DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Prognosis Prediction of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features

  • Hsien Min Low (Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital) ;
  • Jeong Min Lee (Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital) ;
  • Cher Heng Tan (Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital)
  • Received : 2023.02.18
  • Accepted : 2023.04.17
  • Published : 2023.07.01

Abstract

Keywords

References

  1. Pinter M, Trauner M, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Sieghart W. Cancer and liver cirrhosis: implications on prognosis and management. ESMO Open 2016;1:e000042
  2. Golabi P, Fazel S, Otgonsuren M, Sayiner M, Locklear CT, Younossi ZM. Mortality assessment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma according to underlying disease and treatment modalities. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96:e5904
  3. Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, Zhu AX, Finn RS, Abecassis MM, et al. Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 practice cuidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2018;68:723-750 https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29913
  4. Tabrizian P, Jibara G, Shrager B, Schwartz M, Roayaie S. Recurrence of hepatocellular cancer after resection: patterns, treatments, and prognosis. Ann Surg 2015;261:947-955 https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000710
  5. de Freitas LBR, Longo L, Santos D, Grivicich I, Alvares-da-Silva MR. Hepatocellular carcinoma staging systems: Hong Kong liver cancer vs Barcelona clinic liver cancer in a Western population. World J Hepatol 2019;11:678-688 https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v11.i9.678
  6. Renne SL, Sarcognato S, Sacchi D, Guido M, Roncalli M, Terracciano L, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: a clinical and pathological overview. Pathologica 2021;113:203-217 https://doi.org/10.32074/1591-951X-295
  7. Bednarsch J, Czigany Z, Heise D, Joechle K, Luedde T, Heij L, et al. Prognostic evaluation of HCC patients undergoing surgical resection: an analysis of 8 different staging systems. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2021;406:75-86 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00423-020-02052-1
  8. Moura Cunha G, Chernyak V, Fowler KJ, Sirlin CB. Up-todate role of CT/MRI LI-RADS in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2021;8:513-527 https://doi.org/10.2147/JHC.S268288
  9. Korean Liver Cancer Association (KLCA) and National Cancer Center (NCC) Korea. 2022 KLCA-NCC Korea Practice Guidelines for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Korean J Radiol 2022;23:1126-1240 https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2022.0822
  10. van der Pol CB, Lim CS, Sirlin CB, McGrath TA, Salameh JP, Bashir MR, et al. Accuracy of the liver imaging reporting and data system in computed tomography and magnetic resonance image analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma or overall malignancy-a systematic review. Gastroenterology 2019;156:976-986 https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2018.11.020
  11. Loy LM, Low HM, Choi JY, Rhee H, Wong CF, Tan CH. Variant hepatocellular carcinoma subtypes according to the 2019 WHO classification: an imaging-focused review. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2022;219:212-223 https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.21.26982
  12. Chiow SM, Khoo HW, Low JK, Tan CH, Low HM. Imaging mimickers of cholangiocarcinoma: a pictorial review. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2022;47:981-997 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-021-03399-9
  13. Kierans AS, Makkar J, Guniganti P, Cornman-Homonoff J, Lee MJ, Pittman M, et al. Validation of Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System 2017 (LI-RADS) criteria for imaging diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019;49:e205-e215 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.26329
  14. An C, Kim DW, Park YN, Chung YE, Rhee H, Kim MJ. Single hepatocellular carcinoma: preoperative MR imaging to predict early recurrence after curative resection. Radiology 2015;276:433-443 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.15142394
  15. Reynolds AR, Furlan A, Fetzer DT, Sasatomi E, Borhani AA, Heller MT, et al. Infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma: what radiologists need to know. Radiographics 2015;35:371-386 https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.352140114
