y.
  22. Pelfrene, J., Kuntsche, J., Van Dam, S., Van Paepegem, W., Schneider, J. (2016), "Critical assessment of the post-breakage performance of blast loaded laminated glazing: Experiments and simulations", Int. J. Impact Eng., 88, 61-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2015.09.008.
  23. Rigby, S.E., Tyas, A., Clarke, S.D., Fay, S.D., Warren, J.A., Elgy, I. and Gant, M. (2014), "Testing apparatus for the spatial and temporal pressure measurements from near-field free air explosions", Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Protection of Structures against Hazards, Tianjin, China.
  24. Santos, F., Cismasiu, C. and Bedon, C. (2016), "Smart glazed cable facade subjected to a blast loading", Struct. Build., 169(3), 223-232. https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.14.00057.
  25. Sielicki, P.W., Bedon, C. and Zhang, X. (2020), "Performance of TGU Windows under Explosive Loading", Soft Target Protection. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security. Springer, Dordrecht, Hofreiter.
  26. Simulia, ABAQUS Computer Software, V. 6.14, Dassault Systemes, Providence, RI, USA.
  27. Spiller, K., Packer, J.A., Seica, M.V. and Yankelevsky, D.Z. (2016), "Prediction of annealed glass window response to blast loading", Int. J. Impact Eng., 88, 189-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2015.10.010.
  28. Zhang, X. and Bedon, C. (2017), "Vulnerability and protection of glass windows and facades under blast: Experiments, methods and current trends", Int. J. Struct. Glass Adv. Mater. Res., 1(2), 10-23. https://doi.org/10.3844/sgamrsp.2017.10.23.
  29. Zhang, X., Hao, H. and Ma, G. (2013), "Parametric study of laminated glass window response to blast loads", Eng. Struct., 56, 1707-1717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.08.007.