Geomechanics and Engineering

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Estimation of liquid limit of cohesive soil using video-based vibration measurement

  • Matthew Sands (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Southern University) ;
  • Evan Hayes (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Southern University) ;
  • Soonkie Nam (Department of Civil Engineering and Construction, Georgia Southern University) ;
  • Jinki Kim (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Southern University)
  • Received : 2022.11.29
  • Accepted : 2023.04.05
  • Published : 2023.04.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In general, the design of structures and its construction processes are fundamentally dependent on their foundation and supporting ground. Thus, it is imperative to understand the behavior of the soil under certain stress and drainage conditions. As it is well known that certain characteristics and behaviors of soils with fines are highly dependent on water content, it is critical to accurately measure and identify the status of the soils in terms of water contents. Liquid limit is one of the important soil index properties to define such characteristics. However, liquid limit measurement can be affected by the proficiency of the operator. On the other hand, dynamic properties of soils are also necessary in many different applications and current testing methods often require special equipment in the laboratory, which is often expensive and sensitive to test conditions. In order to address these concerns and advance the state of the art, this study explores a novel method to determine the liquid limit of cohesive soil by employing video-based vibration analysis. In this research, the modal characteristics of cohesive soil columns are extracted from videos by utilizing phase-based motion estimation. By utilizing the proposed method that analyzes the optical flow in every pixel of the series of frames that effectively represents the motion of corresponding points of the soil specimen, the vibration characteristics of the entire soil specimen could be assessed in a non-contact and non-destructive manner. The experimental investigation results compared with the liquid limit determined by the standard method verify that the proposed method reliably and straightforwardly identifies the liquid limit of clay. It is envisioned that the proposed approach could be applied to measuring liquid limit of soil in practical field, entertaining its simple implementation that only requires a digital camera or even a smartphone without the need for special equipment that may be subject to the proficiency of the operator.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This research is supported by the faculty research seed grant from the College of Engineering and Computing at Georgia Southern University.

References

  1. AASHTO (2013), "AASHTO T 89-13 standard method of test for determining the liquid limit of soils", American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials.
  2. Alrubaye Ali, J., Hasan, M. and Fattah Mohammed, Y. (2018), "Effects of using silica fume and lime in the treatment of kaolin soft clay", Geomech. Eng. 14(3), 247-255. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.14.3.247.
  3. ASTM (2000), "ASTM D2487-00 standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (Unified soil classification system)", ASTM International. https://doi.org/10.1520/D2487-00.
  4. ASTM (2005), "ASTM D4318 standard test method for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils", ASTM Int., https://doi.org/10.1520/D4318-05.
  5. ASTM (2010), "ASTM D854-10 standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer", ASTM Int., https://doi.org/10.1520/D0854-10.
  6. ASTM (2017), "ASTM D1140-17 standard test methods for determining the amount of material finer than 75-㎛ (No. 200) sieve in soils by washing", ASTM Int., https://doi.org/10.1520/D1140-17.
  7. Atterberg, A. (1911), "Die plastizitat der Tone", Intern mitt. boden., 4-37.
  8. Bore, T., Mishra, P.N., Wagner, N., Schwing, M., Honorio, T., Revil, A. and Scheuermann, A. (2021), "Coupled hydraulic, mechanical and dielectric investigations on kaolin", Eng. Geol., 294, 106352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106352.
  9. British Standards Institute (2022), "Bs 1377-2:2022 methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes - Part 2: classification tests and determination of geotechnical properties".
  10. Cakar, E. and Yukselen-Aksoy, Y. (2021), "Ageing effect on compressibility, permeability and shear strength of clayey soils exposed to salt solutions", Geomech. Eng., 25(3), 245-251. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2021.25.3.245.
  11. Casagrande, A. (1932). "Research on the Atterberg limits of soils." Public Roads, 13(8), 121-130, 136.
  12. Casagrande, A. (1958), "Notes on the design of the liquid limit device", Geotechnique, 8(2), 84-91. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1958.8.2.84.
  13. Chen, J.G., Wadhwa, N., Cha, Y.J., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T. and Buyukozturk, O. (2015), "Modal identification of simple structures with high-speed video using motion magnification", J. Sound Vib., 345, 58-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2015.01.024.
  14. Coduto, D., Yeung, M.C. and Kitch, W. (2011), Geotechnical Engineering: Principles and Practices.
  15. Di Matteo, L. (2012). "Liquid limit of low- to medium-plasticity soils: Comparison between casagrande cup and cone penetrometer test", Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 71(1), 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-011-0412-5.
  16. ISO (2022), "ISO 17892-12:2018/Amd 2:2022 geotechnical investigation and testing - laboratory testing of soil - Part 12: Determination of liquid and plastic limits - amendment 2".
  17. Kim, J., Sapp, L. and Sands, M. (2022), "Simultaneous and contactless characterization of the Young's and shear moduli of gelatin-based hydrogels", Exp. Mech., 62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-022-00891-1.
  18. Knadel, M., Ur Rehman, H., Pouladi, N., Wollesen de Jonge, L., Moldrup, P. and Arthur, E. (2021), "Estimating atterberg limits of soils from reflectance spectroscopy and pedotransfer functions", Geoderma, 402, 115300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115300.
  19. Lee, J. and Shang, J. (2011), "Influencing factors on electrical conductivity of compacted kaolin clay", Geomech. Eng., 3(2), 131-151. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2011.3.2.131.
  20. Lu, N. (2019), "Linking soil water adsorption to geotechnical engineering properties", Geotechnical Fundamentals for Addressing New World Challenges.
  21. Marcu, A.E., Dobre, R.A., Datcu, O., Suciu, G. and Oh, J. (2019), "Flicker free VLC system with automatic code resynchronization using low frame rate camera", Proceedings of the 2019 42nd International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP.
  22. Marcu, A.E., Dobre, R.A. and Vladescu, M. (2018), "Flicker free visible light communication using low frame rate camera", Proceedings of the 2018 International Symposium on Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering (ISFEE).
  23. Marcu, A.E., Dobre, R.A. and Vladescu, M. (2020), "Flicker free optical camera communication for cameras capturing 30 frames per second", Proceedings of the 2020 43rd International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP
  24. Polidori, E. (2007), "Relationship between the atterberg limits and clay content", Soils Found., 47(5), 887-896. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.47.887.
  25. Rehman, H. U., Knadel, M., Kayabali, K. and Arthur, E. (2019), "Estimating atterberg limits of fine-grained soils by visible- near-infrared spectroscopy", Vadose Zone J., 18(1), 190039. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2019.04.0039.
  26. Sands, M. and Kim, J. (2023), " A low-cost and open-source measurement system to determine the Young's and shear moduli and poisson's ratio of soft materials using a raspberry Pi camera module and 3D printed parts", HardwareX, 13, e00386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ohx.2022.e00386.
  27. Shimobe, S. and Spagnoli, G. (2019), "A global database considering atterberg limits with the casagrande and fall-cone tests", Eng. Geol., 260, 105201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105201.
  28. Simoncelli, E.P. and Freeman, W.T. (1995), "The steerable pyramid: A flexible architecture for multi-scale derivative computation", Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing.
  29. Wadhwa, N., Rubinstein, M., Durand, F. and Freeman, W. (2013), "Phase-based video motion processing", Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 32. https://doi.org/10.1145/2461912.2461966.
  30. Yasodian, S., Dutta, R.K. and Seena, L. (2012), "Effect of microorganism on engineering properties of cohesive soils", Geomech. Eng., 4(2), 135-150. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2012.4.2.135.