Acknowledgement
This work was supported by Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture and Forestry (IPET) Through Livestock Industrialization Technology Development Program, Funded by Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA)(321083052HD020).
References
- Berry DP, Buckley F, Dillon P, Evans RD, Rath M, Veerkamp RF. Genetic relationships among body condition score, body weight, milk yield, and fertility in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2003;86:2193-204. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73809-0
- Van Dung D, Shang W, Yao W. Effect of crude protein levels in concentrate and concentrate levels in diet on in vitro fermentation. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2014;27:797-805. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13560
- Zhang J, Shi H, Wang Y, et al. Effect of dietary forage to concentrate ratios on dynamic profile changes and interactions of ruminal microbiota and metabolites in holstein heifers. Front Microbiol 2017;8:1-18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02206
- DeVries TJ, Beauchemin KA, Dohme F, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS. Repeated ruminal acidosis challenges in lactating dairy cows at high and low risk for developing acidosis: Feeding, ruminating, and lying behavior. J Dairy Sci 2009;92:5067-78. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2102
- Russell JB, Rychlik JL. Factors that alter rumen microbial ecology. Science 2001;292:1119-22. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1058830
- Eom JS, Kim ET, Kim HS, et al. Metabolomics comparison of rumen fluid and milk in dairy cattle using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Anim Biosci 2021;34:213-22. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.20.0197
- Hashi K, Ohki S, Matsumoto S, et al. Achievement of 1020 MHz NMR. J Magn Reson 2015;256:30-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2015.04.009
- AOAC International. Official methods of analysis. Seventeen edition. Gaithersburg, MD, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists; 2003.
- Gozho GN, Plaizier JC, Krause DO, Kennedy AD, Wittenberg KM. Subacute ruminal acidosis induces ruminal lipopolysaccharide endotoxin release and triggers an inflammatory response. J Dairy Sci 2005;88:1399-403. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72807-1
- Lamanna R, Braca A, Di Paolo E, Imparato G. Identification of milk mixtures by 1H NMR profiling. Magn Reson Chem 2011;49:S22-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrc.2807
- Wilson DM, Burlingame AL, Cronholm T, Sjovall J. Deuterium and carbon-13 tracer studies of ethanol metabolism in the rat by 2H, 1H-decoupled 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974;56:828-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(74)90680-9
- Nicholson JK, Wilson ID. Understanding'global'systems biology: metabonomics and the continuum of metabolism. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2003;2:668-76. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1157
- Kim HS, Lee SJ, Eom JS, et al. Comparison of metabolites in rumen fluid, urine, and feces of dairy cow from subacute ruminal acidosis model measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Anim Biosci 2023;36:53-62. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.22.0124
- Humer E, Aditya S, Zebeli Q. Innate immunity and metabolomic responses in dairy cows challenged intramammarily with lipopolysaccharide after subacute ruminal acidosis. Animal 2018;12:2551-60. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118000411
- Crowell WA, Whitlock RH, Stout RC, Tyler DE. Ethylene glycol toxicosis in cattle. Cornell Vet 1979;69:272-9.
- Guo Y, Wang L, Zou Y, Xu X, Li S, Cao Z. Changes in ruminal fermentation, milk performance and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows with subacute ruminal acidosis and its regulation with pelleted beet pulp. Arch Anim Nutr 2013;67:433-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2013.842038
- Aftring RP, Block KP, Buse MG. Leucine and isoleucine activate skeletal muscle branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase in vivo. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 1986;250:E599-604. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1986.250.5.E599
- Deosthale YG, Mohan VS, Rao KV. Varietal differences in protein, lysine, and leucine content of grain sorghum. J Agric Food Chem 1970;18:644-6. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60170a028
- Kato S, Chino K, Kamimura N, Masai E, Yumoto I, Kamagata Y. Methanogenic degradation of lignin-derived monoaromatic compounds by microbial enrichments from rice paddy field soil. Sci Rep 2015;5:14295. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14295
- Bergstrom J, Heimburger O, Lindholm B. Calculation of the protein equivalent of total nitrogen appearance from urea appearance. Which formulas should be used? Perit Dial Int 1998;18:467-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/089686089801800502
- Promkot C, Wanapat M. Effect of level of crude protein and use of cottonseed meal in diets containing cassava chips and rice straw for lactating dairy cows. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2005;18:502-11. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2005.502
- Du Preez JC. Process parameters and environmental factors affecting D-xylose fermentation by yeasts. Enzyme Microb Technol 1994;16:944-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(94)90003-5
- Jammalamadaka D, Raissi S. Ethylene glycol, methanol and isopropyl alcohol intoxication. Am J Med Sci 2010;339:276-81. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181c94601
- Khafipour E, Plaizier JC, Aikman PC, Krause DO. Population structure of rumen Escherichia coli associated with subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2011;94:351-60. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3435
- Heinrichs J, Jones C, Bailey K. Milk components: Understanding the causes and importance of milk fat and protein variation in your dairy herd. Dairy Anim Sci Fact Sheet 1997;5:1e-8e.
- Minuti A, Ahmed S, Trevisi E, et al. Experimental acute rumen acidosis in sheep: Consequences on clinical, rumen, and gastrointestinal permeability conditions and blood chemistry. J Anim Sci 2014;92:3966-77. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-7594
- Ling B, Alcorn J. LPS-induced inflammation downregulates mammary gland glucose, fatty acid, and l-carnitine transporter expression at different lactation stages. Res Vet Sci 2010;89:200-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.03.004
- Li S, Gozho GN, Gakhar N, Khafipour E, Krause DO, Plaizier JC. Evaluation of diagnostic measures for subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows. Can J Anim Sci 2012;92:353-64. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas2012-004
- Bremer J. Carnitine--metabolism and functions. Physiol Rev 1983;63:1420-80. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1983.63.4.1420
- Sutherland TM. The control and manipulation of rumen fermentation. Recent Adv Anim Nutr Aust 1977;1:110-29.
- Mitchell AD, Chappell A, Knox KL. Metabolism of betaine in the ruminant. J Anim Sci 1979;49:764-74. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1979.493764x
- Cant JP, Trout DR, Qiao F, Purdie NG. Milk synthetic response of the bovine mammary gland to an increase in the local concentration of arterial glucose. J Dairy Sci 2002;85:494-503. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74100-3