  16. Chun YS, Pawlik TM, Vauthey JN. 8th Edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual: pancreas and hepatobiliary cancers. Ann Surg Oncol 2018;25:845-847 https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-017-6025-x
  17. Kneuertz PJ, Demirjian A, Firoozmand A, Corona-Villalobos C, Bhagat N, Herman J, et al. Diffuse infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma: assessment of presentation, treatment, and outcomes. Ann Surg Oncol 2012;19:2897-2907 https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-012-2336-0
  18. Kudo M, Kawamura Y, Hasegawa K, Tateishi R, Kariyama K, Shiina S, et al. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan: JSH consensus statements and recommendations 2021 Update. Liver Cancer 2021;10:181-223 https://doi.org/10.1159/000514174
  19. Kitao A, Matsui O, Yoneda N, Kozaka K, Kobayashi S, Sanada J, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma with β-Catenin mutation: imaging and pathologic characteristics. Radiology 2015;275:708-717 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.14141315
  20. Kitao A, Matsui O, Yoneda N, Kozaka K, Kobayashi S, Koda W, et al. Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging for hepatocellular carcinoma: molecular and genetic background. Eur Radiol 2020;30:3438-3447 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06687-y
  21. Kim JW, Lee CH, Kim SB, Park BN, Park YS, Lee J, et al. Washout appearance in Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging: a differentiating feature between hepatocellular carcinoma with paradoxical uptake on the hepatobiliary phase and focal nodular hyperplasia-like nodules. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017;45:1599-1608 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.25493
  22. Cho ES, Choi JY. MRI features of hepatocellular carcinoma related to biologic behavior. Korean J Radiol 2015;16:449-464 https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2015.16.3.449
  23. Li X, Zhang K, Shi Y, Wang F, Meng X. Correlations between the minimum and mean apparent diffusion coefficient values of hepatocellular carcinoma and tumor grade. J Magn Reson Imaging 2016;44:1442-1447 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.25323
  24. Zhang L, Yu X, Wei W, Pan X, Lu L, Xia J, et al. Prediction of HCC microvascular invasion with gadobenate-enhanced MRI: correlation with pathology. Eur Radiol 2020;30:5327-5336 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06895-6
  25. Rodriguez-Peralvarez M, Luong TV, Andreana L, Meyer T, Dhillon AP, Burroughs AK. A systematic review of microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma: diagnostic and prognostic variability. Ann Surg Oncol 2013;20:325-339 https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-012-2513-1
  26. Vauthey JN, Klimstra D, Franceschi D, Tao Y, Fortner J, Blumgart L, et al. Factors affecting long-term outcome after hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Surg 1995;169:28-34; discussion 34-35 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(99)80106-8
  27. Endo Y, Alaimo L, Lima HA, Moazzam Z, Ratti F, Marques HP, et al. A novel online calculator to predict risk of microvascular invasion in the preoperative setting for hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing curative-intent surgery. Ann Surg Oncol 2023;30:725-733 https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-022-12494-0
  28. Shindoh J, Andreou A, Aloia TA, Zimmitti G, Lauwers GY, Laurent A, et al. Microvascular invasion does not predict long-term survival in hepatocellular carcinoma up to 2 cm: reappraisal of the staging system for solitary tumors. Ann Surg Oncol 2013;20:1223-1229 https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-012-2739-y
  29. Renzulli M, Brocchi S, Cucchetti A, Mazzotti F, Mosconi C, Sportoletti C, et al. Can current preoperative imaging be used to detect microvascular invasion of hepatocellular Carcinoma? Radiology 2016;279:432-442 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2015150998
  30. Hu HT, Shen SL, Wang Z, Shan QY, Huang XW, Zheng Q, et al. Peritumoral tissue on preoperative imaging reveals microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2018;43:3324-3330 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-018-1646-5
  31. Hong SB, Choi SH, Kim SY, Shim JH, Lee SS, Byun JH, et al. MRI features for predicting microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Cancer 2021;10:94-106 https://doi.org/10.1159/000513704
  32. Min JH, Lee MW, Park HS, Lee DH, Park HJ, Lim S, et al. Interobserver variability and diagnostic performance of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI for predicting microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiology 2020;297:573-581 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201940
  33. Chernyak V, Tang A, Do RKG, Kamaya A, Kono Y, Santillan CS, et al. Liver imaging: it is time to adopt standardized terminology. Eur Radiol 2022;32:6291-6301 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-022-08769-5
  34. Zhang L, Li M, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Xiao Y, Dong M, et al. The value of quantitative MR elastography-based stiffness for assessing the microvascular invasion grade in hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur Radiol 2023;33:4103-4114 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-022-09290-5
  35. Feng ST, Jia Y, Liao B, Huang B, Zhou Q, Li X, et al. Preoperative prediction of microvascular invasion in hepatocellular cancer: a radiomics model using Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI. Eur Radiol 2019;29:4648-4659 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-018-5935-8
  36. Zhou Y, Zheng J, Yang C, Peng J, Liu N, Yang L, et al. Application of intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2022;28:3334-3345 https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v28.i27.3334
  37. Xiong Y, Cao P, Lei X, Tang W, Ding C, Qi S, et al. Accurate prediction of microvascular invasion occurrence and effective prognostic estimation for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after radical surgical treatment. World J Surg Oncol 2022;20:328
  38. Sim JZT, Hui TCH, Chuah TK, Low HM, Tan CH, Shelat VG. Efficacy of texture analysis of pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging in predicting microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Clin Oncol 2022;13:918-928 https://doi.org/10.5306/wjco.v13.i11.918
  39. Hwang JA, Kang TW, Kim YK, Kim SH, Paik YH, Ha SY, et al. Association between non-hypervascular hypointense nodules on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI and liver stiffness or hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Radiol 2017;95:362-369 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.08.036
  40. Joo I, Kim SY, Kang TW, Kim YK, Park BJ, Lee YJ, et al. Radiologic-pathologic correlation of hepatobiliary phase hypointense nodules without arterial phase hyperenhancement at gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI: a multicenter study. Radiology 2020;296:335-345 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020192275
  41. Park HJ, Lee TY, Kim SY, Kim MJ, Singal AG, Lee SJ, et al. Hypervascular transformation of hepatobiliary phase hypointense nodules without arterial phase hyperenhancement on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI: long-term follow-up in a surveillance cohort. Eur Radiol 2022;32:5064-5074 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-022-08623-8
  42. Lee S, Kim KW, Jeong WK, Kim MJ, Choi GH, Choi JS, et al. Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI as a predictor of recurrence of HCC after liver transplantation. Eur Radiol 2020;30:987-995 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-019-06424-0
  43. Takeishi K, Yoshizumi T, Itoh S, Yugawa K, Yoshiya S, Toshima T, et al. Surgical indications for hepatocellular carcinoma with non-hypervascular hypointense nodules detected by Gd-EOB-DTPA-Enhanced MRI. Ann Surg Oncol 2020;27:3344-3353 https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-020-08419-4
  44. Cha DI, Jang KM, Kim SH, Kim YK, Kim H, Ahn SH. Preoperative prediction for early recurrence can be as accurate as postoperative assessment in single hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Korean J Radiol 2020;21:402-412 https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2019.0538
  45. Kim TH, Woo S, Han S, Suh CH, Lee DH, Lee JM. Hepatobiliary phase hypointense nodule without arterial phase hyperenhancement: are they at risk of HCC recurrence after ablation or surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 2020;30:1624-1633 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-019-06499-9
  46. Wang F, Numata K, Chuma M, Nihonmatsu H, Moriya S, Nozaki A, et al. The value of hepatobiliary phase in EOB-MRI in predicting hypervascularization outcome of non-hypervascular hypointense lesions in high-risk patients for hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2021;46:2527-2539 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-020-02881-0
  47. Lee JM, Kim MJ, Phongkitkarun S, Sobhonslidsuk A, Holtorf AP, Rinde H, et al. Health economic evaluation of Gd-EOB-DTPA MRI vs ECCM-MRI and multi-detector computed tomography in patients with suspected hepatocellular carcinoma in Thailand and South Korea. J Med Econ 2016;19:759-768 https://doi.org/10.3111/13696998.2016.1171230